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Biomedical subjects

K M Krafft

Publications and source records attributed to K M Krafft.

6 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1990

Lead exposure and neurobehavioral development in later infancy.

A prospective methodology was used to assess the neurobehavioral effects of fetal and postnatal lead exposure during the first 2 years of life. Lead was measured in whole blood prenatally in mothers and at quarterly intervals in the infant. Prenatal blood lead levels were low (mean = 8.0 micrograms/dL). However, approximately 25% of the study infants had at least one serial blood lead level of 25 micrograms/dL or higher during the second year of life. Multiple regression and structural equation analyses revealed statistically significant relationships between prenatal and neonatal blood lead level and 3- and 6-month Bayley Mental and/or Psychomotor Development Index. However, by 2 years of age, no statistically significant effects of prenatal or postnatal lead exposure on neurobehavioral development could be detected. Data consistent with the hypothesis that a postnatal neurobehavioral growth catch-up occurred in infants exposed fetally to higher levels of lead are presented.

Child Behavior↗
PubMed1987

Low-level fetal lead exposure effect on neurobehavioral development in early infancy.

A prospective method was used in this study to assess the effects of fetal lead exposure on neurodevelopmental status in 3- and 6-month old infants. At their first prenatal medical appointments, 305 lower socioeconomic status women residing in predesignated lead-hazardous areas of Cincinnati were recruited. Lead was measured in whole blood in both the mother and fetal-placental unit (prenatal and cord) and the neonate (ten days and 3 months). All blood lead levels were less than 30 micrograms/dL. Infant development was assessed with the Bayley scales at 3 and 6 months of age. Multiple regression analyses which treated perinatal health factors such as birth weight and gestation as confounders indicated an independent, inverse relationship between both prenatal and neonatal blood lead levels and performance on the Bayley Mental Developmental Index at both ages. Male infants and infants from the poorest families appeared to be especially sensitive to these psychoteratogenic influences. Further study using a structural equations approach indicated that neurobehavioral deficits were partly mediated by lead-related reductions in birth weight and gestation.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1985

Postnatal lead exposure and early sensorimotor development.

The relationship between postnatal lead (Pb) exposure and early sensorimotor development was prospectively investigated in a group of infants born to parents residing in lead-hazardous areas of Cincinnati, Ohio. Few significant relationships were found between current or cumulative infant blood Pb levels and indices of sensorimotor development during the first year of life. When important developmental covariates such as birth weight and home environment were included in the analyses, no significant relationship between Pb exposure and development remained. To date, there appears to be no evidence in these data that postnatal low-level Pb exposure increases an infant's risk for delays in early sensorimotor development.

Child Development↗
PubMed1985

Contribution of social and developmental factors to lead exposure during the first year of life.

The social and developmental correlates of early lead exposure were explored in an interim analysis of data from an ongoing longitudinal investigation in Cincinnati. Regardless of the apparent net availability of lead in the infant's physical environment, parental behavior was still significantly associated with infant blood lead levels. However, this was only the case after infants in the study reached 6 months of age and beyond when prewalking progression and early walking made parental management all the more critical. Future lead screening and abatement programs should include supports for the caretaker-child relationship.

Child Development↗
PubMed1982

Behavioral treatments of epilepsy: methodological characteristics and problems of published studies.

Eleven studies that used operant or respondent conditioning procedures in the treatment of seizure disorders were evaluated primarily with respect to methodological considerations and secondarily with respect to procedure and outcome. The majority of studies used seizure frequency as the main dependent variable, but failed to adequately describe the observational procedure. Blind observers, unaware of experimental conditions and expected outcomes, were never used and measures of interobserver agreement were rarely provided. Ten studies reported data for a single subject. All of the investigations used within-subject analyses, but only three employed an experimental design adequate to demonstrate a functional relation between treatment and changes in seizure activity. A variety of treatments were used, some imprecisely described, and across studies seizure frequency was reduced in 14 of 15 subjects during treatment. However, because of obvious methodological inadequacies, these reductions cannot be conclusively attributed to treatment in the majority of cases. While the studies reviewed suggest that behavioral treatments of seizure disorders are potentially beneficial, further and more carefully controlled research is required to conclusively evaluate the generality and power of such treatments.

Adolescent↗