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Biomedical subjects

K J Wardrop

Publications and source records attributed to K J Wardrop.

13 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1995

Hyperkalemia associated with potassium chloride administration in a cat.

Addition of appropriate amounts of potassium chloride solution to fluid administered i.v. resulted in hyperkalemia in a cat. To evaluate whether incomplete mixing of potassium chloride in the fluid might have resulted in the observed hyperkalemia, 40 mEq (20 ml) of potassium chloride solution was injected into each of three 1-L vinyl bags of 5% dextrose in water, with or without attempting to mix the additive with the fluid in the bag. Measurement of potassium concentrations in the bags revealed that injecting potassium chloride solution into a bag of fluid while that fluid is being administered can result in incomplete mixing and discharge of concentrated potassium chloride from the administration set. The greatest potassium concentration measured in fluid sampled from the administration set was 194 mEq/L.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Survival of pigeon red blood cells after transfusion into selected raptors.

Survival time of 51Cr-labeled pigeon RBC transfused into 5 raptors was determined. Mean +/- SD estimated RBC survival time was 0.51 +/- 0.19 days. This was considerably shorter than estimated survival time of autologous RBC in a Red-tailed Hawk (estimated survival, 35.1 days) and in a pigeon (estimated survival, 26.8 days). Estimated survival time after homologous transfusion of RBC from one pigeon to another was 7.1 days. Although single heterologous blood transfusions have been recommended as a safe and efficacious means of whole blood replacement in birds, results of this study suggest that heterologous RBC transfused from pigeons to selected raptor species are rapidly destroyed.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Effect of cryoprecipitate and plasma on plasma von Willebrand factor multimeters and bleeding time in Doberman Pinschers with type-I von Willebrand's disease.

We determined whether administration of cryoprecipitate or fresh-frozen plasma (FFP) would enhance glass bead platelet retention and shorten the bleeding time in von Willebrand factor (vWf)-deficient Doberman Pinschers. Plasma concentration of vWf was < 15% of the reference value in these dogs and, on the basis of multimeric analysis of vWf, these dogs had type-I von Willebrand's disease (vWd). Concentration of vWf in cryoprecipitate (prepared from FFP of clinically normal dogs) was enriched almost 20 times, and the preparation was a concentrate of the largest and most physiologically active multimers. Administration of a dose of cryoprecipitate calculated to increase plasma vWf concentration of recipient dogs to 50 U/dl increased plasma vWf concentration in recipient dogs to about 40 U/dl. Mean buccal mucosal bleeding time (BMBT) shortened from 6.7 minutes before treatment to 3.8 minutes at 2 hours after treatment. Cryoprecipitate from donor dogs treated with deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (1 micrograms/kg of body weight) effectively shortened mean BMBT from 6.4 minutes to 3.1 minutes. Administration of cryoprecipitate from vWf-deficient dogs prolonged, rather than shortened, the BMBT. After FFP (450 ml) infusion, plasma vWf concentration increased in recipient dogs, but the BMBT did not shorten. Glass bead platelet retention did not change after administration of cryoprecipitate or FFP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Prolonged bleeding time of Chediak-Higashi cats corrected by platelet transfusion.

Cats with the Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) have a platelet storage pool deficiency (SPD). Ten CHS cats were transfused with a concentrate of 51Cr-labeled platelets prepared from normal donor cats. One hour after transfusion, the donor platelet count in CHS recipient cats was 40,000-60,000/microliters. Bleeding time before transfusion was 9.1 +/- 3.0 min. When donor platelet count in CHS cats was 50,000/microliters, bleeding time was 1.7 +/- 0.2 min. Bleeding time of normal cats was 1.4 +/- 0.3 min. Bleeding time increased to 3.3 +/- 0.2 min and to 5.3 +/- 0.2 min when the platelet count was 30,000/microliters, and 15,000/microliters, respectively. The close inverse relationship between bleeding time and number of donor platelets in CHS cats (r = -0.92), suggests that prolonged bleeding time is due to a platelet abnormality, that platelet transfusion can effectively correct prolonged bleeding time in an animal model of platelet SPD and that CHS cats may be an appropriate animal model to evaluate hemostatic capabilities of transfused platelets.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Platelets and coagulation.

Hemostasis is a multiple-component system. In order to function properly it has become highly integrated with several strategies of control. Failure of the system or its control can result in life-threatening hemorrhage requiring transfusion. It is hoped that the information provided in this article has enhanced the reader's understanding of hemostasis in animals, and will enable the reader to make a more educated choice concerning transfusion therapy for the bleeding patient.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Effect of exercise, DDAVP, and epinephrine on the factor VIII:C/von Willebrand factor complex in normal dogs and von Willebrand factor deficient Doberman pinscher dogs.

Endothelial cells in biopsied blood vessels from von Willebrand factor (vWf)-deficient Doberman pinscher dogs contain immunologically detectable vWf. These dogs and normal dogs were treated with DDAVP (0.6 microgram/kg) and epinephrine (0.5 microgram/kg/min for 30 minutes) and were exercised, using 5 different exercise protocols, (3-4 m/s for 5-40 minutes at 0-5% grade) to determine if treatments reported to increase plasma factor VIII:C/vWf complex in humans would elevate canine plasma vWf. Following the two most strenuous exercise conditions--30 and 40 minutes--plasma von Willebrand factor antigen (vWf:Ag) increased in normal dogs by 30% and 70%, respectively. Factor VIII:C was increased 47% by the most strenuous exercise conditions. The vWf-deficient dogs would not exercise beyond 30 minutes and neither vWf:Ag nor factor VIII:C activity increased. Following DDAVP, plasma vWf:Ag increased in the normal dogs by 47% and factor VIII:C activity was increased by 48%. Factor VIII:C activity increased by 30% in the vWf-deficient dogs, but there was only a slight change in vWf:Ag. Bleeding time decreased in 5 of 6 vWf-deficient dogs. In the normal dogs vWf:Ag increased by 14% after epinephrine infusion, but factor VIII:C activity did not change; neither parameter was altered in the vWf-deficient dogs. While the factor VIII:C/vWf:Ag complex was increased in the normal dog by exercise and DDAVP, the increase is not as pronounced as has been reported for humans. It is not known whether the poor response of the vWf-deficient dog is due to low levels of vWf in their endothelium or to a release defect.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

von Willebrand factor is present in the vascular endothelium from normal dogs and from Doberman pinscher dogs with a plasma von Willebrand factor deficiency.

An immunohistochemical study was undertaken to determine the presence and distribution of von Willebrand factor antigen (vWf:Ag) in blood vessels from normal dogs and from Doberman pinscher dogs with a marked plasma deficiency of vWf. vWf:Ag could not be detected in plasma from the Doberman pinscher dogs by ristocetin- and botrocetin-induced platelet agglutination or by EIA. An ELISA assay revealed vWf:Ag levels that were between 2-4% of that in normal canine plasma. Factor VIII:C activity was 30-46% of normal. The activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) was increased but not the one-stage prothrombin time (OSPT). Four different antibody preparations were used in this study to detect vWf--a monoclonal and a polyclonal antibody prepared against human vWf and 2 polyclonal antibodies against canine vWf. vWf:Ag was detected with monospecific antibody in endothelial cells in veins, venules, and arterioles from normal dogs and vWf-deficient dogs. The histofluorescence observed in vessels of vWf-deficient dogs was indistinguishable from that observed in vessels from normal dogs.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Equine hemostasis. Description, evaluation, and alteration.

This is a review of equine hemostasis and is divided into three sections. The initial portion describes the normal hemostatic system and includes platelet function, coagulation, fibrinolysis and control processes. The second phase is devoted to laboratory tests of hemostasis, and the last section provides information on specific alterations.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Quantitative studies of erythropoiesis in the clinically normal, phlebotomized, and feline leukemia virus-infected cat.

Erythropoiesis was evaluated in 5 cats at base line with normal PCV and then in the same cats with anemia induced by phlebotomy and in 5 other cats with nonregenerative anemia from community-acquired feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infection. The hematologic evaluation included complete blood cell and reticulocyte counts, marrow morphologic features, determination of serum erythropoietin concentrations by radioimmunoassay, ferrokinetic studies, and in vitro marrow culture of early erythroid progenitors (erythroid burst-forming units; BFU-E) and late erythroid progenitors (erythroid colony-forming units; CFU-E). Phlebotomized cats developed marrow erythroid hyperplasia and an increased reticulocyte count. Ferrokinetic studies revealed an increase in plasma iron turnover from 1.4 to 3.8 mg of Fe/dl of blood/day and RBC use from 50.4% to 78.5%. The mean CFU-E number and CFU-E/BFU-E ratio increased after phlebotomy, but the increase was not significant (P greater than 0.05). Serum erythropoietin values did increase significantly. In FeLV-infected cats, a nonregenerative anemia was demonstrated by marrow erythroid hypoplasia and a low total reticulocyte count. An increased percentage of rubriblasts and prorubricytes was observed in 4 of the 5 cats. Although serum erythropoietin values were high (321 +/- 123 mU/ml vs normal 14 +/- 1 mU/ml), ferrokinetic data revealed decreased erythropoiesis. Marrow culture studies in the FeLV-infected cats also revealed low numbers of BFU-E and CFU-E, but normal numbers of granulocyte-macrophage progenitors remained. Seemingly, the FeLV infection impaired the ability of feline marrow to respond physiologically to anemia.

Anemia↗
PubMed1981

Prevalence and sequelae of feline leukemia virus infection in laboratory cats.

Over a 4-year period, 1,683 pound-source cats received at a research institution were screened for feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infection, using an indirect fluorescent antibody test. Viremia was detected in 83 of the cats, for a prevalence of 4.9%. During this period, FeLV infection was detected in 5 kittens on a research project; lymphoma or anemia developed 6 to 17 months after the infections were detected. It was concluded that apparently healthy cats infected with FeLV may not be appropriate for some biomedical research projects.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of canine-derived fibrin sealant as a hemostatic agent.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether canine-derived fibrinogen concentrate applied with bovine thrombin was a safe and effective topical hemostatic agent. A canine liver biopsy model was selected to test this product. Cryoprecipitate was prepared from frozen canine plasma using two freeze/thaw/centrifugation cycles. Six healthy adult dogs (weighing more than 18 kg) were used in the fibrin sealant study, and an additional three dogs were used as controls for the liver biopsy. A 1 x 3 cm liver biopsy specimen was obtained, digital pressure was applied to reduce bleeding, and the fibrinogen concentrate was immediately sprayed on the bleeding surface simultaneously with bovine thrombin (1,000 IU/mL). The mean +/- standard error of the mean (SEM) blood pressure at time of biopsy was 98 +/- 9 mm Hg, and the rate of hemorrhage from the cut liver edge was 8.0 +/- 1.1 mL/min. The total blood loss during fibrin sealant application was 37 +/- 9 mL and total time for hemostasis was 5.5 +/- 1.3 minutes. There was no additional hemorrhage after application of the fibrin sealant. In the three control dogs, fibrin sealant was not applied and only digital compression was used to decrease hemorrhage. Before digital compression, the rate of hemorrhage from the cut liver edge was 13.1 +/- 3.1 mL/min. Bleeding had not stopped after 10 minutes of compression and the mean postcompression rate of hemorrhage was 4.0 +/- 2.6 mL/min. Signs of secondary bleeding after fibrin sealant was applied were not evident during the immediate postoperative period or over the next 14 days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of an additive solution for preservation of canine red blood cells.

The effect of an additive preservative solution on canine red blood cell posttransfusion viability (PTV) and on selected canine red blood cell biochemical parameters was studied. One unit (450 mL) of blood was collected from 6 clinically normal dogs into the anticoagulant citrate phosphate dextrose, centrifuged, and the plasma removed. The red blood cells were then suspended in 100 mL of a saline, adenine, dextrose, and mannitol solution and stored at 4 degrees C. Aliquots were removed for study at 1, 10, 20, 30, 37, and 44 days. The 24-hour PTV of autologous red blood cells was determined using a sodium chromate (51Cr) label. Red blood cell concentrations of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG), adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP), and pH were also determined. Canine red blood cell PTV, pH, ATP, and 2,3-DPG concentrations decreased during storage (P < .05). The PTV decreased from 94% using day 1 red blood cells to 80% and 75% using day 37 and day 44 red blood cells, respectively (P < .05). Although the mean PTV of the day 44 stored units equaled the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) minimum standard for human red blood cells, the PTV was substandard in 75% of the day 44 units. The FDA standard was exceeded in 83% of the day 37 units. It was concluded that 37-day-old canine red blood cells preserved with a saline, adenine, dextrose, and mannitol solution are of acceptable quality for transfusion.

2,3-Diphosphoglycerate↗