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Biomedical subjects

K M Behall

Publications and source records attributed to K M Behall.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Effect of starch structure on glucose and insulin responses in adults.

Twelve women and 13 men were given meals containing cornstarch with 70% of the starch in the form of amylopectin or amylose to determine if differences in glycemic response result from different chemical structure. Blood was drawn before and 30, 60, 120, and 180 min after each meal. The meals consisted of starch crackers fed at the rate of 1 g carbohydrate from starch per kilogram body weight. The amylose meal resulted in a significantly lower glucose peak at 30 min than did the amylopectin meal. Plasma insulin response was significantly lower 30 and 60 min after amylose than after the amylopectin meal. Summed insulin above fasting was significantly lower after amylose while summed glucose was not significantly different between the two meals. The sustained plasma glucose levels after the amylose meal with reduced insulin requirement suggest amylose starch may be of potential benefit to carbohydrate-sensitive or diabetic individuals.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Mineral balance in adult men: effect of four refined fibers.

Eleven men consumed a basal diet alone and with cellulose (Na-carboxymethylcellulose, locust bean gum, or karaya gum) added at 7.5 g fiber per 1000 calories for 4 wk each. Food, urine, and fecal composites were collected during the last 8 d of each feeding period. Bowel transit time was not significantly affected; however, total dry fecal weight was significantly increased after the refined fibers compared with that after the basal diet. Adding refined fibers to the basal diet did not significantly affect apparent mineral balance of calcium, magnesium, manganese, iron, copper, or zinc, with the exception of a negative mineral balance for manganese with carboxymethylcellulose. Karaya gum had a mean positive balance for all minerals tested. These results indicate that the hypocholesterolemic effect of the fibers that form gels occurs without compromising mineral balance in those subjects consuming Recommended Dietary Allowance levels of the minerals studied.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

A study on Asian Indian and American vegetarians: indications of a racial predisposition to glucose intolerance.

Sixty-two Asian Indian and American vegetarians participated in a 3-h glucose tolerance test after an overnight fast to study clinical indices of glucose homeostasis. The Asian Indians had a higher (p less than 0.0035) insulinogenic score than the Americans. The Asian Indians had significantly higher insulin levels than the Americans at every sampling time during the glucose tolerance test except for the 3-h sample. The Indian men had significantly higher (p less than 0.05) plasma glucose than the other three groups at 2 h after the glucose load. American subjects had higher (p less than 0.0008) insulin binding to erythrocytes than the Asian Indian subjects. Scatchard analysis and competition-inhibition plots of the insulin-receptor data indicated that decreased binding in the Indian group results from a lowered number and decreased affinity of erythrocyte receptors. These results suggest that Asian Indians exhibit several clinical indications associated with an increased risk for the development of insulin-independent diabetes.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Long-term effects of guar gum on blood lipids.

While guar gum has been shown to lower total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in diabetic patients over the short-term, the long-term effects are less well studied and may be unpredictable. Granola bars with and without 6.6 g guar gum were developed and fed to 16 adult volunteers with Type II diabetes mellitus who had been randomized in a double-blind fashion into guar and placebo groups of equal size. Four to six bars were consumed daily with an ad lib diet over a 6-month period. Total cholesterol, total high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), subfractions HDL2-C and HDL3-C, LDL-C, and beta-apoprotein were measured at 0 and 6 months. Although LDL-C was lower and triglycerides higher at 6 months than at baseline, these changes were of equal magnitude and direction in both guar and placebo groups. Using each subject as his own control, only the change in triglycerides was statistically significant (P less than 0.025). When male subjects alone were analyzed, the guar group showed a statistically significant decrease in LDL, while the placebo group did not. Other lipid parameters were not significantly changed during the study, despite a positive effect on carbohydrate metabolism from the guar bars. The data suggest either that the hypolipemic effects of guar gum in patients with Type II diabetes mellitus are not sustained for 6 months, or the effects occur only in men.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Carbohydrate tolerance and serum lipid responses to type of dietary carbohydrate and oral contraceptive use in young women.

The responses of serum glucose, insulin, and lipids to a glucose load were compared in two groups of college-age women fed two different carbohydrate diets. One group of women took oral contraceptives (OC) and the other group had never taken OC. Two experimental diets supplied approximately 13% of the calories from protein, 36% from fat, and 51% from carbohydrate. Of the carbohydrate, 84% was either sucrose or wheat starch. Each diet was fed for 4 weeks in a cross-over design. The subjects were given a glucose load dose, 1 g/kg of body weight, before and after each dietary period. Serum glucose, insulin, and lipids were measured before and 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes after the load dose. Serum insulin was significantly affected by the type of carbohydrate in the diet (p less than .01). The sucrose diet generally gave lower insulin levels in response to the glucose load. Serum triglyceride levels were significantly higher (p less than .01) in users than nonusers of OC. Serum free fatty acids and total lipids were not significantly affected by OC use. There was no effect of different carbohydrates on any of the serum lipid parameters. Significant responses from fasting levels were observed for serum glucose, insulin, and triglyceride levels (p less than .01).

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Use of xanthan gum in dietary management of diabetes mellitus.

Xanthan gum (12 g/day) was fed in muffins during either the first or second half of a 12-wk period of muffin feeding, to free-living subjects. Nine subjects were diabetic, having moderately elevated serum glucose but managing without insulin or hypoglycemic drugs, and four were nondiabetic controls. Before the study and at the end of the xanthan and xanthan-free periods, bloods were taken before and 2 h after an oral glucose load. The feeding of xanthan gum lowered fasting and postload serum glucose and reduced fasting levels of total plasma cholesterol in diabetic subjects. Xanthan gum also tended to lower fasting and postload levels of gastrin and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and fasting levels of total and VLDL triglyceride and cholesterol in VLDL and LDL fractions. Subjects reported a sense of fullness after consuming xanthan muffins but no severe digestive symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Blood lipids and lipoproteins in adult men fed four refined fibers.

Twelve men consumed a basal diet containing 14.6% of the calories as protein, 35.0% as fat (P/S = 0.39, 641 mg cholesterol), and 50.4% as carbohydrate for 20 wk. Four refined fibers, cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose gum, locust bean gum, or karaya gum, were added to the basal diet individually for 4 wk each at the level of 0.75 g fiber/100 cal. Total serum cholesterol and plasma low-density lipoproteins decreased significantly after carboxymethylcellulose gum, locust bean gum, and karaya gum were consumed for 4 wk compared to levels after the basal diet alone. No change was observed in triglyceride, very low-density lipoprotein or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The high-density lipoprotein/very low-density lipoprotein + low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio after feeding carboxymethylcellulose gum was significantly higher than the ratios after cellulose or the basal diet. These results indicate addition of these gums in the amount of 0.75 g fiber/100 cal to a basal diet lowers serum cholesterol without decreasing the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, resulting in a higher high-density lipoprotein/very low-density lipoprotein + low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio in circulation, significantly higher when the diet contained carboxymethylcellulose gum.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Seasonal variation in plasma glucose and hormone levels in adult men and women.

Twenty-nine men and women collected diet records for 1 yr. Fasting blood samples were collected four times during the year so that each season of the year was represented. An oral glucose tolerance test was given in the spring and in the fall. Regardless of season men consumed significantly more kilocalories, carbohydrate, sugar, and starch than did the women. Men consumed more simple sugars in the fall than in the spring. No seasonal effect was observed for calories, total carbohydrate, or starch intake. Fasting glucose and insulin were higher in the fall than in the spring. Summed insulin levels after the oral glucose tolerance were significantly different by age and season. Summed insulin levels were significantly higher in older than younger subjects; men and older subjects had higher levels in the spring than in the fall. Fasting levels of thyroxine, free thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and glucagon varied significantly with the season. A significant sex by season interaction was observed in the thyroid hormones. It appears that seasonal variation as well as diurnal variation should be considered in evaluating hormone levels.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Moderate diet control in children: the effects on metabolic indicators that predict obesity-related degenerative diseases.

Nine prepubertal obese boys ages 9 1/2 to 12 yr followed moderately restricted diets and moderate exercise routine for 31 wk. Foods were selected from the family's basic diet and the physical activities were tailored to the home environment. This dietary (approximate decrease of 600 kcal/day) and activity (approximate increase of 300 kcal/day) intervention program was sufficient to stop weight gain and normalize key metabolic indices for prediction of atherosclerosis, hypertension, and diabetes. Throughout the treatment period serum lipid responses included significantly lower (p less than 0.05) total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and triglycerides. High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol was constant throughout the period. Responses in carbohydrate metabolism included significantly lower (p less than 0.05) fasting insulin and glucose. Insulin and glucose levels were positively correlated with total caloric consumption and insulin was also positively correlated with sucrose consumption (p less than 0.05). Fasting insulin/glucose ratios and glycosylated Hb decreased throughout the treatment period, but serum glucagon levels remained constant. In response to a glucose load, insulin and glucose decreased significantly by wk 31 of treatment. A practical approach for normalizing metabolism in obese male children is presented.

Arteriosclerosis↗
PubMed1981

Effect of fiber from fruits and vegetables on metabolic responses of human subjects: fiber intakes, fecal excretions, and apparent digestibilities.

Intakes and excretions of fiber were determined for 12 men consuming controlled diets containing fruits and vegetables (high fiber diet) or fruit and vegetable juices (low fiber diet) for periods of 26 days. The fiber in the low fiber diet appeared to be mostly hemicellulose, with an apparent digestibility of 95%. Apparent digestibilities of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin in the high fiber diet were 88, 42, and 18%, respectively. Small amounts of uronic acids were detected in the feces, but there is no certainty that they were derived from pectin. Linear regressions indicate that fiber intakes, rather than fiber disappearance, influenced the fecal volume.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

The effect of kind of carbohydrate in the diet and use of oral contraceptives on metabolism of young women. II. Serum lipid levels.

The response of lipids in the blood between two groups of six young women was compared. Group 1 took oral contraceptives and group 2 had never taken oral contraceptives. Two experimental diets supplied about 13% of the calories from protein, 36% from fat, and 51% from carbohydrate. Of the carbohydrate, 84% was either sucrose or wheat starch. Each diet was fed for 4 weeks in a cross-over design. In the portion of the research presented here, subjects were fed a high sucrose meal before each dietary period and after weeks 1 and 3 of each dietary period. Blood lipids were measured before and 30, 60, 120, and 180 min after each meal. Cholesterol and lipoproteins were not affected by the sucrose meal, but free fatty acid levels decreased significantly in both groups. The serum levels of triglycerides, beta-lipoproteins, and cholesterol were significantly higher in users than in nonusers of oral contraceptives. Free fatty acid levels were affected by an interaction between diet and time, and the decrease in response was greater after the sucrose than after the wheat starch diet. Triglycerides, cholesterol, and total lipids were not significantly different after the two carbohydrate diets.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

The effect of kind of carbohydrate in the diet and use of oral contraceptives on metabolism of young women. III. Serum glucose, insulin, and glucagon.

Responses of glucose, insulin, and glucagon in serum to a sucrose load dose of young women taking oral contraceptives (OC) were compared to responses to the load dose of women who had never taken OC. Two experimental diets contained about 13% of the calories from protein, 36% from fat, and 51% from carbohydrate. Of the carbohydrate 84% was either sucrose of wheat starch. The diets were fed in a crossover design. Subjects were fed a sucrose load (1 g/kg) before and after weeks 1 and 3 of each dietary period. Parameters were measured in blood drawn before and 30, 60, 120, and 180 min after the meal. Levels of serum glucagon and responses of serum glucose and insulin to sucrose load were significantly higher in OC users than in controls. Glucose and insulin rose significantly after the sucrose load. Time significantly affected glucose and insulin. The OC-time interaction also was significant for glucose and insulin levels. The OC users generally had higher peak levels of glucose and insulin and took longer to return to fasting levels than did the controls. After 3 weeks on the diet, the glucose and insulin responses of the OC users, but not of the controls, were significantly greater on the sucrose than on the starch diet. The response of the insulin/glucagon ratio to the sucrose load was not significantly affected by the OC use.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed1979

Effect of fiber from fruits and vegetables on metabolic responses of human subjects, II. Calcium, magnesium, iron, and silicon balances.

Intakes and excretions of calcium, magnesium, iron, and silicon were determined for 12 men consuming controlled diets containing fruits and vegetables (high fiber diet) or fruit and vegetable juices (low fiber diet) for periods of 26 days. Magnesium and iron were added to the low fiber diet to make the two diets as equivalent as possible in these respects. Mean daily intakes on the low and high fiber diets, respectively, were: calcium, 1070 and 1166 mg; magnesium, 355 and 322 mg; iron, 21.8 and 26.4 mg; silicon, 21.6 and 45.8 mg. Mean daily balances on the low and high fiber diets repectively, were: calcium +72 and -122 mg; magnesium, +28 and -32 mg; iron, +3.8 and +4.6 mg; silicon, -3.5 and -14.6 mg. Calcium magnesium, and silicon balances were significantly lower on the high than on the low fiber diet (P less than 0.01).

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Effect of fiber from fruits and vegetables on metabolic responses of human subjects I. Bowel transit time, number of defecations, fecal weight, urinary excretions of energy and nitrogen and apparent digestibilities of energy, nitrogen, and fat.

Twelve men 37 to 58 years of age consumed two diets for a period of 26 days each in a cross-over design. The high fiber diet contained fruits and vegetables and the lower fiber diet contained fruit and vegetable juices. Neither diet contained whole grain cereals or nuts. Some nutrients were added to the low fiber diet in order to make the diets equivalent insofar as possible in all respects except fiber. The inclusion of fruits and vegetables in the diet decreased bowel transit time, increased fecal weight, increased number of defecations, increased fecal excretions and decreased apparent digestibilities of energy, nitrogen, and fat. Six of the 12 subjects had diastolic blood pressure of 80 or more when consuming the low fiber diet. The diastolic blood pressures of these six men were significantly lower when the high fiber diet was consumed.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

The effect of kind of carbohydrate in the diet and use of oral contraceptives on metabolism of young women. I. Blood and urinary lactate, uric acid, and phosphorus.

Six oral contraceptive (OC) users and six control subjects consumed diets in which 43% of the calories came from either sucrose or starch for 4 weeks in a cross-over design. Kind of carbohydrate in the diet had no effect on blood lactate response to a sucrose load, but lactate response of OC users was greater than that of control subjects. Kind of carbohydrate in the diet did not affect urinary lactate excretion after a sucrose load; however, OC users excreted more lactate than did controls and there was a significant interaction between dietary carbohydrate and OC use. Serum uric acid levels were significantly higher when the sucrose diet was consumed, but levels were not affected by OC use. Serum phosphorus levels were not affected by kind of carbohydrate in the diet but were higher in control subjects than in OC users and there was a significant interaction between diet and OC use. There were no significant differences in urinary uric acid and phosphorus excretions after sucrose loads or in 24-hr urinary excretions of uric acid, phosphorus, or urea due to kind of carbohydrate in the diet or OC use.

Adult↗