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K P Balo

Publications and source records attributed to K P Balo.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

[What do we know about intraocular pressure in the Togolese population?].

BACKGROUND: Intraocular pressure is a major ocular risk factor of chronic open angle glaucoma. This study aimed to describe characteristics of intraocular pressure in a defined black African population. METHODS: Hospital outpatients were recruited for this study, and all measures were taken with a pulse air tonometer between 8 AM and 12 AM; some participants were glaucoma patients under medical treatment. On the whole, 7,042 participants (13,831 eyes) were included in this study. RESULTS: The mean age of all participants was 41 +/- 18 years: 9.9% were under 16 years of age; 21.2% were between 35 and 44 years old. The average intraocular pressure was 17.05+/-5.93 mmHg; for the subgroup under 16 years of age. Girls had higher pressure than boys: 16.01 vs 16.32 mmHg in the right eye. For those over 16 years of age, pressures were higher in men, with an average of 17.45 mmHg vs 16.67 mmHg in the right eye. High intraocular pressure was found in 22.28% of the participants, with values ranging from 20 to 29 mmHg in 86.8% of cases. The relative prevalence of hypertony seems to increase with age, reaching 30% for those aged 55-64 years. CONCLUSION: There is a high rate of hypertony in our findings, which seems to correlate with the increased glaucoma prevalence already described in the Togolese population. We concluded that in our setting, the prevention of glaucoma in isolated hypertonies and the management of glaucomatous cases warrant a thorough assessment of intraocular pressure at all ages.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[The distribution of cup disc ratios in a general population of Southern Togo aged 40 years and over].

PURPOSE: Clinical reports and epidemiological surveys have raised the key issues of both the burden of glaucoma blindness and the high prevalence of the disease among the populations of Togo. This population survey aimed to collect data on the distribution of cup disc ratios. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study population of 685 persons was selected in a remote rural area. All participants aged over 40 years were included. Eye assessment was conducted in the local health facilities using a visual acuity chart, an ophthalmoscope and light magnification for exploration of the anterior segment. RESULTS: The mean age of participants was 49.70 years (range, 40-99 years); men accounted for 61.8% and women 38.2%. Mean cup disc ratios were not different in both eyes, with 0.38 in the right eye and 0.37 in the left. Cup disc ratios over 0.5 represented 29.3% in the right eye and 29.8% in the left one; a cut-off point over 0.7 gave an abnormal cup ratio prevalence of 9.2% in the right eye and 9.3% in the left eye. In 92% of cases, the appearance of the cupping was round, and was elliptic in 7.6% of patients. We found that 75% of discs had a central round cupping. The temporal location was noted in 22% of cases while nasal locations were recorded in 2.4%. CONCLUSION: This survey has noted the various patterns of cup discs, with the mean cup disc ratio similar to what is usually described in similar studies. Further population-based surveys using the cut-off ratios found here are needed to determine the prevalence of glaucoma in this rural area.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Glaucoma characteristics in 13 families of 2-4 generations].

OBJECTIVE: Heredity, one of the risk factors associated with primitive glaucoma, has not yet been studied in Togolese glaucoma patients. In this study, we report the characteristics and the modes of transmission of the family forms of glaucoma in 13 Togolese families. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From glaucomatous propositus and the presence of blindness unrelated to cataract in the ascendants, we carried out a family survey, drew up 13 family trees covering 2-4 generations in 190 participants. Screening based on tonometry and ophthalmoscopy made it possible, after perimetry, to confirm cases of glaucoma. RESULTS: Glaucomatous blindness was found in 4.2% of the subjects while 2.1% presented severe vision problems, for a total of 6.3% partially sighted persons due to glaucoma in the group of 190 participants. Glaucoma was confirmed in 57 participants (30%); 24.2% had a bilateral deficit compared to 5.8% with a unilateral perimetric deficit. Eight of the family trees covered four generations, four covered three generations, and two generations were covered in two family trees. Analysis of the trees led to the suspicion of a dominant autosomal transmission in six families, a recessive form in five families, and sporadic forms in two families. CONCLUSION: The presence of the hereditary family forms of glaucoma in 11 studied families out of 13 indicate a strong suspicion for the presence of a glaucoma gene; this can only be elucidated with a further study that would include genetic sequencing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Corneal perforated wounds treatment by "thermal contact": report of 25 cases].

Authors present a particular treatment of perforated corneal wounds. Patients presenting traumatic perforated corneal wound with iris hernia infected or not, have been treated by a weekly hernia's outside cauterization. Wound dressing, rifamycin eye drop until cicatrization, antibiotic and anti-inflammatory per os, are daily instituted for 10 days. Patients follow up runs from 5 months to 4 years. We have obtained in all cases ocular bulb conservation but one case of phthisis bulb. Visual acuity increase between 2/10 and 7/10 after eyes with peripheral perforated wounds cicatrization. Second eye is normal in all cases. This technique can be used to avoid mutilation surgery in our region when prosthesis is difficult to get.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

[Correlation between neuroretinal rim and optic disc areas in normal melanoderm and glaucoma patients].

BACKGROUND: To evaluate optic disc size and its relationship with neuroretinal rim areas. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was prospective; 400 hundred patients with 292 glaucomatous and 108 non glaucomatous were enrolled in this study. Optic disc size quantification was assessed by the use of Goldmann 3 mirror contact lens; diameter reading were adjusted by the magnification factor of the lens, squares of the disc and the cupping were calculated using an ellipse formula, the neuroretinal rim area was then obtained by reducing the cupping area from the whole optic disc area. RESULTS: The mean age of the sample was 36.80 years (sd: 15.68 years).The average value of the vertical disc diameter was 2.045 mm (sd: 0.254) for glaucoma patients and 1.966 mm (sd: 0.237) in the control group; p<0.001. Neuroretinal rim area was 1.886 mm(2) (sd: 0.675) in the glaucoma group; and 2.165 mm(2) (sd: 0.425) in the control one; p<0. 004. In the glaucoma group, 72.97% of large optic disc were found (vertical diameter over 1.90 mm); and 63.80% in the control one. In the control group, neuroretinal rim area was wider in the large optic discs compared to the small discs, p<0.001, Anova test. Neuroretinal rim area was thinner in the glaucoma large disc compared to the control, p<0.005, Student test. Meanwhile, there was no difference in the medium and the small discs in the glaucoma and control groups; p > 0.005, Student Newmann test. CONCLUSION: Neuroretinal rim areas are thinner in the large glaucoma discs compared to the non glaucoma large discs. In Africa, this parameter could be helpful in the diagnosis and survey of glaucoma patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

[Cytomegalovirus retinitis and ocular complications in AIDS patients in Togo].

BACKGROUND: Cytomegalovirus retinitis seems to be an uncommon complication in African AIDS patients. This study was conducted in 200 patients in order to evaluate AIDS eye related complications with specific focus to cytomegalovirus retinitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: During a period of 20 months, 200 patients (83 men and 117 women) presenting WHO AIDS case definition diagnosis were enrolled for a complete ocular examination comprising external, anterior segment and retinal fundus and fluorescein angiographic examination. RESULTS: For the whole, 200 patients underwent ocular examinations; of them 121 (60.5%) developed ocular complications. The most frequent complications were cotton wool spots (25.5%), cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis (21.5%), retinal hemorrhage (6%), papilloedema (3%), chorioretinal toxoplasmosis (3%), peripheral retinal vascularitis (2. 5%), herpes zoster ophthalmicus (2%). Among those with CMV retinitis, bilateral lesions were found in 30 cases, and unilateral ones in 13 cases. Poor vision was associated with the presence of CMV retinitis in 88% of cases. Death occurred in a mean range of 22 days after the "presumed" diagnosis of CMV retinitis. CONCLUSION: Cytomegalovirus retinitis represents the second ocular complication in AIDS patients in this study. Poor visual outcome was associated in 88% of cases. These results demonstrate that in some west African countries, CMV retinitis may be a common complication in AIDS patients.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1998

[Morphometry of the optic disc in Togolese patients with glaucoma or suspected glaucoma. Preliminary study].

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to measure morphometric parameters of the optic disc in Togolese glaucoma patients and suspects by the mean of the millimetric scale of the slit lamp and the Goldmann contact lens. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We selected 202 patients (393 eyes) with a mean age of 36.69 years +/- 15.33 (standard deviation); they were divided into 2 subgroups A (162 glaucomatous) and B (40 glaucoma suspects); direct reading of the slit lamp millimetric scale and the Goldmann contact lens was used. RESULTS: In the group A, the optic disc vertical diameter was 1.792 +/- 0.21 mm; the horizontal diameter was 1.701 +/- 0.198 mm. In the group B, vertical disc diameter was 1.700 +/- 0.262 mm; the horizontal one was 1.662 +/- 0.190 mm. The vertical cup disc diameter was 1.147 +/- 0.274 mm in the group A and 0.708 mm +/- 0.274 mm in the group B. The neuroretinal area was 1.360 +/- 0.524 mm2 in group A and 1.786 +/- 0.467 mm2 in group B. CONCLUSION: This study using millimetric scale of the slit lamp and the three mirrors Goldmann contact lens was easy, simple and useful clinically. It could be helpful in conducting quantitative studies in countries with low resources because this method is costless compared with others.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[Tonometric course after trabeculectomy. Apropos of 105 cases at the Lomé UHC].

BACKGROUND: This study has been conducted in order to assess tonometric changes after trabeculectomies without antimetabolites in primary open angle glaucoma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred and five eyes (105) in 64 patients with complicated open angle glaucoma with drug-resistant intraocular pressure or presenting disease progression were followed for 36 months. RESULTS: The mean intraocular pressure before surgery was 32.24 mmHg. Success rate (IOP < 21 MMhG without additional medical treatment) assessed with the Kaplan-Meier method was 64% at 12 months, 60% at 24 months and 56% at 36 months. CONCLUSION: In our experience, many factors including the cost of medical treatment are discussed before the surgery. Our success rate probability was average. Antimetabolites and medical additional treatment are needed for improvement.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[Retinal involvement in drepanocytosis in Togo. Correlation between age, genotype and retinopathy].

PURPOSE: To evaluate different retinal complications, study correlation with age and links with genotypic forms in Togolese sickle cell patients. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Patients were recruited between 1994 and 1996 at the hospital, genotypic diagnosis by electrophoresis, systematic angiofluorography were performed and laser photocoagulation of retinal neovascularisation if needed. RESULTS: A total number of 190 patients were recruited, 84 (44.21%) had retinopathy, while 106 (55.79%) were normal. The SC form was most affected with 50 patients (26.3%), followed by the SS group in 11.05% (21 patients), and AS trait, 2.65% (5 patients). Patients most affected by proliferative retinopathy were aged 35-44 years (n = 30; 15%), 25-34 years in 23.8% and 15-24 years in 20.6%. CONCLUSION: Young Togolese sickle cell patients aged 35 to 44 year-old and the SC forms appear to have a relative high risk of proliferative retinopathy in this study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[Hemoglobinopathies and retinopathies in Lomé UHC].

BACKGROUND: There are few publications concerning retinal complications of hemoglobinopathies in our country. We studied recruited patients to evaluate these complications. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From October 1993 to August 1995, 66 patients were recruited among clinical hematology out patients; all of them underwent acetate electrophoretic diagnosis and fluorescein angiographic examination. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 26,92 years, ranging from 5 years to 50 years; the genotypic forms were 34 SC (51.51%), 15 SS (22.72%), 11 AC (16.66%), 2 AS (3.03%), 2 CC (3.03%), and 2 A2F (3.03%). Thirty eight patients (57.57%) had retinopathies. The majority were proliferative retinopathies in 55,26% cases and in 44,73% non proliferarive retinopathies. These retinopathies were essentially present with SC (26 cases for 34 SC, 76.47%), predominantly proliferative forms (21 cases for 26 SC, 80.76%). CONCLUSION: Retinal complications are common in Togolese sickle cell patients; clinical course usually leads to proliferations. Early screening could help improve prevention, including laser photocoagulation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[Chloroquine maculopathy and prevention of malaria].

PURPOSE: Chloroquine maculopathy is a major complication observed during prophylactic treatment of malaria. We present here 18 cases recently documented at Lomé Teaching Hospital. METHOD: Retrospective data of patients presenting with macular fluoroscopic bull's eye are analysed, all had a history of prophylactic treatment for malaria. RESULTS: These patients presented with three models of prophylaxy, total toxic doses were 185 g, 557 g and 1,300 g in the case of low, mild or high and massive continuous prophylaxy. All eighteen patients presented with macular angiofluorographic bull's eye; 11 were male, 7 female, mean age was 41.72 years. CONCLUSION: Chloroquine retinopathy is a rare complication observed at our hospital. Because of the poor prognosis of the disease and our geographical situation in an endemic area, the threshold dose might be 185 g. Patients should have undergone systematic screening before these cumulative doses. The incidence of this major complication which could increase would question chloroquine prophylaxy with actual doses and methods.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy: two case reports observed in Togo].

Central serous chorioretinopathy is due to accumulation of serous fluid between the sensory retina and pigmented epithelium. Our perusal of the literature did not turn up any reports on this topic in Black Africa. The disorder was observed in 2 patients from Togo who presented with unilateral reduction in visual acuity. Initially suspected by the presence of a macular lesion on the fundus and by ophthalmoscopic examination, diagnosis was confirmed by angiofluorography. Angiofluorography is the method of choice and the low incidence of this eye disorder in Black Africa is probably due to the poor availability of this method. Although the two patients in this study responded to corticosteroid therapy, treatment usually requires laser photocoagulation to eliminate the site of abnormal transudation and create a choroidal adhesion. In this regard recent studies indicate that the primary mechanism underlying this disorder is multifocal or diffuse hyperpermeability of the choroidal vessels.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1995

[Retinal complications in hemoglobinopathies: report of 32 cases].

Hemoglobinopathies especially sickle cell disease causes neovascularization in the retina and lead to hemorrhage. To gain insight into the features and incidence of this retinopathy, a study was carried out in Lome, Togo, in 32 subjects (mean age: 31.1 years) presenting hemoglobinopathy. There were 25 patients with SC disease, 3 with SS, 2 with AC, and 2 with A2F. All were examined by the same ophthalmologist and underwent fluorescein angiography. Retinopathy was observed in 22 of the 32 patients including 21 of the 25 patients (84%) with SC and one patient with AC who presented macular hemorrhage. The main findings in patients with SC were formation of new blood vessels in the peripheral retina characteristic of proliferating retinopathy in 11 cases, black sun spots characteristic of non-proliferating retinopathy in 3 cases, and evidence of vitreous hemorrhage in 2 cases. These findings confirm the high incidence and seriousness of retinal complications in patients with SC disease. Prevention is necessary and requires systematic screening to allow early detection of complications which can be treated by laser photocoagulation.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[The optic disk in Togolese patients with glaucoma].

BACKGROUND: We conducted this retrospective study to analyze the main characteristics of the disc cuppings in patients diagnosed with chronic open angle glaucoma. METHODS: Data of 489 patients seen in our department and presenting chronic open angle glaucoma were collected. All these patients entered our glaucoma criteria and had disc cupping examination by color stereophotography during the follow up period of 36 months. RESULTS: The sample for the whole comprised 489 patients, of whom 327 where men (67%) and 162 female (33%). Most of the patients are young, 68.97% less than 45 years old. The disc cuppings had various distributions: 28% at 0.4; 25.8% at 0.5; 19.3% at 0.6; 13.2% at 0.7; 10.7% at 0.8; and 4.3% at 0.9. The mean cupping in the left eye (0.6) was greater than that of the right eye (0.52); p = 0.001. There were also differences in the values of the mean cupping with the age (p = 0.0001). However, there was a correlation between the cuppings and the result of the automatic perimetry. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated the importance of disc cup examination for the diagnosis, follow-up, and treatment of chronic open angle glaucoma in our populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[Young glaucomatous patients in the Togo population].

Glaucoma in Blacks presents different epidemiological aspects from those classically described in Whites. For example, the prevalences are higher in Blacks than with Whites. This study concerning young togolese with chronic open angle glaucoma noted that 66.87% were less than 45 years old, of whom 7.25% were between 11-15 years; 23.85% between 15-24 years; 28.44% between 25-34 years and 39.44% between 35-44 years; 65.23% were men and 34.86% female. The mean disc cuppings were 0.50 between 11-15 years; 0.52 between 15-24 years; 0.52 between 25-34 years and 0.52 between 35-44 years (p = 0.6053, not significant). These cuppings were greater in the left eye than in the right (p < 0.02 with significance); in the left eye the values of the cuppings were 0.52 between 11-15 years; 0.57 between 15-24 years; 0.67 between 25-34 years and 0.58 between 35-44 years, while these values in the right eye were 0.50 between 11-15 years; 0.52 between 15-24 years; 0.52 between 25-34 years and 0.52 between 35-44 years. Regarding the automated visual fields, the results correlated with the disc cuppings. The Togolese glaucomatous patients are often young with severe glaucoma characterized by major cuppings and very damaged visual fields.

Adolescent↗