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Biomedical subjects

K N Jeejeebhoy

Publications and source records attributed to K N Jeejeebhoy.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1995

Effect of tumor necrosis factor-alpha on triglyceride and phospholipid content and fatty acid composition of liver and carcass in rats.

We have previously shown that a continuous infusion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in rats results in an increase in plasma triglyceride (TG), liver protein and DNA, and at the same time a reduction in muscle protein. However, there is no information on the associated effects of TNF-alpha on liver and muscle lipids. The present study, therefore, determined the effect of TNF-alpha on the TG and phospholipid (PL) content and their fatty acid composition, in the liver and carcass of rats and correlated with the plasma levels of insulin, corticosterone, and catecholamines. Total parenteral nutrition that met the daily nutrient requirements was continuously infused for 10 d through a central vein catheter in two groups of rats, one receiving infused TNF-alpha (100 micrograms/kg/d) and a control group. Hepatic TG and PL, expressed either as mg/g dry weight or total organ content, were significantly increased in the TNF-alpha-infused group compared with controls. Livers of TNF-alpha infused rats contained significantly less saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids and significantly more polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of the omega 3 and omega 6 series than controls. The carcass, on the other hand, contained significantly more monounsaturated and significantly less polyunsaturated fatty acids of the omega 6 series than controls. There were no changes in corticosterone level. Although plasma glucose levels were comparable between control and TNF-alpha infused rats, the latter had a marked increase in insulin levels, demonstrating insulin resistance. In addition TNF-alpha infused rats had raised norepinephrine levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Social desirability and irritable bowel syndrome.

The Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, a 33-item self-report questionnaire, was administered to an age-matched sample of twenty-five irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients, twenty-four psychiatric patients meeting a diagnosis of major depression, and nineteen controls. As predicted, planned comparisons analysis showed a significant group effect: IBS group scores were significantly higher than both depressed and control group scores (p less than .05). Implications of this social desirability response set for the psychological assessment and treatment of IBS are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

Comparison of six methods for force normalization in muscles from malnourished rats.

We have investigated six methods for normalizing isometric force in skeletal muscles from malnourished rats. Adult male Wistar rats were anesthetized, and the maximum isometric force production of soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles was measured after a 2-d fast or 1 wk of hypocaloric feeding. The force was expressed per unit muscle wet weight, dry weight, cross-sectional area, total creatine, total protein, and myofibrillar protein. We found that the absolute force of the muscles (N) and the force expressed in relation to total creatine were similar in muscles from fasted, hypocaloric, and control rats. Regardless of the method of normalization, forces produced by soleus muscles from fasted rats were the same as control values. Force expressed in relation to wet weight, dry weight, cross-sectional area, and total protein was greater in muscles from malnourished animals except for the soleus muscles from fasted rats. Force per mg myofibrillar protein was greater in the EDL muscles from fasted and hypocaloric rats than in controls, but the values for the soleus muscles were similar in the three groups. The data indicate that different methods of force normalization can lead to different conclusions concerning the ability of muscles to generate force after nutritional intervention.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Evidence for colonic conservation of malabsorbed carbohydrate in short bowel syndrome.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether energy from malabsorbed carbohydrate could be conserved through colonic fermentation in short bowel syndrome. Seven patients with short bowel anastomosed to the remaining colon and five patients with short bowel without a colon were selected from the home total parenteral nutrition (TPN) program. Six normal volunteers also were studied. After an overnight fast, subjects consumed a 50-g carbohydrate bread meal and were studied hourly over the next 6 h. Carbohydrate malabsorption, estimated by lactulose breath hydrogen testing, was 48 +/- 13% in short bowel patients. After the bread meal, breath hydrogen was higher in short bowels with colons (69 +/- 20 ppm) than in either short bowels without colons (11 +/- 7 ppm) or normal subjects (10 +/- 3 ppm) (p less than 0.01). Blood acetate levels also were higher in short bowels with colons than in those without colons, reaching a peak of 167 +/- 27 mumol/L at 4 h (p less than 0.05). We conclude that in patients with a short bowel and a colon, malabsorbed carbohydrate is fermented and there is a rise in blood acetate, suggesting that the colon has a role in salvaging malabsorbed carbohydrate as a source of energy through carbohydrate fermentation.

Acetates↗
PubMed1991

In vivo breath alkane as an index of lipid peroxidation.

Interaction of active oxygen species with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) results in a series of reactions called lipid peroxidation. During the process of peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids there is a scission of an alkane fragment extending from the methyl end of the fatty acid to the double bond. Thus, with a w-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid pentane is released, and with a w-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ethane is released. These hydrocarbons are distributed in the body, partly metabolized, and excreted in the breath, making it possible to estimate the magnitude of in vivo lipid peroxidation by measuring pentane and ethane exhaled in breath. Advantages of this method are discussed as well as limitations and possible sources of error.

Alkanes↗
PubMed1991

Intracellular potassium and membrane potential in rat muscles during malnutrition and subsequent refeeding.

Nutrition alters total body potassium (TBK) and muscle potassium but little is known about in vivo intracellular K+. We measured free intracellular potassium-ion activity (aKi+), membrane potential (Em), and total potassium (Kt) and calculated intracellular potassium concentration [K+]i in predominantly slow- (soleus) and fast- (extensor digitorum longus) twitch muscles in rats undergoing underfeeding and subsequent refeeding. After underfeeding, aKi+ and Em decreased (P less than 0.025 and P less than 0.006, respectively) only in soleus muscle with restoration after refeeding, whereas [K+]i decreased in both muscles (P less than 0.005) and remained low after refeeding. K+ supplementation did not significantly change these indices or the ratio of free to total intracellular potassium (gamma Ki+). The data show that aKi+ behaves differently from [K+]i during malnutrition and that changes in aKi+ occur especially in slow-twitch fibers, suggesting that previously observed changes in TBK and muscle function are the result of fundamental alterations in muscle-cell energetics and membrane functions, not just mass.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Body composition and metabolic rate in rat during a continuous infusion of cachectin.

Changes in brain metabolites, energy balance, resting metabolic rate, body composition, and organ histology were studied over 10 days in control (C), cachectin-infused (CIR), and pair-fed (PFR) (in relation to CIR) rats. The cachectin was continuously infused for the 10 days into the superior vena cava at the rate of approximately 100 micrograms.kg-1.day-1. The brain of the CIR had significantly more tryptophan and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid than C and PFR. The CIR rats were anorexic, hypermetabolic, relatively hyperglycemic, and had raised blood urea nitrogen with comparable creatinine levels when compared with similarly wasted PFR. They had significant loss of muscle mass, especially in muscles with a predominance of type II fibers. However they gained liver, heart, and lung mass. The loss of muscle mass could be ascribed to dietary deficiency, but the gain in visceral mass was associated with an increase in organ DNA and protein. Histology showed that there was cell proliferation in the liver, heart, and kidneys. The data are consistent with centrally mediated anorexia with nutritionally mediated muscle wasting but with visceral hypermetabolism, protein accumulation, and cell proliferation.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Skeletal muscle relaxation rate after fasting or hypocaloric feeding.

The effect of malnutrition on skeletal muscle relaxation is not entirely clear; some studies indicate no change and others a slowing of the relaxation rate. We investigated whether these different results were due to type of malnutrition, muscle fiber type composition, or the index used to express relaxation rate. The effect of a 2-day fast (16% body wt loss) or 1 wk of hypocaloric feeding (22.6% wt loss) on relaxation rates of soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles was studied in situ with the use of anesthetized adult Wistar rats. Relaxation rates were assessed for twitch contractions using half-relaxation times and exponential phase half-times and for tetanic contractions using exponential phase half-times. The rate of relaxation was unaffected by fasting, whereas hypocaloric feeding reduced relaxation rates after twitch and tetanic contractions in both soleus and EDL muscles. We conclude that slowing of skeletal muscle relaxation rate occurs after 1 wk of hypocaloric feeding but not after 2 days of fasting. The slowing is independent of muscle fiber composition, type of contraction, or the index used to express relaxation rate.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Psychological factors in irritable bowel syndrome.

This paper describes the prevalence and incidence of psychiatric disorders in IBS patients using a standardized psychiatric interview, and proposes a psychological model for investigating one aspect of IBS. Forty-four IBS patients and 28 nonclinical participants received a psychiatric interview (Diagnostic Interview Schedule) and completed the Lie Scale of the Eysenck Personality Inventory (L-EPI). Results indicated that a significant percentage (59%) of the IBS group met DSM-III criteria for a psychiatric disorder within the last year, far more than occurred in the matched nonclinical comparison group. Relative to the comparison group, the IBS group also had significantly higher lie scores on the EPI indicating a response style of social desirability. On the basis of these findings, together with earlier work by Latimer's group, a conceptual model was formulated on the notion that some IBS patients may have a self-schema (i.e. knowledge of self, stored in memory) characterized by social desirability. We suggest that the construct of self-schema may be helpful in differentiating IBS from psychiatric groups both conceptually and therapeutically.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Clinical significance of colonic fermentation.

Recent evidence of the potential benefits of short chain fatty acids has prompted renewed interest in the area of human colonic fermentation. This paper reviews the clinical and metabolic consequences of colonic fermentation.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed1990

Small intestinal villous adenoma and celiac disease.

We describe the first patient with presumed celiac disease to present with a jejunal villous adenoma. Small bowel adenocarcinoma complicating celiac disease probably arises from adenoma, although this has not been previously addressed. The literature concerning factors in celiac disease predisposing to small intestinal epithelial neoplasia is reviewed.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1989

Thrombogenicity of total parenteral nutrition solutions: I. Effect on induction of monocyte/macrophage procoagulant activity.

Although thrombosis is a frequent complication of total parenteral nutrition (TPN), its pathogenesis has received little scientific attention. We have studied, in vitro, the effects of the component solutions of TPN on the induction and modulation of human monocyte procoagulant activity, an initiator of coagulation. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cultured with (a) 200 microliters of dextrose solution (10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 50%), (b) 200 microliters of amino acid solution (full, one-half, and one-quarter strength), and (c) 200 microliters of isosmolar 10% lipid emulsion (LE). Cocultures of LE and 20% dextrose, LE and full-strength amino acid solution, and LE and bacterial lipopolysaccharide were also studied. Cells cultured with lipopolysaccharide or medium alone constituted positive and negative controls, respectively. In addition, cocultures of LE and 20% dextrose, LE and full-strength amino acid solution, and LE and lipopolysaccharide were also studied. Cells were incubated for intervals of 12-72 h, washed, frozen, and assayed for monocyte procoagulant activity (MPCA). Milliunits of MPCA were derived from a standard thromboplastin curve. In addition, spontaneous MPCA levels were measured in healthy volunteers (n = 4) and "home" total parenteral nutrition patients (n = 4) before and after a 2-h infusion of 500 ml of LE. Our results show that, in vitro, hypertonic dextrose and full-strength amino acid solutions induce significant levels of MPCA. Induction of MPCA by dextrose was lymphocyte-independent. Although a significant increase in MPCA by full-strength amino acid solution was seen in cultures of isolated monocytes, a lymphocyte requirement was demonstrated for full MPCA. In contrast, LE significantly inhibited the induction of MPCA by 20% dextrose and full-strength amino acid solution. This inhibitory activity was at the monocyte level. Subfractionation of the LE into triglyceride and phospholipid phases showed the inhibitory capacity to reside in the former. In vivo, patients on home total parenteral nutrition expressed higher spontaneous MPCA levels than normal controls. Ten percent lipid emulsion infusion abolished MPCA expression in both groups. These corroborative in vitro and in vivo data suggest a mechanism for the thrombogenicity of total parenteral nutrition solutions and that the inhibitory properties of LE may be of practical advantage in preventing thrombosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Thrombogenicity of total parenteral nutrition solutions: II. Effect on induction of endothelial cell procoagulant activity.

Thrombosis is a common sequela of total parenteral nutrition. We have recently demonstrated in vitro that hypertonic total parenteral nutrition solutions are potent inducers of a tissue factor monocyte procoagulant activity, the initiating cofactor of the extrinsic clotting cascade. We have further studied, in vitro, the effects of the component solutions of total parenteral nutrition on the induction and modulation of endothelial cell procoagulant activity. Cultured porcine aortic endothelial cells were incubated with (a) 200 microliters of dextrose solution (5%, 10%, 20%, 25%, and 50%), (b) 200 microliters of amino acid solution [full strength (N), one-fourth strength, and one-half strength], and (c) 200 microliters of 10% lipid emulsion. Cocultures of lipid emulsion and 20% dextrose, lipid emulsion and full-strength 10% amino acid solution (N-amino acid), and lipid emulsion and bacterial lipopolysaccharide also were studied. Cells were incubated for intervals of 3-108 h, washed and frozen, harvested, and assayed for endothelial cell procoagulant activity. Units of endothelial cell procoagulant activity were derived from a standard thromboplastin curve. Our results show that amino acid and hypertonic dextrose total parenteral nutrition solutions are able to strongly induce endothelial cell procoagulant activity expression in vitro. In contrast, lipid emulsion significantly inhibited the induction of endothelial cell procoagulant activity by 20% dextrose, N-amino acid, and lipopolysaccharide. These results provide further evidence for the role of the cellular pathways of coagulation in total parenteral nutrition-induced thrombosis. Furthermore, the inhibitory properties of lipid emulsion may be of practical advantage in reducing total parenteral nut induced thrombosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Nutritional support and therapy in the short bowel syndrome.

The clinical response of a patient to intestinal resection depends on several factors. With more than 60 to 80 cm of bowel remaining, refeeding usually will be progressive until a full oral diet is reached. The type of diet and vitamin supplements are then prescribed according to the site of resection. In general, the diet should not be restricted in terms of fat. In the case of ileal resection and a preserved colon, a low-oxalate diet should be prescribed along with calcium supplements. These patients may also develop a cholereic diarrhea, depending on the size of the ileal resection. Cholestyramine should then be added. With a very short bowel (less than 60 to 80 cm), parenteral nutrition is started immediately. This type of nutrition may be tapered progressively over a period of time as enteral feeding is gradually increased, according to the amount of residual disease and the rate of adaptation of the intestinal remnant. If patients cannot maintain their nutritional status and also be free of serious diarrhea when on a normal or modified oral or enteral diet, then long-term parenteral nutrition is considered.

Enteral Nutrition↗
PubMed1988

Resting energy expenditure in lung and colon cancer.

Elevated resting energy expenditure (REE) is a possible mechanism of cancer cachexia. We measured REE by whole-body direct calorimetry in patients with colon and non-small cell lung cancer and compared the results with REE in groups of healthy subjects and in patients with anorexia nervosa, with nonmalignant gastrointestinal (GI) disease, with miscellaneous reasons for weight loss, and with chronic lung disease. The mean REE of the cancer patients was not different from healthy subjects, those with GI disease, miscellaneous causes of cachexia, and chronic lung disease, and there was no significant difference in REE between those cancer patients with weight loss and controls with weight loss, except for the anorexia nervosa patients. The REE of the anorexia nervosa patients (female) was significantly lower than the REE of females with lung cancer. Weight loss correlated with REE in female lung cancer patients. Serial comparison of REE of ten cancer patients who lost 5% to 18% of their body weight during study showed no consistent change in REE. We conclude that patients with colon and non-small cell lung cancer, including those with weight loss, have REE similar to normal controls. Relative hypermetabolism may contribute to cancer cachexia, as may absolute hypermetabolism in some subsets of cancer patients.

Anorexia Nervosa↗