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Biomedical subjects

K G Power

Publications and source records attributed to K G Power.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

Long-term outcome of cognitive behaviour therapy clinical trials in central Scotland.

OBJECTIVES: To establish the long-term outcome of participants in clinical trials of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) for anxiety disorders and psychosis, examining the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness associated with receiving CBT in comparison with alternative treatments. DESIGN: An attempt was made to contact and interview all of the participants in eight randomised, controlled, clinical trials of CBT for anxiety disorders and two randomised, controlled, clinical trials of CBT for schizophrenia conducted between 1985 and 2001. Case note reviews of healthcare resources used in the 2 years prior to entering the trials and the 2 years prior to follow-up interview were undertaken. SETTING: Mixed rural and urban settings in five localities in central Scotland. Anxiety disorder trials were conducted mainly in primary care and included three with generalised anxiety disorder, four with panic disorder and one with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The psychosis studies (one on relapse prevention and one with chronic disorder) were conducted in secondary care. PARTICIPANTS: Of the 1071 entrants to the 10 studies, 489 agreed to participate (46% of original entrants, 52% of those available to contact). INTERVENTIONS: Follow-up interviews took place between 1999 and 2003, 2-14 years after the original treatment. Interviews for Trials 1-8 were conducted by a research psychologist blind to original treatment condition. Interviews for Trials 9 and 10 were conducted by community psychiatric nurses also blind to treatment condition. Case note reviews were completed following the interview. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: For Trials 1-8 the main interview-based outcome measures were: Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule-DSM-IV for diagnosis and co-morbidity, Clinical Global Severity (0-8) and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale. The main patient-rated measures were: Brief Symptom Inventory, SF-36 II, Clinical Global Improvement (1-7), and the Positive and Negative Affect Scale. For Trials 9 and 10 the primary outcome measure was the interview-based Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). RESULTS: For the anxiety disorder studies (Trials 1-8), over half of the participants (52%) had at least one diagnosis at long-term follow-up, with significant levels of co-morbidity and health status scores comparable to the lowest 10% of the general population. Only 36% reported receiving no interim treatment for anxiety over the follow-up period with 19% receiving almost constant treatment. Patients with PTSD did particularly poorly. There was a 40% real increase in healthcare costs over the two time periods, mainly due to an increase in prescribing. A close relationship was found between poor mental and physical health for those with a chronic anxiety disorder. Treatment with CBT was associated with a better long-term outcome than non-CBT in terms of overall symptom severity but not with regard to diagnostic status. The positive effects of CBT found in the original trials were eroded over longer time periods. No evidence was found for an association between more intensive therapy and more enduring effects of CBT. Long-term outcome was found to be most strongly predicted by the complexity and severity of presenting problems at the time of referral, by completion of treatment irrespective of modality and by the amount of interim treatment during the follow-up period. The quality of the therapeutic alliance, measured in two of the studies, was not related to long-term outcome but was related to short-term outcome. The cost-effectiveness analysis showed no advantages of CBT over non-CBT. The cost of providing CBT in the original trials was only a very small proportion (6.4%) of the overall costs of healthcare for this population, which are high for both physical and mental health problems. In the psychosis studies (Trials 9 and 10), outcome was generally poor with only 10% achieving a 25% reduction in total PANSS scores from pretreatment to long-term follow-up, also cost-effectiveness analysis showed no advantages of CBT over non-CBT, although healthcare costs fell over the two time periods mainly owing to a reduction in inpatient costs. CONCLUSIONS: Psychological therapy services need to recognise that anxiety disorders tend to follow a chronic course and that good outcomes with CBT over the short term are no guarantee of good outcomes over the longer term. Clinicians who go beyond standard treatment protocols of about 10 sessions over a 6-month period are unlikely to bring about greater improvement. Poor outcomes over the long term are related to greater complexity and severity of presenting problems at the time of referral, failure to complete treatment irrespective of modality and the amount of interim treatment during the follow-up period. The relative gains of CBT are greater in anxiety disorders than in psychosis. Longitudinal research designs over extended periods of time (2-5 years), with large numbers of participants (500+), are required to investigate the relative importance of patient characteristics, therapeutic alliance and therapist expertise in determining the cost-effectiveness of CBT in the longer term.

Anti-Anxiety Agents↗
PubMed2003

Does cognitive-behavioural therapy influence the long-term outcome of generalized anxiety disorder? An 8-14 year follow-up of two clinical trials.

BACKGROUND: Generalized anxiety disorder is a common condition of excessive worry and tension which tends to run a chronic course associated with significant psychiatric and medical problems. Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) has been shown to be of clinical value in about 50% of cases with treatment gains maintained over follow-up periods ranging from 6 to 12 months. The potential value of CBT over the longer term has not been subject to rigorous investigation. METHOD: Results are reported of 8-14 year follow-up of two randomized controlled trials of cognitive-behaviour therapy for generalized anxiety disorder employing structured interview with an assessor blind to initial treatment condition. Comparison groups included medication and placebo in one study based in primary care, and analytical psychotherapy in the other based in secondary care. Follow-up samples (30% and 55% of trial entrants) were broadly representative of the original cohorts. RESULTS: Overall, 50% of participants were markedly improved of whom 30-40% were recovered (i.e. free of symptoms). Outcome was significantly worse for the study based in secondary care in which the clinical presentation of participants was more complex and severe. For a minority (30-40%), mainly from the secondary care study, outcome was poor. Treatment with CBT was associated with significantly lower overall severity of symptomatology and less interim treatment, in comparison with non-CBT conditions, but there was no evidence that CBT influenced diagnostic status, probability of recovery or patient perceptions of overall improvement. CONCLUSIONS: Both CBT and the complexity and severity of presenting problems appear to influence the long-term outcome of GAD.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Burnout in psychiatric nursing.

INTRODUCTION: Burnout in nursing is of both individual and organizational concern with ramifications for well-being, job performance, absenteeism and turnover. Burnout is rarely assessed as part of a comprehensive model of occupational stress, a short-coming which this paper attempts to redress. METHOD: A randomly selected sample of 510 psychiatric nurses from one Scottish Trust completed a questionnaire based on a psychological model of occupational stress which included the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) as the dependent variable. FINDINGS: The respondents reported average, low and average levels of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal accomplishment, respectively. The study sample had significantly lower scores on emotional exhaustion and depersonalization than normative data but also significantly lower levels of personal accomplishment than a normative group of physicians and nurses. Only 2.0% of the study sample could be categorized as having high burnout overall (i.e. high emotional exhaustion, high depersonalization, low personal accomplishment) and they differed significantly from the rest only in terms of males being over-represented. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that selected explanatory variables accounted for 41.9% of emotional exhaustion, 16.4% of depersonalization and 25.6% of personal accomplishment in the study sample. IMPLICATIONS: The paper discusses the implications of the findings in terms of a comprehensive approach to intervention aimed at minimizing the risk of burnout in psychiatric nurses. Such an approach will involve interventions at the organizational and individual level.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Psychometric properties of the Parental Bonding Instrument and its association with psychological distress in a group of incarcerated young offenders in Scotland.

BACKGROUND: The Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) was developed in order to help quantify the parental contribution to psychological distress. It has subsequently been shown to be of value in examining the influence of parents in many diverse areas including delinquency. METHOD: A shortened form of the PBI and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) were administered to a group of young offenders held in custody in Scotland. RESULTS: High levels of psychological distress were linked with low parental care, but there were no associations between psychological distress and parental control. However, an analysis of the factor structure found that, although the care factor of the PBI showed good internal reliability, the control factor was less well defined in this group. CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that a three-factor solution representing care, control with regard to independence and protective control may be more appropriate.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

HIV risk behaviour correlates among injecting drug users in Greek prisons.

AIMS: To identify the correlates of injecting drug use within prison. DESIGN: A national cross-sectional study, participation being voluntary and anonymous. SETTING: Ten Greek prisons. PARTICIPANTS: A representative sample of 1000 male inmates; 861 questionnaires were completed and analysed. MEASUREMENT: A self-report questionnaire for demographics, penal history, drug use and sharing injecting equipment. FINDINGS: Two hundred and ninety inmates (33.7%) reported injecting drugs at some time in their lives, of whom 174 (60%) had injected while imprisoned. Among those who had injected while imprisoned, 145 (83%) had shared equipment while incarcerated. Logistic regression analysis suggested that total time in prison, previous drug conviction, being a convict (as opposed to on remand) and having multiple female sexual partners 1 year before incarceration were significant HIV risk behaviour correlates. For every year of imprisonment, the risk of injection in prison increased by about 17% [OR = 1.17 (95% CI: 1.07-1.27)]. Inmates with a previous drug-related conviction were about twice as likely to inject within prison [OR = 1.97 (95% CI: 1.16-3.33)]. Finally, convicted inmates were marginally significantly more prone to inject in prison [OR = 1.58 (95% CI: 0.92-2.74)]. CONCLUSIONS: Variables related to the inmates' prison career influence HIV risk behaviours within prison. There is a need to assist IDUs in reducing the likelihood of high-risk behaviour by considering factors such as frequency of incarceration, length of time incarcerated and availability of detoxification programmes within prison.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2000

Examining the correspondence of breastfeeding and bottle-feeding couples' infant feeding attitudes.

Examining the correspondence of breastfeeding and bottle-feeding couples' infant feeding attitudes This report focuses on the comparison of infant feeding attitudes within breastfeeding (n = 126) and bottle-feeding (n = 101) couples and their socio-demographic details. The findings from this study reinforce the view that socio-demographic factors are associated with the mothers' choice of feeding method. However, this study highlights the influence of maternal and of paternal knowledge and attitudes which distinguish between breastfeeding and bottle-feeding couples. Fathers of bottle-feeding babies were found to have limited knowledge of health benefits of breastfeeding to both mothers and infants. However, bottle-feeding mothers, when compared with their partners, were more supportive towards bottle feeding and less negative towards breastfeeding. Fathers of breastfeeding babies, compared with their partners were found to be less aware of the benefits of breastfeeding. Furthermore, breastfeeding mothers when compared with their partners were more supportive towards breastfeeding. Fathers of both bottle and breast feeding babies were also found to be more embarrassed than their partners about mothers in general breastfeeding in front of nonfamily members. It seems that bottle-feeding mothers and all fathers could be better prepared in many aspects of breastfeeding by the nursing professions to allay the many misconceptions and the social embarrassment associated with breastfeeding, by providing appropriate information and support.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The impact of a structured programme of asthma care in general practice.

The impact of a new GP programme of asthma care was examined using: a) a retrospective pre- and post-casenote survey of 400 asthma patients, comparing patients in practices using the health board programme (HBP) and other programmes (OP); and b) a patient satisfaction questionnaire, completed by 532 people on asthma clinic lists in HBP and OP practices. Outcomes assessed were health service use, perceived change in symptoms and asthma self-management. The casenote survey indicated improved health service use by patients in HBP practices, with fewer patient-initiated (p < 0.05), emergency (p < 0.05) and other chest-related attendances (p < 0.01) and increased clinic attendance (p < 0.05) post intervention. OP practices also showed reduced patient-initiated (p < 0.01) and increased asthma clinic use (p < 0.01). Increased use of management plans (p < 0.01) and peak flow diaries (p < 0.01) was noted post intervention for HBP practices. Responders to the questionnaire survey perceived that clinic attendance improved asthma symptoms, including severity and control, sleep disturbance and early morning wheeze. People in HBP practices were more likely than those in OP practices to possess a peak flow meter, a diary and a personal management plan (all p < 0.01 or above) but were not more likely to use a peak flow diary. Notwithstanding methodological difficulties in the selection of practices, both studies showed trends towards improvement in health service use and asthma self-management. The HBP was associated with greater improvement in self-management processes and outcomes, and greater patient satisfaction with asthma care.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Reducing therapist contact in cognitive behaviour therapy for panic disorder and agoraphobia in primary care: global measures of outcome in a randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Panic disorder, with and without agoraphobia, is a prevalent condition presenting in general practice. Psychological treatments are effective but are limited by restricted availability. Interest has grown in methods by which the efficiency and thus availability of psychological treatments can be improved, with particular emphasis on reduced therapist contact formats. AIM: To evaluate the relative efficacy in a primary care setting of a cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) delivered at three levels of therapist contact: standard contact, minimum contact, and bibliotherapy. METHOD: A total of 104 patients were randomly allocated to receive standard therapist contact, minimum therapist contact or bibliotherapy, with 91 patients completing treatment. All patients received an identical treatment manual and were seen by the same psychologist therapist. Outcome was reported in terms of brief global ratings of severity of illness, change in symptoms, and levels of social disruption. These brief measures were chosen to be suitable for use in general practice and were used at treatment entry and endpoint. RESULTS: The standard therapist contact group had the strongest and most comprehensive treatment response, showing significant differences from the bibliotherapy group on all, and the minimum therapist contact group on some, endpoint measures. Some reduction in efficacy was therefore found for the reduced therapist contact groups. CONCLUSION: The standard therapist contact group showed the greatest treatment efficacy in the present study. As it was of notably shorter duration than many other current formulations of CBT, it represents a useful and efficient treatment for panic disorder and agoraphobia in primary care.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

General practitioners' and nurses' perceived roles, attitudes and stressors in the management of people with dementia.

BACKGROUND: GPs and nurses play a major role in dementia care. Negative attitudes and uncertainties may be common sources of stress in both professions. Specific anxieties related to dementia management in primary care need to be identified. AIM: To assess whether dementia care is a stress-provoking experience and examine perceived roles, attitudes, and anxieties for GPs and nurses working with people with dementia and their informal family carers. DESIGN: A structured self-report questionnaire administered opportunistically to GPs and nurses attending dementia education seminars. RESULTS: 298 doctors and 487 nurses participated (response rate 98%). Over half dealing with people with dementia and their carers stressful. GPs reported more negative attitudes to dementia care than nurses (p < 0.001), and felt that professionally they could offer less to people with dementia (p < 0.001) and carers (p < 0.05) than nurses, reporting more difficulties with aspects of dementia care. For GPs and nurses, factors outwith their own profession's 'traditional' role were more stressful, e.g. responding to patients' behavioural (p < 0.001) and social problems (p < 0.001) were stressful for a greater proportion of GPs than nurses. Responding to patients' psychiatric problems was more stressful for nurses than GPs (p < 0.05). More GPs than in previous studies reported routinely administering tests of memory (70%) and depression (58%) in diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Negative attitudes towards dementia care are associated with increased stress for GPs and nurses. Difficulties and uncertainties in these professional roles should be addressed by education in dementia management and improved awareness of available services and resources for people with dementia and their carers.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1998

The quality of perceived parenting experienced by a group of Scottish incarcerated young offenders and its relation to psychological distress.

This study utilized the Parental Bonding Instrument [PBI] in a group of 125 incarcerated Scottish young offenders aged 16-21. The study examined the response profiles of young offenders and compared the results to normative data and demographics relating to family and penal experiences. Furthermore, it investigated relationships between parenting style and levels of depression, anxiety and hopelessness experienced during incarceration. Significant differences between the current sample and the normative sample were found. Stepwise regression analyses highlighted the role that parental overprotection plays in any psychological distress experienced during incarceration. The study also considered parental style and discusses the place of Parker's "optimal parenting" style in this particular population. The practical ramifications of these findings are also discussed in relation to the effects that current perceptions of the parenting role has upon the individual's own parenting behaviour.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1998

Characteristics of responders and non-responders in an infant feeding study.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have fully investigated and described the characteristics of non-responders in infant breast feeding studies. Examination of the characteristics of non-responders enhances this understanding and provides information on the representativeness of the sample actually investigated. METHODS: As part of a larger local longitudinal study, couples whose babies were due to be born during the three months of the study in the autumn of 1995, at two local maternity hospitals, were approached by midwives to participate in the study of infant feeding patterns and determinants, including interviews, questionnaires and postal survey. From the 648 eligible mothers, 91 (14 per cent) were not approached, 233 (35.9 per cent) consented but were not interviewed, 256 (39.5 per cent) consented and were interviewed and 68 (10.5 per cent) refused to participate (non-responders) in the longitudinal study. To make a comparison between the 'responders' (i.e. the 233 who consented but were not interviewed and the 256 who consented and were interviewed) and non-responders (the 68 who refused to consent), appropriate data were collected on their socio-demographic characteristics, their feeding intentions and their feeding behaviour. RESULTS: Univariate analysis revealed a number of significant differences between responders and non-responders. However, log-linear analysis of these differences indicated that the main factors that differentiated between responders and non-responders were social class, smoking habit and actual feeding behaviour. When comparing the feeding intention at the time of 'booking', the non-responders compared with the responders were less likely to intend to breastfeed and more likely to be uncertain about their feeding intentions. Following delivery non-responders compared with responders were more likely to bottle feed their babies. By the time of discharge, of the non-responders, 83.6 per cent were bottle feeding in comparison with 47.3 per cent of responders who were also bottle feeding. CONCLUSIONS: In this study non-responders were found to be more similar to bottle-feeding responders than to breastfeeding responders. Furthermore, non-responders were more likely to be smokers, from lower social class and to bottle feed. This study also showed that the non-responders were more undecided about their feeding intention at the time of the booking visit. Invariably a higher percentage of mothers who were undecided at the booking visit chose to bottle feed their babies at discharge. These results highlight the impact of failing to include information from non-responders when conducting research which examines patterns of infant breastfeeding and attitudes towards it.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Anxiety and health problems related to air travel.

BACKGROUND: A significant proportion of air travelers experience situational anxiety and physical health problems. Take-off and landing are assumed to be stressful, but anxiety related to other aspects of the air travel process, anxiety coping strategies, and in-flight health problems have not previously been investigated. METHODS: We aimed to investigate frequency of perceived anxiety at procedural stages of air travel, individual strategies used to reduce such anxiety, and frequency of health problems on short-haul and long-haul flights. A questionnaire measuring the occurrence and frequency of the above was administered to two samples of intending travelers during a 3 month period to: (a) 138 travel agency clients, and (b) 100 individuals attending a hospital travel clinic. RESULTS: Of the 238 respondents, two thirds were women. Take-off and landing were a perceived source of anxiety for about 40% of respondents, flight delays for over 50%, and customs and baggage reclaim for a third of individuals. Most frequent anxiety-reduction methods included alcohol and cigarette use, and distraction or relaxation techniques. Physical health problems related to air travel were common, and there was a strong relationship between such problems and frequency of anxiety. Travel agency clients reported more anxiety but not more physical health symptoms overall than travel clinic clients. Women reported greater air-travel anxiety, and more somatic symptoms than men. CONCLUSIONS: Significant numbers of air travelers report perceived anxiety related to aspects of travel, and this is associated with health problems during flights. Airlines and travel companies could institute specific measures, including improved information and communication, to reassure clients and thereby diminish anxiety during stages of air-travel. Medical practitioners and travel agencies should also be aware of the potential stresses of air travel and the need for additional information and advice.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Treatment-outcome research in panic disorder: dilemmas in reconciling the demands of pharmacological and psychological methodologies.

Panic disorder with or without agoraphobia has been the subject of sustained treatment-outcome research. Studies have been conducted by both pharmacologically- and psychologically-oriented researchers each employing their own methodologies. Problems arise in attempting to reconcile the demands of these two treatment-outcome methodologies, whilst at the same time ensuring that research designs reflect the reality of wider clinical practice. In the following discussion a series of studies comparing pharmacological and psychological treatments for panic disorder and agoraphobia are reviewed. The review highlights areas where the competing demands of research design and clinical applicability lead to dilemmas for the researcher. Attempts to overcome such dilemmas are described and alternative solutions discussed.

Anti-Anxiety Agents↗
PubMed1997

Travellers' diarrhoea and the effect of pre-travel health advice in general practice.

BACKGROUND: Rates of travel-related diarrhoea vary from 8% to 50% depending on the country visited. Travellers' diarrhoea has social, health and economic costs. The impact of these may be reduced by relevant pre-travel advice. Little is known of the effect of pre-travel advice on the incidence of diarrhoea among travellers abroad. AIM: To determine the 'true' attack rate of travellers' diarrhoea and to assess the effectiveness of pre-travel health advice in reducing the incidence of diarrhoea and the need for subsequent GP consultation. METHOD: A retrospective study was carried out in a general practice in Stirling, Scotland, using a standardized, structured questionnaire to obtain demographic details and patients' home and foreign health experience in the previous 12 months. The questionnaire was administered to a 20% sample (n = 1771) of practice patients aged 16 years or over, stratified by age and sex. Main outcome measures were reported diarrhoeal illness while abroad, its management and outcome, and a record of diarrhoea in the two weeks prior to responding to the questionnaire. RESULTS: The response rate was 97% (n = 1649). Of those responding, 44% had travelled abroad in the past 12 months; 39% of travellers reported having diarrhoea while abroad, while 6% of the same group reported diarrhoea in the two weeks prior to being questioned; 9.7% of non-travellers reported diarrhoea in the two weeks prior to being questioned. Travellers were 6.5 times more likely to experience diarrhoea while abroad than when spending a comparable 2-week period at home. Travellers who had sought pre-travel advice were more likely to be travelling to a high-risk destination (P < 0.0001) and were more likely to suffer diarrhoea while abroad (P < 0.05); however, they were less likely to need medical help while abroad or on their return (P < 0.0001). The results indicate a markedly higher attack rate of diarrhoea in patients travelling abroad than would be expected if they stayed at home. CONCLUSION: Pre-travel advice does reduce the need for medical assistance while abroad; it also reduces GP work-load in terms of post-travel health consultations with returning travellers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Global measures of outcome in a controlled comparison of pharmacological and psychological treatment of panic disorder and agoraphobia in primary care.

BACKGROUND: Panic disorder, with and without agoraphobia, is a prevalent condition which presents primarily in general practice. Previous clinical outcome studies have been conducted mainly in specialist university departments or hospital settings, and have tended to employ complex rating scales that are not well suited for use as outcome measures in primary care. AIM: To evaluate the outcome, in a primary care setting, of fluvoxamine versus cognitive behaviour therapy, each used alone and in combination in a double-blind placebo-controlled framework, balanced for therapist contact. METHOD: A total of 149 patients satisfying DSMIII-R criteria for panic disorder were randomly allocated to receive one of the following: fluvoxamine, placebo, fluvoxamine plus cognitive behaviour therapy, placebo plus cognitive behaviour therapy, and cognitive behaviour therapy alone. These five treatment groups represent the minimum number acceptable for such a comparison to be made. All patients received an identical schedule of contact over 13 weeks. Measures of symptom severity, general health and social disruption were taken at entry point and end point; measures of change in symptoms were taken at end point only. Outcome was reported in terms of brief global ratings of severity of illness and change in symptoms, and of ratings of general health and social disruption that are suitable for use in general practice. RESULTS: All active treatment groups showed statistically significant advantages over placebo over a range of outcome ratings. The groups employing cognitive behaviour therapy showed the most robust and consistent response. CONCLUSION: The brief global measures reported here proved adequate to the task of assessing treatment outcome. Results indicate that treatments including cognitive behaviour therapy can be effective in the treatment of panic disorder and agoraphobia in primary care.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Concern, perceived risk and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS in Scottish prisons.

Four hundred and eighty male prisoners and 500 male staff from 7 Scottish prisons took part in a study assessing perception of risk and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS. Prison staff were found to perceive prison as a higher-risk environment for HIV/AIDS than outside prison, whereas prisoners perceived the opposite. Prisoners perceived less personal risk of HIV/AIDS inside prison than staff. Staff and prisoner concern towards HIV/AIDS was greater than perceived risk of HIV/AIDS, and concern was found to be associated with a number of demographic variables, whereas perceived risk was less influenced by such variables. These findings suggest that the process of risk perception may operate on more than one level. Factor analysis of attitudes towards HIV/AIDS produced four factors for both staff and prisoners: 'Interacting with people with HIV/AIDS'; 'Social control of HIV/AIDS'; 'HIV/AIDS prevention for high-risk groups'; and 'Response to HIV/AIDS high-risk behaviour'. For both staff and prisoners, greater concern and perceived risk towards HIV/AIDS was associated with a lower tolerance for interacting with people with HIV/AIDS and more support for strict social control measures against people with HIV/AIDS.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Development and validation of the Stirling Eating Disorder Scales.

The development and reliability/validity check of an 80-item, 8-scale measure for use with eating disorder patients is presented. The Stirling Eating Disorder Scales (SEDS) assess anorexic dietary behavior, anorexic dietary cognitions, bulimic dietary behavior, bulimic dietary cognitions, high perceived external control, low assertiveness, low self-esteem, and self-directed hostility. The SEDS were administered to 82 eating disorder patients and 85 controls. Results indicate that the SEDS are acceptable in terms of internal consistency, reliability, group validity, and concurrent validity.

Adult↗