Biomedical subjects

K Noma

Publications and source records attributed to K Noma.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2001

A new class of LINEs (ATLN-L) from Arabidopsis thaliana with extraordinary structural features.

The Arabidopsis thaliana genome has about 250 copies of LINEs (here called ATLNs). Of these, some, called ATLN-Ls, have an extra sequence of about 2 kb in the region downstream of two consecutive open reading frames, orf1 and orf2. Interestingly, the extra sequences in these ATLN-L members have another open reading frame, designated as orf3. Each member is flanked by direct repeats of a target site sequence, showing that ATLN-L members with the three open reading frames have retrotransposed as a unit. The ATLN-L members are also distinct from other ATLN members: orf1 terminates with TAA (or TAG) and is located in the same frame as orf2, and the ATG initiation codon of orf2 is not present in the proximal region. A sequence that may form a pseudoknot structure in ATLN-L mRNA was present in the proximal region of orf2, therefore the TAA (or TAG) termination codon of orf1 is assumed to be suppressed to produce an Orf1-Orf2 transframe protein during the translation of the ATLN-L mRNA. The region between orf2 and orf3 is several hundred bp long, suggesting that orf3 expression is independent of orfl-orf2. The amino acid sequences of the proteins Orf1 and Orf3 are highly homologous in their N-terminal half regions that have a retroviral zinc-finger motif for RNA binding. Orf3, however, has a leucine-zipper motif in addition to the zinc-finger motif. The C-terminal regions of the Orf1 and Orf3 proteins have poor homology, but seem to have nuclear localization signals, suggesting that these proteins are involved in the transfer of ATLN-L mRNA to nuclei. A phylogenetic tree shows that Orf3 proteins form a branch distinct from the branches of the Orf1 proteins encoded by ATLN-L members. This indicates that an ancestor element of ATLN-Ls has incorporated the orf1 frame carried by another ATLN member into its distal region to orf1-orf2 during evolution.

5' Untranslated Regions↗

PubMed2001

Identification and structural analysis of SINE elements in the Arabidopsis thaliana genome.

An insertion sequence was found in a Mu homologue in the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana. The insertion sequence had poly(A) at the 3' end, and promoter motifs (A- and B-boxes) recognized by RNA polymerase III. The sequence was flanked by direct repeats of a 15-bp sequence of the Mu homologue, which appears to be a target-site sequence duplicated upon insertion. These findings indicate that the insertion sequence is a retroposon SINE, and it was therefore named AtSN (A. thaliana SINE). Many members of the AtSN family were identified through a computer-aided homology search of databases and classified into two subfamilies, AtSN1 and AtSN2, having consensus sequences 159 and 149 bp in length, respectively. These had no homology to SINEs in other organisms. About half of AtSN members were truncated through loss of a region at either end of the element. Most of them were truncated at the 5' end, and had a duplication of the target-site sequence. This suggests that the ones with 5' truncation retroposed by the same mechanism as those without truncation. Members of the AtSN1 or AtSN2 subfamilies had many base substitutions when compared with the consensus sequence. All of the members examined were present in three different ecotypes of A. thaliana (Columbia, Landsberg erecta, and Wassilewskija). These findings suggest that AtSN members had proliferatedbefore the A. thaliana ecotype strains diverged.

Arabidopsis↗

PubMed2001

Sodium chloride loading does not alter endothelium-dependent vasodilation of forearm vasculature in either salt-sensitive or salt-resistant patients with essential hypertension.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether a high NaCl intake impairs endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilation of forearm circulation in salt sensitive (SS) patients with essential hypertension. We evaluated the effects of intra-arterial acetylcholine (ACh) and isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) on forearm hemodynamics in 29 patients with essential hypertension, while consuming a low NaCl (50 mmol/d) or high Na Cl (340 mmol/d) diet for 1 week. The forearm blood flow (FBF) was measured by strain-gauge plethysmography. Patients were classified as SS (n=12) or salt resistant (SR; n=17) based on salt-induced changes in blood pressures. The FBF responses of ACh and ISDN were similar in the SS and SR patients while on either NaCl diet, and was not altered by salt loading (ACh, SS: low NaCl 22.8+/-4.3 vs. high NaCl 21.1+/-3.6 ml/min per 100 ml, SR: low NaCl 22.5+/-4.0 vs. high NaCl 23.3+/-4.1 ml/min per 100 ml; ISDN, SS: low NaCl 13.9+/-2.1 vs. high NaCl 14.1+/-2.2 ml/min per 100 ml, SR: low NaCl 13.8+/-2.3 vs. high NaCl 14.0+/-2.2 ml/min per 100 ml). There were no significant differences in the vascular responses to ACh and ISDN in the presence of N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, in either group for either NaCl diet. These findings suggest that forearm resistance artery endothelial function may not be influenced by salt loading in either SS patients which finding may play a role in determining salt sensitivity in patients with essential hypertension or SR patients.

Diet, Sodium-Restricted↗

PubMed2000

ATLN elements, LINEs from Arabidopsis thaliana: identification and characterization.

Non-LTR retrotransposons (LINEs) are ubiquitous elements in the plant kingdom. Two hundred and nineteen LINE homologues (named ATLN) were identified in the A. thaliana genome, about 90% of which have been sequenced by a computer-aided homology search. Of these, the structures of 62 were analyzed in detail. Most, including those truncated for the 5' regions, were flanked by direct repeats of a sequence of 7-21 bp long, the target site sequence duplicated upon retrotransposition of each member. Thirty ATLN members had two consecutive open reading frames, corresponding to orf1 and orf2 essential for retrotransposition. The phylogenetic tree constructed from the amino acid sequences of the endonuclease domains of the Orf2 proteins showed that the ATLN members were grouped in two families (I and II) and that the members of each family could be further divided into several subfamilies. The members of each subfamily had several unique structural features in common in the intergenic region between orf1 and orf2 as well as in the downstream regions of orf2. Interestingly, orf2 in almost all the ATLN members is located in the -1 frame relative to orf1, indicative of the existence of such translational control mechanisms as translational coupling or frameshifting to produce an amount of Orf2 protein appropriate to that of Orf1. Moreover, the most proximal sequences in the 5' untranslated regions were non-homologous, even in members with the highest homology, unlike the LINEs in animals. The non-homologous sequences in the 5' untranslated regions might be acquired at or after transcription during retrotransposition of the ATLN elements.

5' Untranslated Regions↗

PubMed2000

Tnat1 and Tnat2 from Arabidopsis thaliana: novel transposable elements with tandem repeat sequences.

A computer-aided homology search of databases found that the nucleotide sequences flanking ATLN44, a non-LTR retrotransposon (LINE) from Arabidopsis thaliana, are repeated in the A. thaliana genome. These sequences are homologous to flanking sequences of 664 bp with terminal inverted repeat sequences of about 70 bp. The 664-bp sequence and most of the 14 homologues identified were flanked by direct repeat sequences of 9 bp. These findings indicate that the repeated sequence, named Tnat1, is a transposable element that duplicates a 9-bp sequence at the target site on transposition and that ATLN44 is inserted in one Tnat1 member. Interestingly, all of the Tnat1 members had tandem repeats comprised of several units of a 60-bp sequence, the number of repeats differing among Tnat1 members. Of the Tnat1 members identified, one was inserted into another sequence repeated in the A. thaliana genome: that sequence is about 770 bp long and has terminal inverted repeat sequences of about 110 bp. The sequence is flanked by direct repeats of a 9-bp sequence, indicating that it is another transposable element, named Tnat2, from A. thaliana. Moreover, Tnat2 members had a tandem repeat about 240 bp long. Tnat1 and Tnat2 with tandem repeats in their internal regions show no homology to each other or to any of the elements identified previously; therefore they appear to be novel transposable elements.

Arabidopsis↗

PubMed2000

Beneficial effect of prodromal angina pectoris is lost in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: Prodromal angina pectoris occurring shortly before the onset of acute myocardial infarction is associated with a favorable outcome by the mechanism of ischemic preconditioning. Recent experiments have reported that the beneficial effect of ischemic preconditioning are reversed in the aged heart. METHODS: We studied 990 patients who underwent coronary angiography within 12 hours after the onset of acute myocardial infarction. Patients were divided into 2 groups: those aged <70 years (nonelderly patients, n = 722) and those aged >/=70 years (elderly patients, n = 268). Prodromal angina in the 24 hours before infarction was found in 190 of 722 nonelderly patients and in 66 of 268 elderly patients (26% vs 25%, P =.61). RESULTS: In nonelderly patients, prodromal angina was associated with lower peak creatine kinase levels (2438 +/- 1939 IU/L vs 2837 +/- 2341 IU/L, P =.04), lower in-hospital mortality rates (3.7% vs 8.8%, P =.02), and better 5-year survival rates (P =. 007). On the contrary, in elderly patients there was no significant difference in peak creatine kinase levels (2427 +/- 2142 IU/L vs 2256 +/- 1551 IU/L, P =.51), in-hospital mortality rate (21.2% vs 17. 4%, P =.49), and 5-year survival rates (P =.47). A multivariate analysis showed that prodromal angina in the 24 hours before infarction was associated with 5-year survival rate in nonelderly patients (odds ratio 0.49, P =.009) but not in elderly patients (odds ratio l.12, P =.65). CONCLUSIONS: In nonelderly patients, prodromal angina in the 24 hours before infarction was associated with a smaller infarct size and better short- and long-term survival, suggesting a relation to ischemic preconditioning. However, such a beneficial effect was not observed in elderly patients.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

[Long-term prognosis after reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction in elderly patients].

Although it has been well demonstrated that TIMI grade 3 flow is associated with improved survival after acute myocardial infarction in non-elderly patients, its implication in elderly patients has not been clarified. To assess this issue, 1,115 patients with acute myocardial infarction who underwent coronary angiography within 24 hours after the onset of chest pain were studied: there were 131 elderly patients (age > or = 75 years) and 984 non-elderly patients (age < 75 years). Follow-up was achieved for 1,092 patients (98%). Elderly patients were associated with more female, Killip class > or = 2, 3 vessel disease and non-smokers. Although modality of reperfusion therapy was not different, final TIMI flow grade was less frequently obtained in elderly patients (53% vs 65%, p = 0.005). Elderly patients were associated with higher in-hospital mortality (25% vs 9%, p < 0.001) and lower 10 years cardiac death free rate (p < 0.001). Cox proportional hazards model showed that final TIMI flow grade 3 was an independent predictor of 10 years cardiac death free in elderly patients (odds ratio (OR) = 0.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.20-0.74, p = 0.004) as well as non-elderly patients (OR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.29-0.58, p < 0.001). In conclusion, our data suggest that final TIMI grade 3 flow is an important determinant to improve short- and long-term survival after acute myocardial infarction in elderly patients as well as in non-elderly patients.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1999

Long-term prognosis of late spontaneous reperfusion after failed thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: Early reperfusion improves left ventricular (LV) function and survival after acute myocardial infarction (MI). Thrombolytic therapy achieves early patency of the infarct artery in about two-thirds of patients. In nearly half of the remaining patients, in whom early reperfusion was not achieved with thrombolytic therapy, the infarct artery might reopen by the time of predischarge angiography. However, the impact of such late spontaneous reperfusion after failed thrombolytic therapy on LV function and long-term survival remained unclear. HYPOTHESIS: This study was undertaken to assess implication of late spontaneous reperfusion after failed thrombolytic therapy on LV function and long-term survival after acute MI. METHODS: The study consisted of 198 patients with anterior acute MI who underwent thrombolytic therapy and predischarge angiography: 160 patients with infarct artery patent early and late after therapy (persistent patency), 17 patients with infarct artery occluded early after therapy but patent at predischarge angiography (late spontaneous reperfusion), and 21 patients with infarct artery occluded early and late after therapy (persistent occlusion). RESULTS: Persistent patency was associated with enhanced improvement in LV ejection fraction (7.7 +/- 11.8%) compared with late spontaneous reperfusion (0.0 +/- 9.6%, p = 0.03) and persistent occlusion (-1.4 +/- 9.7%, p = 0.003). Persistent patency was associated with better long-term survival than with late spontaneous reperfusion (p < 0.001) and persistent occlusion (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis comparing persistent patency and late spontaneous reperfusion showed that early reperfusion was an independent predictor of long-term survival. CONCLUSION: Late spontaneous reperfusion after failed thrombolytic therapy was associated with poor LV function and long-term survival, emphasizing the importance of early reperfusion.

Aged↗

PubMed1999

Non-LTR retrotransposons (LINEs) as ubiquitous components of plant genomes.

During the course of work aimed at isolating a rice gene from Oryza australiensis by PCR, the oligonucleotide primers used were found to generate a fragment that showed sequence homology to the endonuclease (EN) region of the maize non-LTR retrotransposon (LINE) Cin4. We carried out further PCRs using oligonucleotide primers that hybridized to these sequences, and found that they amplified several fragments, each with homology to the EN regions, from Oryza sativa cv. Nipponbare as well as O. australiensis. We mapped the approximate locations of two rice LINE homologues by screening clones in a YAC library made from a rice (O. sativa) genome, and found that each homologue was present in a low copy number apparently at nonspecific regions on rice chromosomes. We then carried out PCR using degenerate oligonucleotide primers which hybridized to the rice LINE homologues and Cin4 to ascertain whether LINE homologues are present in a variety of members of the plant kingdom, including angiosperms, gymnosperms, bracken, horsetail and liverwort. Cloning and nucleotide sequencing revealed that 53 clones obtained from 27 out of 33 plant species contained LINE homologues. In addition to these homologues, we identified four homologues with EN regions in the Arabidopsis thaliana genome by a computer search of databases. The nucleotide sequences of almost all the LINE homologues were greatly diverged, but the derived amino acid sequences were well conserved, and all contained glutamic acid and tyrosine residues at almost the same relative positions as in the the active site regions of AP (apurinic/apyrimidinic)-endonucleases. The EN regions in the LINE homologues from closely related plant species show a closer phylogenetic relationship, indicating that sequence divergence during vertical transmission has been a major influence upon the evolution of plant LINEs.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1998

Endogenous protease-dependent replication of human influenza viruses in two MDCK cell lines.

Multi-cycle replication and plaque formation of influenza A and B viruses and cleavage activation of their hemagglutinin (HA) by an endogenous protease(s) were examined in two MDCK cell lines, MDCK(-) and MDCK(+). No exogenous trypsin was required for multi-cycle replication and plaque formation of all the influenza A viruses tested in the MDCK(+) cell, while those of the viruses in the MDCK(-) cell were completely trypsin-dependent. In both cell lines, on the other hand, influenza B viruses grew well in the absence of trypsin. The capability of multiple replication and plaque formation of the influenza viruses correlated with cleavage of the HA precursor (HA0) to HA1 and HA2, indicating that both cell lines express an HA activating endoprotease(s); that of the MDCK(+) cell activates the HA of influenza A and B viruses, and that of the MDCK(-) cell does only the HA of influenza B virus. Furthermore, the protease of the MDCK(+) cell was strongly suggested to be present on the cell surface and a serine protease. The MDCK(+) cell would be useful for isolation of influenza viruses from clinical specimens and for screening of protease inhibitors for anti-influenza virus drugs.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

[Perioperative managements of the patients with cancer-pain receiving morphine].

In the patients receiving morphine preoperatively, it is preoperatively important to avoid withdrawal symptoms postoperatively and to suppress postoperative pain and to maintain an appropriate anesthetic depth during the operation. We experienced six patients who had been under preoperative pain control with oral and/or epidural morphine and undergone palliative operation for their cancer pain. Four of the patients were preoperatively administered with oral morphine ranging from 30 to 270 mg.day-1. One patient was given epidural morphine 10 mg.day-1. Another was with morphine 1800 mg.day-1 orally and 50 mg.day-1 epiduraly. In all cases, general anesthesia was maintained with inhalation anesthetics. Anesthetic supplementation and postoperative pain management were performed with continuous i.v. infusion of morphine (half dosage of daily oral dosage), or subcutaneous injection (one sixth dosage of daily oral morphine) while preoperative epidural morphine was continued throughout the perioperative period. We were able to manage these patients well and none of them developed withdrawal symptom or increased postoperative pain.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1997

RIRE1, a retrotransposon from wild rice Oryza australiensis.

RIRE1 is a retrotransposon present in wild rice Oryza australiensis in an extraordinary number of copies, and only a portion of the LTR sequence has been determined previously. Here, we isolated and sequenced DNA segments of various portions of RIRE1, revealing that the sequences of LTR and the internal region were 1523 and 5277 bp in length, respectively. The internal region shows homology with the pol region in copia, a Drosophila retrotransposon, indicating that RIRE1 is a copia-like retrotransposon. The internal region of RIRE1 contained an open reading frame coding for genes, gag, pro, int, rt and rh, like copia and retroelements related to it. A clone screened from a library of the O. australiensis genomic DNA contained solo LTR, which was flanked by direct repeats of a 5-bp sequence. This suggests that RIRE1 generates a duplication of the target sequence of 5 bp upon retroposition. We observed that many RIRE1 members were nested by another RIRE1 member. This indicates that these RIRE1 members have received another RIRE1 to make an extraordinary number of copies in the O. australiensis genome without giving a deleterious effect on the growth of rice cells.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1997

[Effects of oral amezinium metilsulfate in patients with sick sinus syndrome].

The effects of amezinium metilsulfate (Risumic) were studied in patients with sick sinus syndrome. Four males and 11 females with clinical symptoms were treated with 0.5 mg/kg for 1 to 40 weeks. In all patients, the length of sinus pause observed during 24-hour Holter monitoring was longer than 2.0 sec, and/or the sinus node recovery time in the electrophysiologic study was longer than 2.0 sec. The effects were evaluated by Holter monitoring and standard electrocardiography. The total number of heart beats every 24 hours by Holter monitoring were significantly increased from 78,917 +/- 15,983 (mean +/- SD) to 85,753 +/- 17,849 beats after the treatment. The length of the sinus pause was significantly decreased from 3.89 +/- 1.24 to 2.36 +/- 1.45 sec. Patients with sinus node recovery time of less than 5.0 sec showed the effects especially clearly. The total number of premature ventricular contractions was decreased from 530 +/- 767 to 123 +/- 182 beats. The PQ, QRS and QTc intervals did not change. Only diastolic pressure was slightly increased. Clinical symptoms disappeared in almost all patients and the clinical courses were favorable. Amezinium metilsulfate, which stimulates the intrinsic sympathetic nervous system, increased total heart beat and shortened sinus pause in patients with sick sinus syndrome. Few side effects, such as arrhythmogenecity or increase of blood pressure were observed. These results show that amezinium metilsulfate is useful in the treatment of patients with sick sinus syndrome, if the disease is not so severe as to require implantation of a cardiac pacemaker.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1997

[Antinociceptive activity of intracisternal clonidine in the mouse].

The antinociceptive activities of clonidine have been determined against three qualitatively different noxious stimuli in the mouse. The methods used to evaluate this activity were selected to include tests which employ different types of noxious stimuli, i.e. heat (hot plate), chemical (acetic acid-induced writhing) and mechanical (tail pinch). Test drug and control treatments were given by cisternal injection in a dose volume of 10 microliters.mouse-1. The results presented here show that clonidine has potent antinociceptive properties against several types of noxious stimuli. Clonidine produced steep dose-response lines in all tests. The response to the writhing assays were completely inhibited by 1.0 microgram.mouse-1 of clonidine. In contrast in both the hot plate and tail pinch assay, however, clonidine did not produce a consistent antinociceptive effect at a dose of 200 micrograms.mouse-1. Utilizing these three different types of assays, the rank order of antinociceptive potency for clonidine in different noxia was the writhing >> hot plate > tail pinch. It was concluded from these results that clonidine has potent antinociceptive properties against chemical visceral stimuli.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗

PubMed1997

[Usefulness of percutaneous microwave tissue coagulation therapy for solitary liver cancer].

The possible use of percutaneous transhepatic microwave tissue coagulation therapy (PMCT) using ultra-sonography under local anesthesia for solitary liver cancer was studied. The subjects were 8 patients having primary or metastatic liver cancer with solitary liver tumor less than 4 cm in size, consisting of 2 hepatocellular carcinomas, and 6 metastatic carcinomas. PMCT was performed continuously 3 times at the output of 30 watts for 30 seconds at a time. Tumors less than 3 cm in size were completely coagulated by irradiation from 2 to 5 times judged by enhanced CT. No recurrence of tumor was recognized in the coagulation area. But in some cases, multiple metastases were found at another site in the liver by 3 months after PMCT. Thus, the results suggest that PMCT is a useful therapy for small liver tumor as a local control.

Aged↗

PubMed1997

[A case of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with portal invasion effectively treated by continuous intra-arterial chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil].

A 79-year-old male diagnosed as advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with portal invasion was treated by continuous intra-arterial chemotherapy of 5-FU, which was continuously administered for 72 hours at a dose of 333 mg/mm/day every 2 weeks and repeated 12 times. Total dose of 5-FU was 14.4 g. Toxicity of this therapy was not recognized. Levels of AFP were reduced from 4385.6 ng/ml to 11.9 for 6 months. No tumor was recognized on CT scan at 6 months after starting this therapy, after 15 months of this therapy, the patient is alive and disease-free. Given the above results, continuous intra-arterial administration of this 5-FU therapy may be effective for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.

Aged↗

PubMed1997

Two optimal prefilter cutoff frequencies needed for SPECT images of myocardial perfusion in a one-day protocol.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine if cutoff frequencies of two-dimensional Butterworth filters need to be changed, depending upon the amount of radiopharmaceutical administered in one-day protocols for reconstructing SPECT images of myocardial perfusion. METHODS: A scintilation camera and a phantom were used with 2.2 MBq and 10.6 MBq 99mTc. These activities corresponded to the approximate amounts used in our one-day myocardial perfusion imaging protocol. The projection data were collected in 30 positions spread over 180 degrees. Thirty- and 150-sec acquisitions per position were performed to obtain the study and the high-quality reference images. Thirteen cutoff frequencies of the filter were used to reconstruct the SPECT images. Optimal cutoff frequencies were determined by visual assessment and by calculating the normalized mean square error (n.m.s.e). These results were then compared. The same protocol was used to image three volunteers with no heart disease and the images were evaluated visually. RESULTS: In the phantom study, the optimal cutoff frequencies were 0.225 cycles/pixel for 2.2 MBq, and 0.275 cycles/pixel and 0.25 cycles/pixel for 10.6 MBq by visual inspection, and were 0.225 cycles/pixel and 0.275 cycles/pixel by calculating the n.m.s.e., respectively. In the patient study, the lower cutoff frequency of 0.20 cycles/pixel was optimal for the exercise study (low dose), while the higher cutoff frequencies of 0.275 cycles/pixel was optimal for the resting study (high dose). CONCLUSION: The optimal cutoff frequencies differed for the two activity levels. Cutoff frequencies should be changed according to the amounts of radiopharmaceuticals used for the first and the second examinations in one-day protocols.

Heart↗

PubMed1996

Identification and characterization of two tandem repeat sequences (TrsB and TrsC) and a retrotransposon (RIRE1) as genome-general sequences in rice.

Three kinds of DNA sequences (here called TrsB, TrsC and RIRE1) have been previously reported to be those repeated in tandem specifically in the wild rice species with FF, CC or EE genome, respectively. To characterize these genome type-specific sequences, we carried out PCR using a pair of primers, which hybridize to a restricted region in the repeating unit sequence and prime DNA synthesis in both directions. Gel electrophoresis and DNA sequencing revealed that PCR using primers for TrsB (or TrsC) amplified the fragments with an integral series of a unit length not only from total DNA of the rice strain with FF (or CC) genome, but also from those of the rice strains with non-FF (or non-CC) genome. TrsB or TrsC was, however, found to be repeated in an extraordinary number of copies in the species with FF or CC genome, respectively, in which the TrsB (or TrsC) sequence has been originally identified. PCR using primers for RIRE1 produced various sizes of fragments from total DNA of the rice strains with EE genome. The fragments, however, showed no progression at interval of the unit length characteristic for tandem repeats. Nucleotide sequencing of the amplified fragments revealed that they were not the sequences repeated in tandem, but were those interspersed as an element having partial homology with the LTR sequences of retrotransposons, Wis-2-1A in wheat and BARE-1 in barley. RIRE1 was present in the rice species with any types of genomes, but in the species with EE genome in an extraordinary number of copies.

Base Sequence↗