Biomedical subjects

K Keegstra

Publications and source records attributed to K Keegstra.

80 records · Page 5Linked to original sources

PubMed1976

Purification and composition of the proteins from Sindbis virus grown in chick and BHK cells.

Procedures are described for the purification of the Sindbis virus structural proteins. The amino acid and carbohydrate compositions of the purified proteins are presented for virus grown in BHK-21/13 and chicken embryo cells. Glycoprotein E1 from virus grown in BHK cells is deficient in a mannose-rich glycopeptide found on that glycoprotein when virus is grown in chicken embryo cells. The complex glactose-containing glycopeptides appear similar for virus grown in both hosts. However, when virus is grown in BHK cells, both glycoproteins are enriched in those glycopeptides containing more sialic acid. Since the two viral glycoproteins are difficult to separate cleanly during purification, it is suggested that there may be strong, but noncovalent, interactions between glycoproteins E1 and E2. It is also suggested that there may be an interaction between glycoprotein E2 and a component of the nucleocapsid.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1975

Sindbis virus glycoproteins: effect of the host cell on the oligosaccharides.

Sindbis virus was grown in four different host cells and the carbohydrate portions of the glycoproteins were analyzed. Sindbis virus grown in BHK-21 cells has more sialic acid and galactose than Sindbis virus grown in chicken embryo cells. In other respects the carbohydrates from virus grown in these two hosts are very similar. Sindbis virus grown either in chick cells transformed by Rous sarcoma virus or in BHK cells transformed by polyoma virus was also examined. In comparisons of virus from normal and transformed cells, differences in the amount of sialic acid were observed; but otherwise the carbohydrate structures appeared basically similar. The growth conditions used for the host cell also affected the degree of completion of the carbohydrate chains of the viral glycoproteins.

Amino Sugars↗

PubMed1974

Glycoproteins of Sindbis virus: priliminary characterization of the oligosaccharides.

The carbohydrate content of Sindbis virus was determined by gas chromatographic analysis. The two viral glycoproteins were found to be approximately 8% carbohydrate by weight. Mannose is the sugar present in the largest amount. Smaller amounts of glucosamine, galactose, sialic acid, and fucose were also detected. Each of the two viral glycoproteins appears to contain two structurally unrelated oligosaccharides. Two of the three Sindbis-specific glycoproteins found in infected chick cells were shown to contain short, unfinished oligosaccharides.

Animals↗

PubMed1973

The Structure of Plant Cell Walls: I. The Macromolecular Components of the Walls of Suspension-cultured Sycamore Cells with a Detailed Analysis of the Pectic Polysaccharides.

This is the first in a series of papers dealing with the structure of cell walls isolated from suspension-cultured sycamore cells (Acer pseudoplatanus). These studies have been made possible by the availability of purified hydrolytic enzymes and by recent improvements in the techniques of methylation analysis. These techniques have permitted us to identify and quantitate the macromolecular components of sycamore cell walls. These walls are composed of 10% arabinan, 2% 3,6-linked arabinogalactan, 23% cellulose, 9% oligo-arabinosides (attached to hydroxyproline), 8% 4-linked galactan, 10% hydroxyproline-rich protein, 16% rhamnogalacturonan, and 21% xyloglucan.The structures of the pectic polymers (the neutral arabinan, the neutral galactan, and the acidic rhamnogalacturonan) were obtained, in part, by methylation analysis of fragments of these polymers which were released from the sycamore walls by the action of a highly purified endopolygalacturonase. The data suggest a branched arabinan and a linear 4-linked galactan occurring as side chains on the rhamnogalacturonan. Small amounts or pieces of a xyloglucan, the wall hemicellulose, appear to be covalently linked to some of the galactan chains. Thus, the galactan appears to serve as a bridge between the xyloglucan and rhamnogalacturonan components of the wall.The rhamnogalacturonan consists of an alpha-(1 --> 4)-linked galacturonan chain which is interspersed with 2-linked rhamnosyl residues. The rhamnosyl residues are not randomly distributed in the chain but probably occur in units of rhamnosyl- (1 --> 4)-galacturonosyl- (1 --> 2)-rhamnosyl. This sequence appears to alternate with a homogalacturonan sequence containing approximately 8 residues of 4-linked galacturonic acid. About half of the rhamnosyl residues are branched, having a substituent attached to carbon 4. This is likely to be the site of attachment of the 4-linked galactan.The hydroxyprolyl oligo-arabinosides of the hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein contain 3-linked, 2-linked, and terminal arabinosyl residues. The structure of the hydroxyprolyl oligo-arabinosides deduced from our methylation studies agrees with the structure reported for similar oligosaccharides.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1973

The Structure of Plant Cell Walls: II. The Hemicellulose of the Walls of Suspension-cultured Sycamore Cells.

The molecular structure, chemical properties, and biological function of the xyloglucan polysaccharide isolated from cell walls of suspension-cultured sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) cells are described. The sycamore wall xyloglucan is compared to the extracellular xyloglucan secreted by suspension-cultured sycamore cells into their culture medium and is also compared to the seed "amyloid" xyloglucans.Xyloglucan-or fragments of xyloglucan-and acidic fragments of the pectic polysaccharides are released from endopolygalacturonase-pretreated sycamore walls by treatment of these walls with 8 m urea, endoglucanase, or 0.5 n NaOH. Some of the xyloglucan thus released is found to cochromatograph with the acidic pectic fragments on diethylaminoethyl Sephadex. The chemical or enzymic treatments required for the release of xyloglucan from the walls and the cochromatography of xyloglucan with the acidic pectic fragments indicate that xyloglucan is covalently linked to the pectic polysaccharides and is noncovalently bound to the cellulose fibrils of the sycamore cell wall.The molecular structure of sycamore xyloglucan was characterized by methylation analysis of the oligosaccharides obtained by endoglucanase treatment of the polymer. The structure of the polymer is based on a repeating heptasaccharide unit which consists of 4 residues of beta-1-4-linked glucose and 3 residues of terminal xylose. A single xylose residue is glycosidically linked to carbon 6 of 3 of the glucosyl residues.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1973

The Structure of Plant Cell Walls: III. A Model of the Walls of Suspension-cultured Sycamore Cells Based on the Interconnections of the Macromolecular Components.

Degradative enzymes have been used to obtain defined fragments of the isolated cell walls of suspension-cultured sycamore cells. These fragments have been purified and structurally characterized. Fragments released from endopolygalacturonase-pretreated cell walls by a purified endoglucanase and the fragments extracted from these walls by urea and alkali provide evidence for a covalent connection between the xyloglucan and pectic polysaccharides. Fragments released by a protease from endopolygalacturonase-endoglucanase-pretreated cell walls provide evidence for a covalent connection between the pectic polysaccharides and the structural protein of the cell wall. Based on these interconnections and the strong binding which occurs between the xyloglucan and cellulose, a tentative structure of the cell wall is proposed.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1972

A Cell Wall-degrading Endopolygalacturonase Secreted by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum.

Cultures of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Saccardo and Magnus) Scribner have been induced to secrete an endopolygalacturonase (polygalacturonide glycanohydrolase EC3.2. 1.15). This enzyme has been brought to a high state of purity by ion exchange, gel filtration, and agarose affinity chromatography. The enzyme has optimal activity at pH 5, has an apparent molecular weight as determined by gel filtration of about 70,000, and prefers polygalacturonic acid to pectin as its substrate. The enzyme, while hydrolyzing only 1% of the glycosidic bonds, reduces the viscosity of a polygalacturonic solution by 50%. Nevertheless, the initial as well as the final products of polygalacturonic acid hydrolysis are predominantly tri- and digalacturonic acid and, to a lesser extent, monogalacturonic acid. The purified enzyme catalyzes the removal of about 80% of the galacturonic acid residues of cell walls isolated from suspension-cultured sycamore cells (Acer pseudoplatanus) as well as from the walls isolated from 8-day-old Red Kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) hypocotyls.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1970

The Involvement of Glycosidases in the Cell Wall Metabolism of Suspension-cultured Acer pseudoplatanus Cells.

Several glycosidases have been isolated from suspensioncultured sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) cells. These include an alpha-galactosidase, an alpha-mannosidase, a beta-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase, a beta-glucosidase, and two beta-galactosidases. The pH optimum of each of these enzymes was determined. The pH optima, together with inhibition studies, suggest that each observed glycosidase activity represents a separate enzyme. Three of these enzymes, beta-glucosidase, alpha-galactosidase, and one of the beta-galactosidases, have been shown to be associated with the cell surface. The enzyme activities associated with the cell surface were shown to possess the ability to degrade to a limited extent isolated sycamore cell walls. It was found that the activities of beta-glucosidase and of one of the beta-galactosidases increase as the cells go through a period of growth and decrease as cell growth ceases.

Journal Article↗