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Biomedical subjects

K M Aziz

Publications and source records attributed to K M Aziz.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Epidemiology of persistent diarrhea and etiologic agents in Mirzapur, Bangladesh.

To determine the epidemiology and etiologic agents of persistent diarrhea we carried out an intensive diarrhea surveillance on children less than six years old in rural Bangladesh. From March 1987 to February 1989 we examined 363 children through diarrhea recall interviews and analyzed stool samples of all diarrhea cases for potential pathogens. Results showed that children had an average of two episodes per year and the incidence rate of diarrheal episodes defined as acute (< 14 d) and persistent (> or = 14 d) varied similarly with age. The peak incidence (episodes/child/year) of acute diarrhea (2.8) and persistent diarrhea (0.8) occurred in the 6-11 months age group. The data showed that an episode tended to be prolonged if the stool was loose/mucoid or bloody at onset. Aggregative adherent Escherichia coli was found significantly more often at onset in persistent than in acute episodes, whereas Shigella, Aeromonas, Giardia and toxigenic E. coli were isolated with less frequency in persistent than acute episodes. This suggests that other factors might be more important in the development of persistent diarrhea than specific pathogens.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Isolation of enterotoxigenic Vibrio cholerae non-01 from the Buriganga river and two ponds of Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Vibrio cholerae 01 is usually considered the most toxigenic member of the Vibrionaceae and V. cholerae non-01 isolated from the environment is non-toxigenic. In our survey of the pollution of some aquatic environments in and around Dhaka, Bangladesh, we wanted to investigate the toxigenicity of V. cholerae non-01 isolated from water and sediment samples of the Buriganga river and two ponds in Dhaka, in the rabbit ileal loop (RIL) model. Fluid accumulation was induced by 18 of 28 live cultures and five of 18 cell-free culture filtrates in RIL. Seven of ten V. cholerae non-01 which failed to induce fluid in RIL were subjected to repeated passage in rabbit gut. Within two consecutive passages, all the strains could induce fluid in rabbit gut. Both toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains were uniformly sensitive to chloramphenicol and gentamicin but resistant to neomycin, novobiocin, polymyxin-B, streptomycin and vancomycin. Tetracycline sensitivity was found among eight of 17 toxigenic and six of 12 non-toxigenic strains. Sensitivity to trimethoprime-sulfa-methoxazole was noted among seven of 17 toxigenic and six of 12 non-toxigenic strains. Occurrence of enterotoxigenic and drug-resistant V. cholerae non-01 in the surface water is a public health hazard.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Occurrence of haemolysin producing Aeromonas species in the aquatic environment.

A total of 532 environmental isolates of motile aeromonads were evaluated for their ability to produce haemolysins. Of those isolates tested, 68 (12.5%) and 18 (3.4%) were found to be alpha and beta haemolytic, respectively. Aeromonas caviae was found to be alpha haemolytic (3.8%) for the first time. Isolates of Aeromonas which were either alpha or beta haemolytic on plate assay also produced detectable amounts of haemolysin in cell free broth assay.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed1991

Rotavirus infection in calves in Bangladesh.

Faecal samples from 434 calves under 1 year of age (307 diarrhoeal and 127 normal) were collected from three dairy farms and one village in selected areas of Bangladesh. The samples were tested by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect the presence of rotavirus antigen. Of 402 dairy calves tested, 28 (7.0%) were positive, of which 21 (7.2%) were from diarrhoeic calves and 7 (6.3%) from non-diarrhoeic calves. Rotavirus infection varied from farm to farm (2.7-9.2%) and there was no positive response from any of the 32 village calves. Rotavirus was most commonly found in calves of 1 week of age or less (up to 22.2% in one group) but was not found in any calves later than 6 months of age. More than 80% of rotavirus-positive samples from diarrhoeic calves exhibited a titre of 128 or more (geometric mean 345 +/- 4.5), whereas non-diarrhoeal calves had titres less than or equal to 128 (geometric mean = 29 +/- 1.9), suggesting that rotavirus infection in calves in Bangladesh was mostly associated with diarrhoea.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1991

Association of parents' education and fathers' occupation with prevalence of diarrhoea among children less than five years of age in Saudi Arabia.

A nationwide survey was undertaken in April 1987 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and a questionnaire was administered to 1,656 mothers having children less than 5-years of age. The number of mothers with 1-3 children less than 5-years old was 1,535 and with more than 3 children was 129. The literacy rate of fathers was 70% and of mothers was 26.3%. Incidence of diarrhoea was significantly associated with fathers' occupation (p = 0.0011) but no significant association was found between the incidence of diarrhoea and parents' education.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1991

Evaluation of indigenous plants in the treatment of acute shigellosis.

The clinical efficacy of three indigenous plants was compared with that of ampicillin and placebo in a randomized double blind clinical trial. Eighty-two men with shigellosis were studied. Sixteen patients received dried unripe fruit powder of 'bel' (Aegle marmelos), 19 received dried powdered plant of 'thankuni' (Hydrocotyle asiatica), 15 received a similar preparation of 'gandhavadulia' (Paederia foetida), 15 received ampicillin and 17 received a placebo. Treatment with indigenous plants did not show any clinical improvement or bacteriological cure as compared to ampicillin. The natural history of shigellosis was obtained by documenting the response of the indigenous plants and placebo treated groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Bacterial contamination of weaning foods and drinking water in rural Bangladesh.

The aim of this study was to determine what weaning foods and food preparation practices expose children to a high risk of diarrhoeal disease through exposure to a contaminated diet. Bacterial contamination of 897 food and 896 drinking water samples was assessed in a water and sanitation intervention project. The geometric mean of faecal coliforms per g or ml was 7.5 x 10(3) in left-over rice. 1.4 x 10(2) in other types of boiled rice, 2.5 x 10(2) in milk, 4.8 in household drinking water, and 3.5 in bread. Multiplication of faecal coliforms occurred when there was a delay of more than 4 h between preparation and consumption of food. All samples were more contaminated in the rainy than in the dry season. Strategies to reduce contamination should therefore focus on 'wet' foods, early consumption after preparation, and re-heating of left-over foods. Understanding the reasons for the faulty practices is also essential to the formulation of effective measures.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1990

Environmental sanitation, food and water contamination and diarrhoea in rural Bangladesh.

This study examined the role of food and water contamination in a health impact evaluation of a water and sanitation intervention project. Although lower diarrhoea rates were found in the improved area no consistent difference in food and water contamination was observed between areas. Furthermore, no relationship was found between contamination and diarrhoea in either area, even after controlling for the nutritional status of children. These results imply that other vehicles of transmission might be more important than food and water in diarrhoeal transmission. The focus of interventions should therefore be on changing behaviours to improve overall hygiene.

Bangladesh↗
PubMed1990

Iron in tubewell water and linear growth in rural Bangladesh.

The growth of 694 children from rural Bangladesh was studied. Children drinking water containing greater than 1 mg iron/l (n = 628) were significantly taller than those drinking less than 1 mg iron/l (n = 66): their mean (SD) height for age Z score was -2.10 (1.34) compared with -2.45 (1.24), p less than 0.05. This suggests that iron deficiency may contribute to growth retardation in poor communities.

Bangladesh↗
PubMed1989

Are diarrhoea control programmes likely to reduce childhood malnutrition? Observations from rural Bangladesh.

Growth of rural Bangladeshi children aged 6-35 months was examined in relation to the history of diarrhoea in 1772 3-month intervals. Weight gain and linear growth were lower in intervals with a history of diarrhoea than in intervals without diarrhoea. However, comparison of weight and height gains in intervals during which diarrhoea occurred at the beginning or at the end showed that after non-bloody diarrhoeas children catch up and that deficits in weight gain and linear growth were no longer apparent a few weeks later. These findings suggest that the effect of diarrhoea on growth is transient and that efforts to control diarrhoea are unlikely to improve children's nutritional status in the long term.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1989

Persistent diarrhoea in a rural area of Bangladesh: a community-based longitudinal study.

As part of a health impact evaluation of a water supply and sanitation project in a rural area of Bangladesh, diarrhoeal morbidity was recorded in children 0-4 years of age using weekly recall in household interviews, during the period March 1984 to December 1987. During the baseline year, 1984, the incidence rate of all diarrhoea episodes (3.8 episodes per child per year), and those defined as persistent, duration greater than 14 days (0.6 episodes per child per year), showed a similar age distribution, peaking in the 12-23 month age group. Sixteen per cent of all episodes were classified as persistent, and this proportion was greatest in the 0-5 month age group (25%). Children suffering at least one episode of persistent diarrhoea in 1984 also experienced a higher incidence of acute diarrhoea (less than = 14 days duration) than those suffering acute diarrhoea only (4.2 versus 3.7 episodes per child per year). Persistent diarrhoea showed a similar seasonal pattern to that of all episodes. Rates of abdominal pain, isolation of Shigella spp and a diagnosis of dysentery were significantly higher in persistent episodes than in acute episodes. Closer follow-up of children during 1986 and 1987, through the recording of all periods of absence of the child from the home, showed that overall diarrhoea incidence rates were little affected when absence was taken into account, but that the incidence of persistent diarrhoea and the proportion of episodes classified as persistent were significantly reduced. The implications of this methodological problem are discussed.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1989

Ecology of Vibrio mimicus in aquatic environments.

An environmental study was done to examine the prevalence of Vibrio mimicus in some aquatic environments of Dhaka, Bangladesh, and of Okayama, Japan. Water samples from Dhaka environments and water and plankton samples from Okayama environments were quantitatively as well as qualitatively analyzed throughout the seasons for V. mimicus. The organism was isolated from Bangladesh environments throughout the year, whereas it was not isolated in Okayama when the water temperature fell below 10 degrees C. Samples with as many as 9.0 x 10(2) CFU of V. mimicus per 100 ml of water in Dhaka and 1.5 x 10(4) CFU of V. mimicus per 100 ml of water in Okayama were detected during the study period. V. mimicus was not found in any environment with an average salinity of 10% or more. Brackish environments with an average salinity of 4% were observed to be the optimal natural condition for the pathogen. Using the API 20E system with the conventional test methods, we observed variations in biochemical properties within the V. mimicus species. This study reveals the inefficacy of the API 20E system to identify a significant percentage of V. mimicus. Therefore, in addition to the API 20E system, a salt tolerance test and a string test are recommended for identification of this species. Susceptibility testing of strains isolated from Okayama environments showed higher resistance to ampicillin and susceptibility to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole when compared with environmental isolates of V. mimicus from Bangladesh.

Bangladesh↗
PubMed1989

Measuring change in nutritional status: a comparison of different anthropometric indices and the sample sizes required.

The usefulness of different anthropometric indices to detect nutritional changes at the community level, ie, in a number of children considered as a group, was compared by using data from a longitudinal study from rural Bangladesh which followed up quarterly an average of 413 children aged 6-35 months from December 1984 to December 1987. Weight change, mid-upper arm circumference and weight-for-height responded most quickly to seasonal variations of the food situation. Height-for-age was more responsive to long-term variations. Although similar conclusions were reached when proportions of children below a cut-off point or mean indices were compared, the comparison of mean indices required a smaller sample size to detect changes. The difference in sample size needed ranged from 48 to 61 per cent. All indices varied significantly with age, which suggests that precise knowledge of age is essential for proper interpretation of nutritional surveillance data.

Aging↗
PubMed1989

Lack of impact of a water and sanitation intervention on the nutritional status of children in rural Bangladesh.

The nutritional impact of a water and sanitation intervention in a rural community of Bangladesh, comprising the provision of handpumps, construction of latrines and hygiene education was assessed. During 3 years, the quarterly anthropometric measures of about 200 children aged 12-35 months from the intervention community were compared with those of a similar number of children from a control area. The interventions reduced the incidence of diarrhoea by 25 per cent among the children less than 5 years of age. There was no significant difference in nutritional status, however, between the two groups of children. Moreover, within the intervention area, indicators of water and latrine use were not significantly related to the children's nutritional status. This suggests that either the obtained reduction of diarrhoea was not large enough to have an impact on nutritional status or that diarrhoea is not an important cause of malnutrition in this community.

Bangladesh↗
PubMed1989

Tubewell water consumption and its determinants in a rural area of Bangladesh.

As part of the evaluation of a water supply, sanitation and hygiene education project in rural Bangladesh, the consumption of water from the improved supplies was estimated from an observational study. Women volunteers observed and recorded all water collection activities of each group of households using a handpump over a 2-day period. Data from questionnaire surveys on household characteristics were related to per capita use of water. The mean household water consumption rate was 43 l per capita per day. Univariate analyses showed that several factors were significantly associated with water consumption, including family size and age structure, occupation, distance from the house to the handpump, the number of people served by a handpump, and possession of luxury items. Multiple regression analysis showed that several factors remained associated with per capita consumption, although their predictive value was low. The method of measuring water consumption, and the policy implications of the findings, are discussed.

Bangladesh↗