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K Jain

Publications and source records attributed to K Jain.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2004

Normal organ volume assessment from abdominal CT.

We determined the normal distribution of abdominal organ volumes measured from abdominal computed tomographic (CT) images. A total of 149 adult abdominal CT studies were selected, and 711 organs (388 from males, 323 from females) were outlined by hand on each CT image by using a computer. More than 18000 organ outlines were traced. The organs studied included left and right kidneys, left and right adrenals, spleen, pancreas, and liver, and the first lumbar vertebrae was also evaluated. Using the known pixel size and section thickness, organ volumes were computed. Organ volumes were corrected for height and weight for each sex. The normal and cumulative normal distributions for each organ studied were computed, demonstrating the range of organ volumes for each sex that exist in the normal adult population. Organ volumes ranged from a mean of 4.4 mL (female left adrenal) to 1710 mL (male liver). Mean organ volumes were 64.4, 156.5, 179.8, and 1411 mL for the female pancreas, kidneys, spleen, and liver, respectively. Corresponding male volumes were 87.4, 193.1, 238.4, and 1710 mL, respectively. Tabular data are provided that indicate the relative size for each organ volume in terms of the cumulative probability distribution. Normative data are provided to allow physicians to estimate where in the normal range a particular organ volume lays. Organ volumes may be useful as quantitative indices of pathologic conditions.

Abdomen↗
PubMed2004

Effect of varying doses of fentanyl with low dose spinal bupivacaine for caesarean delivery in patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate haemodynamic stability, perioperative analgesia and neonatal outcome following intrathecal 0.5% bupivacaine 7.5 mg with varying doses of fentanyl, in parturients with pregnancy-induced hypertension. Forty-five parturients with pregnancy-induced hypertension scheduled for caesarean section were randomly allocated to receive 7.5 mg bupivacaine with saline 1 mL (group B), fentanyl 10 microg (group Bf10) or fentanyl 20 microg (group Bf20) intrathecally. Heart rate, blood pressure, and sensory block were recorded at regular intervals. Pain, nausea, vomiting, pruritus or any other side effects were sought. Neonatal outcome was assessed using Apgar score and umbilical artery blood gas analysis. Adequate surgical anaesthesia was established in all three groups. There was a statistically significant fall in mean arterial pressure in all three groups within 4-6 min of subarachnoid block (P<0.05), but the decrease in MAP was <20% of baseline in all three groups. Pain and discomfort during surgery were experienced more frequently in group B than in groups Bf10 and Bf20 (P<0.05). Duration of postoperative analgesia was significantly longer in group Bf20 (5.55+/-1.18 h) than in group Bf10 (3.97+/-2.12 h) and group B (3.27+/-1.8 h) (P<0.05). Neonatal outcome was similar in the three groups. Intrathecal fentanyl with low dose bupivacaine provides good surgical anaesthesia and prolongs the duration of analgesia without haemodynamic or neonatal compromise in patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension undergoing caesarean delivery.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Development of a modified vermireactor for efficient vermicomposting: a laboratory study.

Waste has become an index of growth. Utilization of waste materials for productivity purposes is important for both economic and environmental reasons. Vermicomposting is an important aspect as it converts waste to wealth. In this context, a modified vermireactor in place of the conventional vermireactor for efficient vermicomposting has been developed. In the conventional low- and high-rate vermireactors, the space for vermicomposting is reduced due to the thick layer of vermibed at the bottom of the reactor, thus a small amount of worm casts is produced. In the modified vermireactors there was only a thick moist cloth at the bottom in place of the thick vermibed which allowed a comparatively large quantity of organic waste to be vermicomposted as compared to conventional vermireactors. Laboratory studies showed that the modified vermireactor performed better than the conventional vermireactor in average vermicast produced and mg castings l(-1) (digester volume) day(-1). The study further showed that only the volume of the vermireactor was responsible for the high yield of worm casts.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Vasoproliferative tumours of the retina.

This paper describes three cases of vasoproliferative tumours of the retina including histopathology in one. The clinical presentation, differential diagnosis and treatment modalities are discussed with a brief review of the literature.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Association of primary central nervous system lymphomas with the Epstein-Barr virus.

The incidence of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL), previously a rare tumor, has increased significantly over the past few decades, partly due to the AIDS epidemic but also in immunocompetent individuals. Studies from Western countries have shown a consistent association of tumors occurring in immunocompromised individuals with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) suggesting an important role for the virus in the pathogenesis of these tumors, but an infrequent association of the virus with PCNSL in the immunocompetent host has also been noted. We studied 11 patients with PCNSL who had no evidence of an immunocompromised state. All the tumors were aggressive B cell lymphomas. EBV association was studied using EBER in-situ hybridization. 10 out of the 11 tumors were negative for EBV, indicating that tumors in immunocompetent individuals in developing countries are also infrequently EBV associated and that a different pathogenetic mechanism is operative in the evolution of these tumors.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Phases of a conserved mass model of aggregation with fragmentation at fixed sites.

To study the effect of quenched disorder in a class of reaction-diffusion systems, we introduce a conserved mass model of diffusion and aggregation in which fragmentation occurs only at certain fixed sites. On most sites, the mass moves as a whole to a nearest neighbor while it leaves the fixed sites only as a single monomer (i.e., chips off). Once the mass leaves any site, it coalesces with the mass present on its neighbor. We study in detail the effect of a single chipping site on the steady state in arbitrary dimensions, with and without bias. In the thermodynamic limit, the system can exist in one of the following three phases. (a) Pinned aggregate (PA) phase in which an infinite aggregate (with mass proportional to the volume of the system) appears at the chipping site with probability one but not in the bulk. (b) Unpinned aggregate (UA) phase in which the infinite aggregate occurs at the chipping site with a probability strictly less than one and can coexist with infinite aggregates in the bulk. (c) Nonaggregate (NA) phase in which there is no infinite cluster. The steady state of the system depends on the dimension and drive. A sitewise inhomogeneous mean field theory predicts that the system exists in the UA phase in all cases. Monte Carlo simulations in one and two dimensions support this prediction in all but one-dimensional, biased case. In the latter case, there is a phase transition from the NA phase to the PA phase as the density is increased. We identify the critical point exactly and calculate the mass distribution in the PA phase. The NA phase and the critical point are studied by Monte Carlo simulations and using scaling arguments. A variant of the above aggregation model is also considered in which total particle number is conserved and chipping occurs at a fixed site, but the particles do not interact with each other at other sites. This model is solved exactly by mapping it to a zero range process. With increasing density, it exhibits a phase transition from the NA phase to the PA phase in all dimensions, irrespective of bias. The free-particle model is also solved with an extensive number of chipping sites with random chipping rates and we argue that it qualitatively describes the behavior of the aggregation model with extensive disorder.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Peritoneal implantation of macroencapsulated porcine pancreatic islets in diabetic rats ameliorates severe hyperglycemia and prevents retraction and simplification of hippocampal dendrites.

The hippocampus of rats with uncontrolled insulin-dependent diabetes undergoes retraction and simplification of apical dendrites of the CA3 pyramidal neurons and synaptic rearrangements within mossy fiber terminals that could alter hippocampal connectivity and function. The intraperitoneal implantation of hydrophilic agarose macrobeads containing porcine islets for 17 days in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes results in normalization of body weight gain, significant control of hyperglycemia and prevention of hippocampal dendritic remodeling, and therefore, provides an effective therapeutic option.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Posthysterectomy vault eversion with a large retroperitoneal mass.

A woman with complete vaginal eversion was found to have a large pelvic mass, extending from the rectovaginal septum to the presacral space. This 66-year-old woman with posthysterectomy vaginal eversion complained of pelvic fullness. A pessary provided relief of the prolapse, but the symptom of fullness persisted. Physical examination did not identify a pelvic mass. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated a 9 cm tumor of the rectovaginal septum, extending to the presacral space. At laparotomy the patient had a massive neurofibroma arising from the anterior rectal wall. This case is of interest because the complete vaginal prolapse obscured the diagnosis of this large pelvic tumor. CT and MRI were useful in identifying and characterizing the mass. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of vaginal prolapse with a large pelvic mass.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Retinopathy in chronic hepatitis C patients during interferon treatment with ribavirin.

AIM: To assess the ocular effect of interferon alfa 2b prescribed with ribavirin in patients undergoing therapy for chronic hepatitis C. METHODS: 19 patients with chronic hepatitis C who satisfied the follow up criteria were assessed for ocular complications using slit lamp biomicroscopy and indirect ophthalmoscopy before, during, and after the treatment at regular intervals. RESULTS: 8/19 patients, while on treatment, developed an asymptomatic retinopathy. Among these 3/8 were relapsers and 5/9 were non-responders to interferon monotherapy. All retinal changes faded, often while the patients continued the therapy. There was no significant association in occurrence of retinopathy with haematological and/or biochemical changes. CONCLUSION: Retinopathy was more common in interferon monotherapy non-responders than relapsers when treated with interferon alfa 2b with the addition of ribavirin. The changes were transient, disappearing while the patients were still being treated.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Ultrasonographic evaluation of diaphragmatic motion.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the technical feasibility and utility of ultrasonography in the study of diaphragmatic motion at our institution. METHODS: The study consisted of 2 parts. For part I, in 23 volunteers we performed 23 studies on 46 hemidiaphragms with excursions documented on M-mode ultrasonography For part II, in 22 patients we performed 52 studies in 102 hemidiaphragms. In 50 studies both hemidiaphragms were studied, and in another 2 studies only 1 hemidiaphragm was studied. Patients' ages ranged from birth to 66 years (mean, 23 years). There were 16 male and 6 female patients. Indications for the study were (1) suggestion of paralysis of the diaphragm (n = 22); (2) if the diaphragm was already known to be paralyzed, for evaluation of response to phrenic nerve or pacer stimulation (n = 9); and (3) follow-up of previous findings (n = 21). Patients were examined in the supine position in the longitudinal semicoronal plane from a subcostal or low intercostal approach. Motion was documented with real-time ultrasonography and measured with M-mode ultrasonography. RESULTS: Of the 102 clinical hemidiaphragms studied, findings included normal motion (n = 42), decreased motion (n = 22), no motion (n = 6), paradoxical motion (n = 10), positive pacer response (n = 13), negative pacer response (n = 2), positive phrenic stimulation (n = 6), and negative phrenic stimulation (n = 1). There were no failures of visualization. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasonography proved feasible and useful in evaluating diaphragmatic motion. In our practice it has replaced fluoroscopy. Ultrasonography has advantages over traditional fluoroscopy, including portability, lack of ionizing radiation, visualization of structures of the thoracic bases and upper abdomen, and the ability to quantify diaphragmatic motion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Facial frequency manipulation normalizes face discrimination in AD.

People with AD have deficient contrast sensitivity and impaired face discrimination. The authors presented photographs of unfamiliar faces of three different sizes to enhance the low, middle, or high facial frequency information (cycles per face). Patients with AD demonstrated normal discrimination of small faces only, indicating that impaired contrast sensitivity at low facial frequencies contributes to their poor face discrimination.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2000

Infertility and psychosexual disorders: relationship in infertile couples.

175 consecutive infertile couples were interviewed together and individually in accordance with a 25 point questionnaire. Amongst the males, premature ejaculations 66% was most common problem followed by erectile dysfunction 15%, decreased libido 11% and orgasmic failure 8%. Amongst females dyspareunia 58%, decreased libido 28% and orgasmic failure 14% were most common problems. Various type of misconceptions were also observed in the infertile couples. Lack of sexual awareness and education formed an important part of observations. Psychosexual dysfunction and infertility was found to occur, in a large number of couples, together in association. Most common cause for this problem seems to be ignorance and lack of sex education.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Glucose control and long-term survival in biobreeding/Worcester rats after intraperitoneal implantation of hydrophilic macrobeads containing porcine islets without immunosuppression.

BACKGROUND: We investigated the effectiveness of implanted macrobeads containing porcine islets as long-term therapy for type I diabetes mellitus in Biobreeding/Worcester (BB/Wor) rats, an animal model of spontaneous type I human diabetes. End points included acute control of glucose, weight gain, survival time, and the renal changes associated with diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen chronic spontaneously diabetic BB/Wor rats were each implanted with 56-150 porcine islet macrobeads secreting 1.3-5.2 U of insulin/24 hr in culture medium at 37 degrees C. Their clinical courses and selective histological observations were compared with those of animals maintained on Linplant insulin-release implants (6 rats) or protamine zinc insulin alone (10 rats). RESULTS: The rats that underwent porcine islet macrobead implantation (PIMI) survived for a mean of 171 days (range, 79-288) after implantation without exogenous insulin, immunosuppressive treatment, or lactated Ringer's therapy. All appeared healthy and maintained their body weights (mean 356+/-21 g) throughout this period, even though their nonfasting blood glucose levels fluctuated significantly, with the mean for the group being 245+/-102 mg/dl (range, 157-320 mg/dl). There was mild glucosuria in some animals. In comparison, the 10 BB/Wor rats maintained on exogenous protamine zinc insulin had a mean survival time of 53 days (range, 10-217), a "last entry" mean body weight of 283+/-23 g, and a mean nonfasting glucose level of 340+/-90 mg/dl. The six Linplant implant animals had a mean survival time of 164 days (range, 1-264 days), a "last entry" mean body weight of 374+/-21 g, and a mean nonfasting glucose level of 189+/-91 mg/dl (range, 135-219). Episodes of ketonuria, abrupt loss of body weight, dehydration, and symptomatic hypoglycemia were more common in both these groups than in the PIMI animals. Glucose tolerance tests comparing diabetic animals treated with porcine islet macrobead implants, exogenous insulin-treated diabetic BB/Wor rats, and normal nondiabetic Wistar-Furth rats showed that the responses of those with the macrobead implants were similar to those of the normal rats, while the exogenous insulin-treated diabetic BB/Wor rats had the expected abnormal responses. Light microscopic examination of the PIMI and Linplant animals' kidney sections appeared normal, whereas those of the exogenous insulin-injected BB rats showed moderate focal tubular atrophy and an increased mesangial matrix. Macrobeads retrieved from the peritoneal cavity at necropsy were found to secrete insulin, C-peptide, and glucagon, indicating that they were still functional after 199 or more days in the peritoneal cavity. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that macrobeads containing porcine islets implanted intraperitoneally in natural insulin-dependent diabetic BB/Wor rats are capable of normalizing glucose control, permitting a normal life span, and preventing the renal changes normally associated with diabetes. Therefore, further short- and long-term studies of porcine islet macrobead implantation in chemically induced and naturally occurring diabetes in rodents, as well as larger animals including dogs, monkeys and possibly humans, are merited.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Inflammatory granulomas: evaluation with proton MRS.

Intracranial inflammatory lesions consisting mainly of tuberculomas (n = 28), neurocysticercosis (NCC) (n = 10), and non-specific inflammatory granulomas (IG) (n = 22) were evaluated with proton MRS. Water-suppressed proton spectra were acquired from 60 patients using the STEAM sequence with an echo time of 135 ms and metabolite ratios determined from the spectra. Student's paired t-test and chi2-test were used to analyse the data. Statistically significant differences were observed for the following ratios between the three patient categories: NAA/ Cr (p < 0.0001), NAA/Cho (p = 0.001) and Cr/Cho (p = 0.02) for the non-specific IG and NCC, NAA/Cho (p = 0.03) for non-specific IG and tuberculoma, and NAA/Cr (p < 0.0001) for NCC and tuberculoma. While lipids were seen in 86% of the tuberculomas, they were observed in only 20% of the NCCs (chi2 = 6.81, p = 0.009), and 21% of the non-specific IGs (chi2 = 10.75, p = 0.0001). While the presence of lipid can be used for differentiating tuberculomas from both non-specific IG and NCC, the extremely low levels of metabolites together with a poor signal/noise ratio could itself act as a marker for NCC.

Adolescent↗