Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to K K Gandhi.
Nocturnal enuresis is a common problem occurring in 15% of children at 5 years of age. Although usually self-limiting, justification for early treatment is founded in the psychological impact on the child. The physician's role in treating enuresis is first to rule out structural causes for enuresis. After this has been done, the physician can tailor an enuresis treatment program for the child and family.
In the present study, 2.5% of 367 preschool children has HBsAg positivity. Of 11 mothers who were HBsAg positive during the third trimester of pregnancy, 4 had babies (36.4%) who developed HBsAg positivity by 2.5-3 months of age (vertical transmission). Two babies born of HBsAg negative mothers, with history of jaundice during first trimester, were HBsAg negative. All the relatives of HBsAg positive cases screened were negative for HBsAg.
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Assay of maximal activities of 11 glycolytic enzymes in cell-free buffalo sperm extracts showed that hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase had the lowest activities, suggesting regulation of fructolysis at steps catalysed by these enzymes. The ratios of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase/phosphofructokinase (0.67) and phosphoglycerate kinase/phosphofructokinase (4.60) are typical of cells exhibiting high Pasteur effect (50% for ejaculated buffalo spermatozoa). The regulatory nature of phosphofructokinase was shown through its modulation by ATP, AMP and inorganic phosphate. The determination of fructolytic intermediates and cofactors and calculation of mass action ratios for each enzymic step revealed that hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, fructose-biphosphate aldolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase catalysed reactions far removed from the equilibrium. A regulatory role by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase appeared to be most likely because triosephosphates and inorganic phosphate accumulated more under anaerobic than under aerobic conditions.
The significance of normal DNA synthesis in the postnatal testis of mouse has been tested by using 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) on various days of development. Treatments with the drug were given for 48 h to the pups of different age groups starting immediately after birth up to day 8 post partum (PP). The appearance of the testis specific X-isozyme of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH-X) on day 17 PP has been used as a marker of spermatocyte differentiation. Autoradiographic studies on the testes of 4 to 5-day-old mice indicated that the highest percentage of prespermatogonia were labelled with 3H-BUdR. While a significant decline was noted in LDH-X synthesis on day 17 PP in the pups treated with BUdR on day 4-5 PP, other experimental animals subjected to similar treatments with BUdR on days 0-1, 2-3 and 6-7 PP showed no such decline. These results indicate that the prespermatogonia in day 4-5 PP testis are particularly susceptible to BUdR which blocks further differentiation. The possible reasons for this effect are discussed.
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Semen of Jamunapari goat bucks was frozen in three diluents egg yolk-tris, egg yolk/citrate/glucose, and skim milk/egg yolk. In fresh ejaculated semen over 90% of the spermatozoa had normal head and acrosome morphology. Quantification of goat sperm structure with Giemsa stain revealed significant (P < 0.01) damage to acrosome on freezing which varied between 38 to 43% in three diluents. Scanning electron microscopy defined and revealed greater damage during freezing with 50% sperm heads having normal acrosome structure in three diluents. The ultrastructural changes detected in frozen goat sperm was protrusion at the anterior cap, broken tail, swelling of acrosome, and loss of acrosomal contents. The leakage of five enzymes GOT, GPT, hyaluronoglucosaminidase, acid phosphatase, and alkaline phosphatase measured simultaneously revealed a positive correlation between enzyme release and acrosomal damage.
We standardized chlortetracycline fluorescent assay for studies of calcium requirement and time course of capacitation of goat spermatozoa. Three distinct fluorescent patterns were easily detected in goat spermatozoa incubated under capacitating conditions. Categorised according to nomenclature reported earlier, these are: 'F' with bright fluorescence in the postacrosomal region, characteristic of uncapacitated acrosomal-intact cells; 'B' with bright fluorescence on the anterior portion of the head and dark band in the postacrosomal region, characteristic of capacitated, acrosome-intact cells; 'AR' with lack of fluorescence on the head characteristic of acrosome-reacted cells. A close correspondence was observed when the results of CTC assay were compared with those obtained by transmission electron microscopy. Goat spermatozoa were not capacitated when calcium was omitted from the medium and 80% had CTC fluorescence of 'F' type. The size of 'B' cell population increased with increase in calcium concentration; at 1.0 mmol l-1 a peak representing 65-70% capacitated cells accumulated in 4 h. At higher concentrations, 'AR' cells were found along with 'B' cells and the two cell types were in equal proportions at 1.71 mmol l-1. Time course studies revealed a 2 h incubation period at 1.0 mmol l-1 and 1 h at 2 mmol l-1 calcium concentration before transformation of 'F' cells to 'B' cells was noticed. However, at no time were 'AR' cells found exclusively pointing to an equilibrium between the two sperm populations. Goat spermatozoa were also not capacitated when phosphate was omitted from the medium. Permeant anions (NO3-, SCN-), permeant weak acid (HCO3-) and organic phosphates (beta-glycerophosphate, glucose-6-phosphate) were unable to replace phosphate. The reason for their failure for the incidence of capacitation was traced to low uptake of calcium by goat spermatozoa. In the presence of phosphate, a 6-8-fold increase was measured over the calcium uptake when phosphate was omitted (2-4 nmol l-1 10(8) cells-1). Mersalyl inhibited the calcium uptake by goat spermatozoa as well as its capacitation most likely by inhibiting the calcium phosphate transporter located in the sperm plasma membrane.