Biomedical subjects

K Eschbach

Publications and source records attributed to K Eschbach.

6 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2003

Neighbourhood composition and depressive symptoms among older Mexican Americans.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Research suggests that economically disadvantaged neighbourhoods confer an increased risk of depression to their residents. Little research has been reported about the association between ethnic group concentration and depression. This study investigated the association between neighbourhood poverty and neighbourhood percentage Mexican American and depressive symptoms for older Mexican Americans in the south western United States. DESIGN: A population based study of older non-institutionalised Mexican Americans from the baseline assessment (1993/94) of the Hispanic established population for the epidemiologic study of the elderly (H-EPESE) merged with 1990 census data. SETTING: Five south western states in the United States. PARTICIPANTS: 3050 Mexican Americans aged 65 years or older. MAIN RESULTS: There was a strong correlation between the percentage of neighbourhood residents living in poverty and the percentage who were Mexican American (r = 0.62; p<0.001). Percentage neighbourhood poverty and percentage Mexican American had significant and opposite effects on level of depressive symptoms among older Mexican Americans. After adjusting for demographic and other individual level factors, each 10% increase in neighbourhood population in poverty was associated with a 0.763 (95% CI 0.06 to 1.47) increase in CES-D score, while each 10% increase in Mexican American neighbourhood population was associated with a -0.548 (95% CI -0.96 to -0.13) unit decrease in CES-D score among older Mexican Americans residing in their neighbourhoods. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest a sociocultural advantage conferred by high density Mexican American neighbourhoods, and suggest the need to include community level factors along with individual level factors in community based epidemiological health studies.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2001

Outcomes of child sexual contacts: patterns of incarcerations from a national sample.

OBJECTIVE: In a test of the relationships between sexual touching before puberty and later incarcerations during adolescence and adulthood, two theoretical models were examined. These models focus on examination of crime from the developmental origins of criminals and the adaptive and maladaptive outcomes of early experiences. METHOD: Data were taken from the National Health and Social Life Survey to study the sexual touching and social origin variables in childhood and incarceration variable during teen years. The sample was a stratified, random sample of 3,362 adults (18 to 59 years of age) throughout the United States. RESULTS: Data support inferences from the two interrelated models. Respondents reporting touching before puberty were significantly more likely to experience incarceration. They were also more likely to engage in behaviors as teenagers that were associated with an increased probability of jailing. Such behaviors include sexual promiscuity and early departure from the parental family. CONCLUSIONS: These findings are consistent for first jailing as a teenager and as an adult, as well as for those with short (less than a week) or longer (a week or more) spells of incarceration. Prepubertal sexual touching has a significant and enduring effect on later adolescent and adult incarcerations.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1999

Death at the border.

"Debates about United States border control policies have generally ignored the human costs of undocumented migration. We focus attention on these costs by estimating the number, causes and location of migrant deaths at the southwest border of the United States between 1993 and 1997.... Deaths from hyperthermia, hypothermia and dehydration increased sharply from 1993 to 1997 as intensified border enforcement redirected undocumented migration flows from urban crossing points to more remote crossing areas where the migrants are exposed to a greater risk of death."

Americas↗

PubMed1998

Changes in racial identification and the educational attainment of American Indians, 1970-1990.

We use data from the 1970, 1980 and 1990 census public-use files to assess the impact of newly identified Indians on the educational attainment of American Indians who were at least 25 years old in 1970. We test the hypotheses that this impact was limited to metropolitan areas and to states with small Indian populations. We find that educational attainment for American Indians rose sharply between 1970 and 1990 and that changes in racial identification were an important component of this increase in 1980 but not in 1990. Increases in educational attainment were concentrated in metropolitan areas and occurred in states with large and small Indian populations.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Changing identification among American Indians and Alaska Natives.

The census-enumerated American Indian population dispersed rapidly between 1930 and 1990. Changes in ethnic classification account for most of the change. In the 1980 count, 10 states with historically large Indian populations account for 53% of births of Indians between the ages of 10 and 80, compared with 72% of the first enumerations of the same cohorts. Migration further reduced the share of these states to 46% of Indian residents in these cohorts. Study of the dispersal of the Indian population should focus primarily on the new emergence of the expression of Indian identity, rather than on migration from former population centers.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

Interactions between caffeine and adenosine agonists in producing embryo resorptions and malformations in mice.

Caffeine has previously been demonstrated to be teratogenic in mice, causing primarily limb reduction defects and cleft palate. To investigate the possibility that the mechanism of caffeine teratogenesis is related to its central stimulant activity, which is thought to result from its activity as an adenosine antagonist, the effects of the stable adenosine agonists L-phenylisopropyladenosine (L-PIA) and chloroadenosine on caffeine teratogenicity were examined. It was found that these adenosine analogs have embryolethal effects when administered intraperitoneally on Days 11 and 12 of gestation at extremely low dosages (minimal effect levels of 1 and 10 mumol/kg, respectively). Caffeine at dosages as low as 129 mumol/kg ip protected against the embryolethal effects of 5 mumol/kg L-PIA if administered simultaneously with L-PIA but not if administered 30 to 60 min after L-PIA. The maternotoxicity of either of the adenosine agonists or caffeine alone was ameliorated by coadministration of the other, particularly when the molar excess of caffeine was approximately 20-fold. These results suggest that the embryotoxicity and maternotoxicity of the adenosine agonists and the maternotoxicity of caffeine are mediated by binding to adenosine receptors. When coadministered with teratogenic dosages of caffeine (1160 to 1290 mumol/kg), L-PIA and chloroadenosine at dosage levels of 1 to 100 mumol/kg did not prevent and in some cases potentiated the teratogenic effects of caffeine. This lack of protection by L-PIA and chloroadenosine suggests that adenosine receptors are not the primary site of action for caffeine-induced teratogenicity. The embryolethal effects of L-PIA and chloroadenosine and the teratogenicity of caffeine occurred only at maternotoxic dosages. However, an analysis of the correlation structure indicates that the embryotoxicities of L-PIA and caffeine were not secondary to maternotoxicity as measured by body weight change.

2-Chloroadenosine↗