Biomedical subjects

K Otani

Publications and source records attributed to K Otani.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2000

Causes of death in elderly prostate cancer patients and in a comparison nonprostate cancer cohort.

BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer tends to affect older men and to progress relatively slowly. Since the prevalence of comorbidity increases with advancing age, competing causes of death are important contributors to death rates among prostate cancer patients. Accurate determination of the underlying causes of death in older men dying with prostate cancer may thus also be more difficult. METHODS: We compared the distribution of underlying causes of death in decedents from a population-based cohort of elderly prostate cancer patients to that from a population-based comparison cohort of elderly men without prostate cancer. Among decedents from the prostate cancer patient cohort, we examined associations of patient demographics, disease stage, and initial treatment, with assignment of a prostate cancer underlying cause of death (versus any other cause) by use of multivariable logistic regression. In the subgroup of prostate cancer patient decedents having underlying causes of death other than prostate cancer, the underlying cause distribution was compared with that in nonprostate cancer cohort decedents. RESULTS: Prostate cancer was the underlying cause for 39% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 36.3-41.9) of the decedents in the prostate cancer cohort. Causes of death among prostate cancer patients not dying of prostate cancer were similar to those among the nonprostate cancer cohort decedents. However, in those who were aggressively treated, the adjusted odds of other cancer causes of death were 51% higher (odds ratio [OR] = 1.51; 95% CI = 1.08-2.10) than that in nonprostate cancer patient decedents, while in those treated with watchful waiting the adjusted odds were 34% lower (OR = 0.66; 95% CI = 0.47-0.93). CONCLUSIONS: Initial treatment may influence the underlying cause of death reported in vital statistics for prostate cancer patients.

Aged↗

PubMed2000

Pharmacogenetics of classical and new antipsychotic drugs.

Several classical antipsychotic drugs, i.e., chlorpromazine, haloperidol, perphenazine, thioridazine and zuclopenthixol; and some new neuroleptic drugs, i.e., risperidone and sertindole, are metabolized predominantly by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6. Significant relationships have been reported between the steady state plasma concentrations (Css) of some classical neuroleptics and the CYP2D6 activity or genotype. Several of these drugs also potently inhibit the CYP2D6 activity. These facts explain several drug metabolic interactions of the classical drugs. Two studies failed to show that the CYP2D6 activity predicts the therapeutic effects of haloperidol or perphenazine. Some studies have suggested that the poor metabolizer phenotype is associated with the development of oversedation during treatment with the classical drugs, but other studies have been inconsistent or negative. The CYP2D6 phenotyping and genotyping appear to be useful in predicting the Css of some classical drugs, but their usefulness in predicting clinical effects must be further explored.

Antipsychotic Agents↗

PubMed1999

Protein markers in cerebrospinal fluid in experimental nerve root injury. A study of slow-onset chronic compression effects or the biochemical effects of nucleus pulposus on sacral nerve roots.

STUDY DESIGN: Measurement of changes in cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of nerve tissue markers, total proteins, and immunoglobulin after compression of nerve root or application of nucleus pulposus in a pig model. OBJECTIVES: To assess whether compression or application of nucleus pulposus to spinal nerve roots may cause increased levels of cerebrospinal fluid markers of nerve tissue damage and total proteins, and whether synthesis of immunoglobulins may be induced in cerebrospinal fluid. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Previous studies have reported that there seems to be a relationship between elevated cerebrospinal fluid total protein concentrations, nerve tissue markers, clinical findings, and compression of the nerve root evaluated by radiologic changes in patients with sciatica. METHODS: Subjects included 41 pigs, including 5 control animals. In two groups of experimental animals (n = 7; n = 5), an ameroid constrictor was slid onto the S1 nerve root. In two other groups (n = 7; n = 5), nucleus pulposus harvested from the L2-L3 disc was applied to the S1 nerve root. Two sham animal groups (n = 7; n = 5) underwent the same laminectomy. Twenty-one pigs underwent reoperation after 1 week, and 15 pigs after 4 weeks. A syringe was used to remove 3 mL of cerebrospinal fluid at L4-L5. Concentrations of total proteins, the light subunit of the neurofilament protein, S-100 protein, neuron-specific enolase, and glial fibrillary acidic protein were measured, and the presence of oligoclonal bands (immunoglobulins) were assayed in cerebrospinal fluid. RESULTS: The pigs with compressed S1 nerve root had considerably higher neurofilament protein and total protein concentrations in their cerebrospinal fluid than the-control animals (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively) or the sham animals (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05) in the 1-week experiment. Nucleus pulposus did not induce a significant increase in concentrations of the different protein markers. The presence of oligoclonal bands in cerebrospinal fluid in the experimental groups did not differ between the control and sham animals. CONCLUSIONS: The neurofilament protein and total protein concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid may have diagnostic importance in cases wherein clinical findings are not clearly related to the radiologic changes and vice versa. These protein markers also may be useful tools in different experimental models.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Bacteriological investigation of an outbreak of Clostridium perfringens food poisoning caused by Japanese food without animal protein.

An outbreak of Clostridium perfringens food poisoning occurred in a senior citizen's home in Japan. Japanese food, spinach boiled with fried bean curd, was considered to be the causative food as a result of the detection of the C. perfringens enterotoxin gene by nested PCR. The number of enterotoxin-positive C. perfringens was enumerated as 4.3 x 10(5)/g in the causative food by the MPN method combined with nested PCR. By cultivation, enterotoxin-positive C. perfringens was isolated from all the fecal specimens of patients tested and the causative food. The isolates from patients were serotypable, heat-resistant and the majority produced enterotoxin, however most isolates from the causative food were nonserotypable, enterotoxin-negative and heat-sensitive.

Aged↗

PubMed1999

Effects of itraconazole on the steady-state plasma concentrations of bromperidol and reduced bromperidol in schizophrenic patients.

RATIONALE: A previously reported pharmacokinetic interaction between bromperidol and carbamazepine, an inducer of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4, suggests possible involvement of CYP3A4 in the metabolism of bromperidol. OBJECTIVE: We investigated pharmacokinetic interaction between bromperidol and itraconazole, a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4, to clarify the involvement of CYP3A4 in the metabolism of bromperidol and its reduced metabolite. METHODS: Itraconazole 200 mg/day for 7 days was coadministered to eight schizophrenic patients treated with a fixed dose of bromperidol 12 or 24 mg/day for at least 2 weeks. Blood samples were taken before and 1 week after itraconazole coadministration and 1 week after its discontinuation, together with clinical assessments using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and the Udvalg for Kliniske Undersøgelser (UKU) Side Effect Rating Scale. RESULTS: Plasma concentrations of bromperidol during itraconazole coadministration (16.7+/-4.9 ng/ml) were significantly higher (P<0.01) than before itraconazole coadministration (8.9+/-4.4 ng/ml) and 1 week after its discontinuation (9.9+/-4.3 ng/ml). Plasma concentrations of reduced bromperidol during itraconazole coadministration (3.6+/-2.9 ng/ml) were significantly higher (P<0.01) than before itraconazole coadministration (1.8+/-1.3 ng/ml). No changes were observed in BPRS and UKU scores throughout the study. CONCLUSIONS: The pharmacokinetic interaction between bromperidol and itraconazole is probably due to the inhibitory effect of itraconazole on the metabolism of bromperidol. This study provides in vivo evidence of involvement of CYP3A4 in the metabolism of bromperidol and reduced bromperidol.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Effects of the CYP2D6*10 allele on the steady-state plasma concentrations of haloperidol and reduced haloperidol in Japanese patients with schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: The CYP2D6*10 (*10) allele that causes decreased CYP2D6 activity is present in Asians with a high frequency of about 50%. In this study we studied the effects of the *10 allele on the steady-state plasma concentrations (Css) of haloperidol and reduced haloperidol. METHODS: The subjects were 67 Japanese inpatients with schizophrenia who had only the wild-type or *10 alleles. Thirty-four patients were homozygous for the wild-type allele, and 26 were heterozygous and 7 were homozygous for the *10 allele. All patients had been receiving 12 mg/day haloperidol for at least 2 weeks. Plasma concentrations of haloperidol and reduced haloperidol were measured by HPLC. RESULTS: The mean +/- SD values of haloperidol Css in the patients with 0, 1, and 2 *10 alleles were 22.8+/-11.0, 30.1+/-10.6, and 31.2+/-21.2 nmol/L, respectively, and those values for reduced haloperidol were 6.1+/-2.9, 9.5+/-3.7, and 9.9+/-6.2 nmol/L, respectively. The mean haloperidol Css was significantly (P < .05) higher in the patients with 1 *10 allele than in those with no *10 alleles. The mean Css of reduced haloperidol was significantly (P < .05) higher in the patients with 1 and 2 *10 alleles than in those with no *10 alleles. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the *10 allele plays an important role in controlling the Css of both haloperidol and reduced haloperidol, especially in Asian subjects.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Possible association between delusional disorder, somatic type and reduced regional cerebral blood flow.

1. A 78-year-old female with DDST and pain disorder was treated by clomipramine 20-100 mg/day. The hypochondriacal delusion was completely resolved, while the pains were partially resolved. 2. The SPECT using Xe-133 taken at the early stage of clomipramine treatment, when she still had hypochondriacal delusions, showed markedly reduced rCBF in the temporal and parietal lobes, with predominance on the left hemisphere. Meanwhile, the SPECT taken after resolution of the hypochondriacal delusions showed a marked improvement in the reduced rCBF. 3. This report suggests that DDST has some association with reduced rCBF in the temporal and parietal lobes.

Aged↗

PubMed1999

Ring chromosome 14 complicated with complex partial seizures and hypoplastic corpus callosum.

A Japanese male with mosaicism of ring chromosome 14 and chromosome 14 monosomy is described. He demonstrated the characteristic morphologic features of ring chromosome 14, in addition to mental retardation and epileptic seizures. Clusters of complex partial seizures, one of which originated in the left frontocentral region on electroencephalographic monitoring, were evident. His seizures responded to phenobarbital, and his mental and motor development was only mildly retarded. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a hypoplastic corpus callosum, previously unknown in association with this syndrome.

Agenesis of Corpus Callosum↗

PubMed1999

Comparison of treatments for hepatolithiasis: hepatic resection versus cholangioscopic lithotomy.

BACKGROUND: Hepatic resection and percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopic lithotomy (PTCSL) are the two main approaches to the treatment of hepatolithiasis, but comparisons of longterm followup results have not been adequately reported. STUDY DESIGN: Of 86 patients with hepatolithiasis admitted to our institution between 1980 and 1996, we reviewed 54 patients: 26 who underwent hepatic resection and 28 who underwent PTCSL. Five patients who underwent postoperative cholangioscopic lithotomy were included in the former group. The remainder of the hepatolithiasis patients were not treated by hepatic resection or PTCSL and, therefore, were excluded from this study. Hepatic resections were mainly indicated for left-sided localized intrahepatic calculi, atrophic liver, and possible presence of cholangiocellular carcinoma. PTCSL was performed for right-sided, bilateral or recurrent stones at an average of 6 treatments (range 1 to 20 treatments) for each patient. There were no differences between the two groups in terms of gender or age. The recurrence rate of stones and longterm prognosis were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method, and other clinical factors listed below were statistically compared. RESULTS: The rate of complete removal of stones was similarly high in each group (96.2% in the hepatic resection group versus 96.4% in the PTCSL group). The complication (38.5% versus 21.4%) and 5-year survival (85.6% versus 100%) rates were comparable. Remaining bile duct stricture (18.2% versus 60.9%, p < 0.01) and 5-year recurrence rates (5.6% versus 31.5%, p < 0.05) were statistically lower in the hepatic resection group than in the PTCSL group. CONCLUSIONS: Hepatic resection, when combined with postoperative cholangioscopic lithotomy, is a preferable treatment for left-sided stones with strictures and bilateral stones.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Inhibition by 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta production and messenger RNA expression in human monocytes stimulated by Helicobacter pylori.

We investigated the effects of 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 on the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta in human monocytes stimulated with Helicobacter pylori. Monocytes isolated from human peripheral blood were incubated for 24 hr with the extract of H. pylori diluted 1:100 to 1:100,000 by volume, a combination of the extract and 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2, or a vehicle alone. The extract stimulated the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta and the expression of their messenger RNA in a dose-dependent manner. 16,16-Dimethyl prostaglandin E2 inhibited the production of these cytokines and their messenger RNA in the presence of H. pylori at doses higher than 10(-6) M, predominantly with tumor necrosis factor-alpha. These data suggest that antiinflammatory effects of prostaglandins on gastric mucosa are in part related to their effects on inhibition of production of proinflammatory cytokines by monocytes.

16,16-Dimethylprostaglandin E2↗

PubMed1999

Relationship between bone mineral density and tooth loss in elderly Japanese women.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between vertebral bone mass and tooth loss and jaw bone mass in elderly Japanese women. METHODS: Mandibular cortical bone mass, alveolar bone height and number of teeth present (total, anterior, and posterior) were compared with the 3rd lumbar vertebral bone mineral density (L3BMD), measured by dual energy computed tomography (DEQCT), in 90 Japanese women by means of multiple regression analysis, controlling for body mass index, menopausal status, years since menopause and self-reported periodontal condition. RESULTS: Mandibular cortical bone mass and number of posterior teeth were associated with both alveolar bone height and L3BMD, but there was no association between alveolar bone height, number of anterior teeth present and L3BMD. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the loss of posterior teeth may be associated with a decrease not only in alveolar bone height, but also alveolar bone mineral density (BMD). The latter may be related to a decrease of lumbar vertebral BMD.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Characteristics and risk factors of acute dystonia in schizophrenic patients treated with nemonapride, a selective dopamine antagonist.

The occurrence of acute dystonia was prospectively monitored in 39 schizophrenic patients (18 male and 21 female) treated with 9 to 27 mg/day of nemonapride, a selective dopamine antagonist, and the relationship of acute dystonia with characteristics of patients and plasma concentrations of the drug and prolactin was investigated. Twenty (51.3%) of 39 patients had dystonic reactions, the onsets of which occurred within 3 days after the initiation of treatment in 90% of dystonic patients. The incidence of acute dystonia was significantly higher in male than in female patients (77.8% vs. 28.6%, p < 0.05). Younger male patients (< or = 30 years) especially had an extremely high incidence of this side effect (91.7%). A positive correlation between prolactin response after 1 week of treatment and dystonia rating scores was found in male (Spearman rank correlation: r(s) = 0.606,p < 0.01) but not in female patients (r(s) = -0.378,p = not significant). These results suggest that young male patients have the highest risk of neuroleptic-induced dystonia. Prolactin response after 1 week of treatment as an index of dopamine blockade may reflect vulnerability to the development of acute dystonia at least in male patients treated with nemonapride.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1999

Effects of itraconazole on the steady-state plasma concentrations of haloperidol and its reduced metabolite in schizophrenic patients: in vivo evidence of the involvement of CYP3A4 for haloperidol metabolism.

The effects of itraconazole, a potent inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4, on the steady-state plasma concentrations of haloperidol and reduced haloperidol were examined in schizophrenic patients. Thirteen schizophrenic patients treated with haloperidol 12 or 24 mg/day received 200 mg/day of itraconazole for 7 days. Plasma concentrations of haloperidol and reduced haloperidol were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography together with clinical assessment by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and the Udvalg for Kliniske Undersogelser side effect rating scale just before and during itraconazole treatment and 1 week after its discontinuation. Plasma concentrations of haloperidol and reduced haloperidol during the itraconazole treatment (16.9 +/- 11.2 and 6.1 +/- 6.6 ng/mL, respectively) were significantly (p < 0.01) higher than those observed before itraconazole treatment (13.0 +/- 7.9 and 4.9 +/- 5.1 ng/mL) or 1 week after its discontinuation (13.5 +/- 8.2 and 4.9 +/- 5.0 ng/mL). No change was found in clinical symptoms assessed by BPRS, whereas neurologic side effects were significantly (p < 0.05) increased during itraconazole coadministration. The elevated plasma concentrations of haloperidol and reduced haloperidol during itraconazole coadministration were likely due to the inhibitory effects of itraconazole on the metabolism of haloperidol and reduced haloperidol. Thus, this study may provide in vivo evidence of involvement of CYP3A4 in the metabolism of haloperidol and possibly in that of reduced haloperidol. Deterioration of neurologic side effects during itraconazole treatment may result from the increased plasma concentrations of haloperidol and reduced haloperidol during itraconazole treatment.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Lack of significant pharmacokinetic interaction between haloperidol and grapefruit juice.

The effects of repeated ingestion of grapefruit juice, an inhibitor of cytochrome P4503A4 (CYP3A4), on the steady-state plasma concentrations of haloperidol and reduced haloperidol were examined. Twelve schizophrenic inpatients receiving haloperidol 12 mg/day, ingested grapefruit juice 600 ml/day for 7 days. Blood samples were collected before and during grapefruit juice coadministration and 1 week after its discontinuation together with an assessment of clinical status. Plasma drug concentrations were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. Clinical status for each patient was assessed by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and the UKU side-effect rating scale (UKU). Plasma concentrations of haloperidol and reduced haloperidol during grapefruit juice coadministration (9.0 +/- 3.0 and 2.6 +/- 1.4 ng/ml, respectively) were not significantly different from those before grapefruit juice coadministration (9.1 +/- 2.8 and 2.6 +/- 1.5 ng/ml) or those 1 week after its discontinuation (8.8 +/- 2.7 and 2.6 +/- 1.3 ng/ml). There was no change in the scores of BPRS or UKU during the study period. The present results shows that grapefruit juice does not affect the plasma concentrations of haloperidol and reduced haloperidol or clinical status in patients receiving haloperidol.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Nucleus pulposus-induced nerve root injury: relationship between blood flow and motor nerve conduction velocity.

OBJECTIVE: It is well known that nucleus pulposus induces nerve root injury. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between intraneural blood flow and motor nerve conduction velocity (NCV) after incision of the adjacent disc. METHODS: A total of 65 dogs were used. A left hemilaminotomy was performed, the annulus fibrosus of the L6-L7 intervertebral disc was incised, and nucleus pulposus was gently pushed into the epidural space by saline solution injection. A left hemilaminotomy without disc incision was used as the sham operation. Seven dogs were used for incision and five dogs for sham treatment for each of the following time points: 1 day, 3 days, 1 week, 1 month, and 2 months of exposure. Five additional dogs were used to establish baseline data. Blood flow in the nerve root was measured in the left L7 nerve root with a tissue blood flowmeter, using an electrolytic hydrogen clearance method. Motor NCV over the exposed area of the nerve root was measured using a neurophysiological technique. RESULTS: There was a reduction in blood flow in the nerve root after disc incision that began after 1 day and was maximal after 1 week. This reduction had resolved by 1 month, however. The motor NCV showed a reduction pattern similar to that for blood flow in the nerve root, but reduction did not begin until 3 days after disc incision and was not fully resolved until 2 months. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that the reduction and recovery of motor NCV are related to, and preceded by, a reduction in blood flow in the nerve root. The data might provide important information regarding the basic pathophysiological mechanisms of nucleus pulposus-induced nerve root injury.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Effects of carbamazepine coadministration on plasma concentrations of the enantiomers of mianserin and of its metabolites.

Concentrations of the enantiomers of unconjugated and of total (unconjugated plus conjugated) mianserin, desmethylmianserin and 8-hydroxymianserin were measured in 12 patients before and after the introduction of carbamazepine. The dose of mianserin was 60 mg/d, carbamazepine was coadministered at 400 mg/d for 4 weeks, and blood samples were taken at weekly intervals after the introduction of carbamazepine. Each week, carbamazepine significantly decreased plasma concentrations of unconjugated and total (S)-mianserin (the more potent enantiomer) and of unconjugated and total (R)-mianserin. On average, plasma concentrations of unconjugated and total (S)-mianserin and of unconjugated and total (R)-mianserin were 55%, 56%, 66%, and 55%, respectively, of the corresponding values before introduction of carbamazepine. These results strongly suggest the involvement of CYP3A4, the major CYP enzyme induced by carbamazepine, in the metabolism of both enantiomers of mianserin. A strong decrease in the concentrations of (S)-8-hydroxymianserin was also measured (on average, the concentrations were 69% of the corresponding values before carbamazepine introduction). Conversely, plasma concentrations of unconjugated and of total (S)-desmethylmianserin, (R)-desmethylmianserin, and (R)-8-hydroxymianserin were only slightly modified by carbamazepine. From a clinical point of view, as a therapeutic window for (S)-mianserin has been recently suggested, the dose of racemic mianserin for a patient whose (S)-mianserin concentrations have been stabilized within this therapeutic window would need to be approximately doubled if carbamazepine, at 400 mg/d, is introduced as a comedication.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

No pharmacokinetic but pharmacodynamic interactions between cisapride and bromperidol or haloperidol.

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between the gastrokinetic drug cisapride and the antipsychotic drugs bromperidol and haloperidol were studied in 29 schizophrenic inpatients. Fourteen patients were taking bromperidol (12-24 mg/d), and 15 were taking haloperidol (12-36 mg/d). Cisapride 10 mg/d was coadministered for 1 week, and blood sampling was performed before cisapride treatment, 1 week after starting cisapride treatment, and I week after stopping cisapride treatment. On the same days as the blood sampling, psychotic symptoms and side effects were evaluated using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and the Udvalg for Kliniske Undersøgelser (UKU) side effect rating scale (UKU), respectively. Plasma concentrations of bromperidol, haloperidol, and their reduced metabolites were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. The mean BPRS scores after adding cisapride were significantly higher than those before cisapride (p<0.01) and after stopping cisapride (p<0.001) in the haloperidol group in this uncontrolled study. A similar tendency was observed in the bromperidol group, although it did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.08). Cisapride coadministration caused no significant changes in the mean plasma concentrations of bromperidol, haloperidol, and their reduced metabolites or in the mean UKU score. The present study suggests that there is no significant pharmacokinetic interaction between cisapride and bromperidol or haloperidol, but cisapride appears to deteriorate psychotic symptoms by a pharmacodynamic interaction in schizophrenic patients treated with haloperidol.

Antipsychotic Agents↗

PubMed1999

Ictal video-EEG recording of three partial seizures in a patient with the benign infantile convulsions associated with mild gastroenteritis.

PURPOSE: In infants, benign convulsions can be triggered by febrile illness or mild diarrhea such as Rotavirus gastroenteritis. The triggering mechanism of these convulsions is still unknown. In spite of several reports concerning clinical features, the ictal EEG recordings were rarely analyzed by a video-EEG monitoring system. To reveal a clue for the triggering mechanism of these convulsions, we analyzed the correlation of clinical manifestations and the EEG discharges during the ictal events and compared with previous reports. METHODS: The ictal EEG of a cluster of three afebrile convulsions associated with mild gastroenteritis was recorded by an EEG closed-circuit TV (EEG-CCTV) monitoring system in a 6-month-old healthy female infant. RESULTS: All seizures began as complex partial seizures (CPSs), which exhibited a motionless stare with or without leftward deviation of both eyes, and evolved to secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures (SGTCSs) for approximately 90 s. Each of three ictal discharges began from the right occipital, right centroparietotemporal, and left occipital regions, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Although initiating sites of ictal discharges of benign infantile convulsions associated with mild gastroenteritis (BICE) were previously reported to be variable among patients, these results indicated that those differ among seizures even in a same infant.

Cerebral Cortex↗