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Biomedical subjects

K L Chapman

Publications and source records attributed to K L Chapman.

27 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Phonologic processes in children with cleft palate.

This study examined the phonologic process usage of 3-, 4- and 5-year-old children with cleft palate. Sixty children served as subjects: 30 children with cleft palate (with or without cleft lip) and 30 noncleft palate children. The children's whole word productions were analyzed for frequency and type of phonologic process usage. Results indicated that the 3- and 4-year old children with cleft palate exhibited more instances of process usage, compared to their noncleft peers. The 5-year-old cleft and noncleft groups were similar in total instances of process usage. Further, the children with cleft palate employed common phonologic processes; however, some processes were noted more frequently in the speech of the 3-year-old children with cleft palate.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1993

Identification of children with and without cleft palate from tape-recorded samples of early vocalizations and speech.

Thirty judges (5 speech pathologists, 10 mothers of children with cleft palate, and 15 mothers of noncleft children) listened to 90 tape-recorded samples of early vocalizations/speech obtained from noncleft babies and babies with cleft palate. Each sample was classified by the judges as normal or abnormal. As a group, the speech pathologists classified only 60% of the cleft samples as abnormal and 59% of the normal samples as normal. The cleft and noncleft mother groups, on the other hand, classified 37% and 25% of the cleft samples as abnormal and 59% and 73% of the normal samples as normal. Poor interjudge agreement was evident within and across the three groups of judges. The poor reliability demonstrated by the speech pathologists in identifying babies with unrepaired clefts appeared related more to a difference in interpretation of the perceptual data than an inability to hear salient information.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

Phonetic and phonologic skills of two-year-olds with cleft palate.

This article examines the phonetic and phonologic skills of 2-year-olds with cleft palate. Fifteen children, 10 children with cleft palate and five noncleft children, participated in the study. The children with cleft palate all received palatal surgery after 12 months of age and after the onset of meaningful speech. All subjects were video and audiotaped while interacting with their mothers during unstructured play. At least one hundred different spontaneous word productions were phonetically transcribed and analyzed for (1) percent consonants correct, (2) phonologic processes, and (3) "compensatory" articulation patterns. A comparison between the groups indicated that although the children with cleft palate exhibited more errors overall, they were similar to their noncleft peers in their phonologic process usage with two exceptions. Additionally, few "compensatory" articulation errors were noted in the speech of these children.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1991

Language input of mothers interacting with their young children with cleft lip and palate.

Maternal language addressed to 1-, 2-, and 3-year-old children with cleft lip and palate was studied. Videotaped interactions were obtained from 23 mother-child dyads (13 mother-cleft lip and palate child dyads, and 13 mother noncleft child dyads) during free play. Results indicated more similarities than differences in maternal language characteristics for the two groups of mothers.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1991

Vocalizations of toddlers with cleft lip and palate.

This study examined the early vocalizations of toddlers with cleft lip and palate. Ten toddlers, ranging in age from 12 to 14 months, served as subjects: five toddlers with cleft lip and palate and five noncleft toddlers. Samples of the toddler's spontaneous vocalizations were obtained while they interacted with their mothers during an unstructured play session. All speech-like vocalizations were transcribed, and comparisons were made between the cleft and noncleft groups for (1) size of consonant inventory, (2) type and frequency of occurrence of consonants, and (3) frequency and type of multisyllabic productions. Results indicated differences in the consonant inventories and multisyllabic productions of the two groups of toddlers.

Child Language↗
PubMed1989

Patterns of object-name extension in production.

The evolution of young children's categories, as measured by category name production, was studied. The focus was on categories whose names initially were overextended. Four children (initially aged 1.1 to 1.3) were visited at home twice a week over a four- to six-month period, until they were approximately 1.7. The play sessions included elicitations of the names of specially chosen objects. Results indicated that, as predicted, four sequences of category evolution were found, formed by the intersection of two factors: overlap vs. mutual exclusivity and first re-assignment separate vs. first re-assignment joint. As expected, most sequences involved initial overlap, and the choice of first reassignment option varied as a function of the relationship (hierarchical or non-hierarchical) between the initial child-basic category and the new category.

Concept Formation↗
PubMed1986

Studies that question the existence of alpha-2 adrenoceptors in tail arteries of normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats.

Many pharmacological studies have demonstrated two distinct types of alpha adrenoceptor in the vasculature; these receptors have been named alpha-1 and alpha-2. In the present study, using isolated perfused tail arteries from normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats, we have demonstrated two types of alpha adrenoceptor but neither of these could be classified as an alpha-2 adrenoceptor. Dose-dependent contraction of rat tail arteries was produced by the following alpha adrenoceptor agonists or agonist-antagonist combination: phenylephrine (PE alpha-1), clonidine (alpha-1 and alpha-2), clonidine in the presence of 10(-7) M prazosin (alpha-2) and BHT-920 (alpha-2). The ED50 values for PE and clonidine were four orders of magnitude lower than those for clonidine plus prazosin and BHT-920. In addition, the action of PE was faster in onset than that of BHT-920, reached a higher maximum (5-fold) and attenuated more rapidly than that of BHT-920. The specific alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine, in concentrations as high as 10(-6) M, did not antagonize arterial responses to BHT-920. However, responses to BHT-920 were antagonized by the alpha-1 adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin, in concentrations as low as 10(-10) M, and by the serotonin/alpha-1 adrenoceptor antagonist ketanserin (10(-7) M). These results suggest that the two alpha-adrenoceptor types in isolated rat tail arteries are both of the alpha-1 type. We also found that whereas responses to PE were stable and reproducible between 2 and 5 hr of arterial perfusion, responses to BHT-920 increased progressively over 5 hr. The latter effect probably resulted from a gradual disappearance of the arterial endothelium.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Investigations into the nature of alpha 2-adrenoceptors in rat tail arteries.

In rat isolated perfused tail arteries, dose-response curves were established for the vasopressor effects of phenylephrine (alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonist), clonidine (alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist), clonidine in the presence of 10(-7) mol/l prazosin (alpha 2-agonist), and BHT-920 (alpha 2-agonist). The ED50 values were: phenylephrine 1.85 X 10(-10) mol; clonidine 6.3 X 10(-10) mol; clonidine + prazosin 3.2 X 10(-6) mol; BHT-920 6.1 X 10(-6) mol. The arterial reactivity to BHT-920 was stable only after 4-5 h of perfusion. Responses to BHT-920 were not antagonized by yohimbine (alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist) but were antagonized by low concentrations of prazosin (alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist). These data constitute conflicting evidence regarding the existence of alpha 2-adrenoceptors in rat tail arteries. The data are consistent with the proposal that there are two recognition sites on alpha 1-adrenoceptors; phenylephrine and BHT-920 may stimulate different sites on alpha 1-adrenoceptors.

Animals↗