PubMed1999
The limb muscles, originating from the ventrolateral portion of the somites, exhibit position-specific morphological development through successive splitting and growth/differentiation of the muscle masses in a region-specific manner by interacting with the limb mesenchyme and the cartilage elements. The molecular mechanisms that provide positional cues to the muscle precursors are still unknown. We have shown that the expression patterns of Hoxa-11 and Hoxa-13 are correlated with muscle patterning of the limb bud (Yamamoto et al., 1998) and demonstrated that muscular Hox genes are activated by signals from the limb mesenchyme. We dissected the regulatory mechanisms directing the unique expression patterns of Hoxa-11 and Hoxa-13 during limb muscle development. HOXA-11 protein was detected in both the myogenic cells and the zeugopodal mesenchymal cells of the limb bud. The earlier expression of HOXA-11 in both the myogenic precursor cells and the mesenchyme was dependent on the apical ectodermal ridge (AER), but later expression was independent of the AER. HOXA-11 expression in both myogenic precursor cells and mesenchyme was induced by fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signal, whereas hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) maintained HOXA-11 expression in the myogenic precursor cells, but not in the mesenchyme. The distribution of HOXA-13 protein expression in the muscle masses was restricted to the posterior region. We found that HOXA-13 expression in the autopodal mesenchyme was dependent on the AER but not on the polarizing region, whereas expression of HOXA-13 in the posterior muscle masses was dependent on the polarizing region but not on the AER. Administration of BMP-2 at the anterior margin of the limb bud induced ectopic HOXA-13 expression in the anterior region of the muscle masses followed by ectopic muscle formation close to the source of exogenous BMP-2. In addition, NOGGIN/CHORDIN, antagonists of BMP-2 and BMP-4, downregulated the expression of HOXA-13 in the posterior region of the muscle masses and inhibited posterior muscle development. These results suggested that HOXA-13 expression in the posterior muscle masses is activated by the posteriorizing signal from the posterior mesenchyme via BMP-2. On the contrary, the expression of HOXA-13 in the autopodal mesenchyme was affected by neither BMP-2 nor NOGGIN/CHORDIN. Thus, mesenchymal HOXA-13 expression was independent of BMP-2 from polarizing region, but was under the control of as yet unidentified signals from the AER. These results showed that expression of Hox genes is regulated differently in the limb muscle precursor and mesenchymal cells.