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Biomedical subjects

K Mogg

Publications and source records attributed to K Mogg.

33 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

The structure, innervation and location of arteriovenous anastomoses in the equine foot.

In the foot of the horse, arteriovenous anastomoses (AVAs) of epithelioid type occurred in the dermis of the coronary band, in the coronary and terminal papillae, in neurovascular bundles and at the entrance to and along the length of the dermal laminae. A particular feature of the epithelioid segment of AVAs in the horse, compared with that of other species, was the height and surface complexity of many of the endothelial cells. They extended into the lumen, forming undercut and tunnel-like areas which correlated with the characteristic surface marking of AVAs observed in vascular casts. The number of cell organelles, including the concentration of vesicles in the luminal cytoplasm, suggested cells with a high metabolic activity. The luminal surface possessed numerous microvilli and long cytoplasmic cell processes which appeared to surround material in the lumen. The innervation of AVAs was more dense than that of the arteries and consisted of adrenergic and peptidergic nerves. Noradrenaline- and neuropeptide Y-containing nerves were identified as the vasoconstrictor components of the nerve supply and occurred along arteries and formed dense plexuses around AVAs. Calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide are vasodilators and were present in single nerve fibres which accompanied arteries and AVAs along the length of the dermal laminae. In this study the distribution, density and innervation of AVAs in the equine foot are correlated with their proposed role in the development of acute laminitis. The release of vasoactive peptides from diseased organs remote from the foot may induce inappropriate prolonged dilatation of AVAs and thus contribute to the laminar ischaemia of acute laminitis.

Adrenergic Fibers↗
PubMed1993

Negative recall bias and neuroticism: state vs trait effects.

Incidental recall of positive and negative trait adjectives was assessed in high and low N (neuroticism) Ss in whom depressed or neutral mood had been induced. Results indicated that the negative recall bias is an interactive function of trait vulnerability (as reflected by N scores) and current mood state. In the depressed mood condition, there was a trend for high N to be associated with relatively better recall of negative material, as expected. However, in neutral mood, high levels of N predicted relatively poorer recall of negative information. This unexpected finding was discussed in relation to previous research into mood-incongruent recall effects and sex differences.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Effects of anxiety and awareness on colour-identification latencies for emotional words.

A modified Stroop task was used to examine the interference effects of subliminal and supraliminal emotional words on the colour-identification latencies of high and low trait anxious subjects. The subjects were randomly allocated to either an anxiety or relaxation mood induction procedure (MIP) before the modified Stroop task. Increased trait anxiety was associated with relatively greater interference in colour-identification latencies for subliminal threat stimuli. Reduced state anxiety was associated with relatively more interference of subliminal positive stimuli (mood-congruent effect), but also with greater interference of supraliminal threat stimuli (mood-incongruent effect). The results suggest that mood-congruent effects may be mediated by automatic processes, whereas controlled processes may give rise to mood-incongruent effects.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Subliminal processing of emotional information in anxiety and depression.

The study investigated selective processing of emotional information in anxiety and depression using a modified Stroop color naming task. Anxious (n = 19), depressed (n = 18), and normal control (n = 18) subjects were required to name the background colors of anxiety-related, depression-related, positive, categorized, and uncategorized neutral words. Half of the words were presented supraliminally, half subliminally. Anxious subjects, compared with depressed and normal subjects, showed relatively slower color naming for both supraliminal and subliminal negative words. The results suggest a preattentive processing bias for negative information in anxiety.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Biased cognitive operations in anxiety: artefact, processing priorities or attentional search?

It has been shown that, under certain circumstances, anxiety is associated with a processing bias favouring threatening information. To explain why this bias is apparent only on certain cognitive tasks, it has recently been proposed that the bias operates only when there is competition for processing resources. The present study sought to replicate previous evidence for the 'competition' hypothesis, while taking into account a potential confounding factor of word categorization in the stimulus materials. Anxious patients and normal controls were compared on their lexical decision times for threatening, categorized neutral and uncategorized neutral words that were presented either alone or accompanied by irrelevant nonword stimuli (i.e. absence vs presence of competition). The results were only partially consistent with previous findings and highlighted the importance of considering separately the effects of word valence and word categorization. When the latter was taken into account, the results indicated that an anxiety-related bias was only evident when there was competition for processing resources and when the information was presented outside the focus of Ss' attention. A modified version of the competition hypothesis was proposed in the light of these results and previous research into attentional biases in anxiety.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Bias in interpretation of ambiguous sentences related to threat in anxiety.

In the 1st of 2 experiments, currently clinically anxious, recovered clinically anxious, and normal control subjects were presented with a mixture of unambiguous and ambiguous sentences; both threatening and nonthreatening interpretations were possible for the latter. A subsequent recognition-memory test indicated that the currently anxious subjects were more likely than normal control and recovered anxious subjects to interpret the ambiguous sentences in a threatening fashion rather than in a nonthreatening fashion. This suggests that the biased interpretation of ambiguity found in currently anxious subjects reflected their anxious mood state. A 2nd experiment established that the difference in interpretative processes between currently anxious and control subjects was not due to response bias and that the interpretative bias was a reasonably general one.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed1990

Is there a self-referent mood-congruent recall bias in anxiety?

Generally anxious patients and normal controls were compared on their recall of self- vs other-referenced adjectives that were either descriptive or non-descriptive of anxious mood. The results failed to confirm a self-referent mood-congruent recall bias in anxious patients. Anxious subjects tended to recall relatively more mood-congruent words overall, but this could be explained by response bias.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Attentional bias in anxiety: selective search or defective filtering?

Two experimental tasks were used to investigate the nature of a previously documented bias in attention associated with anxiety. Results from the first task failed to reveal any differences between anxious and nonanxious subjects, either in attention focusing or selective search for letters. The second task, with words as targets and distractors, suggested that selective search was less efficient in anxious subjects when distractors were present. Currently anxious subjects were slower than controls when required to search for the target among distractors of any type, whereas both currently anxious and recovered subjects were slower when the distractors were threatening words. It was therefore suggested that a bias favoring threat cues during perceptual search is an enduring feature of individuals vulnerable to anxiety, rather than a transient consequence of current mood state alone.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Effects of stress and anxiety on the processing of threat stimuli.

Two experiments extended the work of MacLeod and Mathews (1988) and examined whether a cognitive bias for threat information is a function of state or trait anxiety. Color-naming and attention deployment tasks were used to assess the effects of a stress manipulation procedure on attentional responses in high and low trait anxious subjects. Subjects under high stress selectively allocated processing resources toward threat stimuli, irrespective of their trait anxiety level. There was no consistent evidence of a cognitive bias associated with trait anxiety, and the effect of the stress manipulation did not appear to be mediated by state anxiety. It was suggested that trait factors do not modify attentional biases associated with acute stress, but may influence such biases when stress is prolonged.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Processing of emotional information in anxious subjects.

The study used a modified Stroop colour-naming task to investigate whether non-clinical anxiety is associated with a processing bias favouring emotional stimuli, and whether similar biases operate for personally relevant information that is unrelated to threat. The results appeared to indicate only that anxious subjects selectively process emotional information in general, rather than threat stimuli in particular.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1989

Selective processing of threat cues in anxiety states: a replication.

A replication of Mathews and MacLeod's (Behav. Res. Ther. 23, 563-569, 1985) study, using a modified Stroop task, confirmed that threat words selectively interfere with the colour-naming performance of generally anxious patients, compared with normal controls. Clearer evidence was obtained of a highly specific interference effect of threat words that were congruent with the predominant worries reported by anxious patients. However, there was no evidence of a subsequent recognition memory bias for the threat words in anxious Ss. These results are discussed in relation to findings from other recent experiments investigating attentional and memory biases for threat-related information in anxiety states, and their implications for cognitive theories of anxiety are considered.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Implicit and explicit memory bias in anxiety.

Previous investigations of recall and recognition for threatening information in clinically anxious subjects have yielded equivocal results. The present study contrasts implicit (word completion) with explicit (cued recall) memory and shows that indices of bias for emotional material derived from the two types of memory are independent of one another. The explicit measure was correlated with trait anxiety scores, but did not clearly distinguish between subjects with clinical anxiety states and normal control subjects. On the implicit memory measure, clinically anxious subjects produced more threat word completions, but only from a set to which they had recently been exposed. These results are taken as evidence that internal representations of threat words are more readily or more persistently activated in anxiety states, although they are not necessarily better elaborated.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Implicit memory bias in clinical and non-clinical depression.

Implicit memory for depression-relevant information was examined in non-clinical subjects with high versus low levels of dysphoria (Experiment 1), and in subjects who met DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria for depression versus normal controls (Experiment 2). The implicit memory test was a primed lexical decision task, with depression-relevant and neutral words, and suprathreshold and subthreshold primes. In Experiment 1, dysphoric subjects showed greater subthreshold priming of depression words than non-dysphoric subjects. In Experiment 2, clinically depressed individuals showed greater subthreshold and suprathreshold priming of depression words than normal non-depressed controls. The results confirmed those from previous studies using the primed lexical decision task to investigate implicit memory for negative information in depression (Bradley, Mogg & Williams, 1994, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32, 65-78; Bradley, Mogg & Williams, 1995, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 755-770). Implications for recent cognitive models of depression are discussed.

Adolescent↗