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Radiofrequency ablation of unresectable hepatic malignancies.

Since radiation and chemotherapy have little impact on survival and no prospect for cure, surgery offers the best potentially option in patients with liver tumors. However, a lot of patients with liver tumors is not resectable due to stage combined with health problems, or poor liver function reserve. In this study, our preliminary clinical reports in patients with unresectable liver tumors treatment with RFA have demonstrated radiologic evidence of tumor necrosis and complications. Multielectrode, radiofrequency probes were supplied by RITA Medical Systems (Mountain View, California). This study involved a total of 28 liver tumors in 19 patients (including 17 patients with hepatomas and 2 patients with metastases). The mean age was 68.9 years old. The size of tumor was more than 3 cm in 15 patients. The approaches to the tumor were laparoscopic in 1 patients and open surgical in 18 patients. Hepatic vascular occlusion was combined with RFA in 5 cases. The reasons for unresectable were defined as total bilirubin, ICGR 15, cardiopulmonary function and multiplicity. The efficacy of this RFA therapy was evaluated by preoperative and follow-up CT scans or tumor makers. There tumor necrosis was shown in 15 patients (78.9%). The survival rates at the time up to 12 months were 84.2% in 16 patients. The present study has demonstrated that the RFA is able to provide a safe and effective means in controlling liver tumors.

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Synaptic organization in the teleost olfactory bulb.

Some aspects of the synaptic organization in the olfactory bulb of the goldfish were investigated morphologically by light and high voltage electron microscopy of Golgi-impregnated material, combined Golgi-electron microscopy and electron microscopy of the serial thin sections. In this paper we have analyzed two particular synaptic areas in the glomerular layer (and the superficial part of the plexiform layer), that is, the glomerular area and the nest (N), and five types of neurons participating in these two areas. The glomerular area consists mainly of olfactory nerve terminals (ON), mitral cell dendrites (M), and granule cell dendrites (G), which make a fundamental synaptic pattern in this area; ON leads to M in equilibrium G. In addition to these three elements, there are some other types of neuronal processes in the glomerular area. One is the ruffed cell dendrite (r), which frequently gives rise to glial sheet-like appendages coiling around and covering the mitral cell dendrites. Another is a type of thin cylindrical dendritic processes, which occasionally makes mixed synapses with the mitral cell dendrites, thus named here the dendrites of "the mixed-synapse cell". Another particular synaptic area, the nest, is around the initial unmyelinated portion of the axon (IP) of the ruffed cell, which has many protrusions on its IP. The nest consists mainly on the protrusions of the ruffed cell IP (R), the granule cell dendrites (G) and the perinest cell dendrites (PN). R make synapses with G very similar to those between M and G in the glomerular area. The basic synaptic pattern in the nest is R in equilibrium G leads to PN. The correlation between electron microscopically characterized neuronal processes and light microscopically observed cell types was attempted by serial thin sectioning-reconstruction studies and combined Golgi-electron microscopy studies. A part of the neuronal local circuit in the teleost olfactory bulb was described and compared to that in the mammalian olfactory bulb.

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