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Biomedical subjects

K P George

Publications and source records attributed to K P George.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Preload maintenance and the left ventricular response to prolonged exercise in men.

This study examined whether left ventricular function was reduced during 3 h of semi-recumbent ergometer cycling at 70% of maximal oxygen uptake while preload to the heart was maintained via saline infusion. Indices of left ventricular systolic function (end-systolic blood pressure-volume relationship, SBP/ESV) and diastolic filling (ratio of early to late peak filling velocities into the left ventricle, E:A) were calculated during recovery and compared with baseline resting data. During exercise in seven healthy, trained male subjects, an arterial catheter allowed continuous assessment of arterial pressure, stroke volume (SV), cardiac output ( ) and an index of contractility (dP/dt(max)). A venous catheter assessed that central venous pressure (CVP) was maintained throughout rest, exercise and 10 min into recovery. Both systolic blood pressure and heart rate (HR) increased with the onset of exercise (from 132 +/- 5 to 185 +/- 19 mmHg and from 66 +/- 9 to 135 +/- 23 beats min(-1); increases from rest to the end of the first 5 min of exercise in SBP and HR, respectively) but systolic blood pressure did not change from 30 to 180 min of exercise ( approximately 150 mmHg), while heart rate only increased by 8 +/- 9 beats min(-1) (means +/- s.d.; P > 0.05). The attenuated increase in HR compared with other studies suggests that the maintained CVP ( approximately 5 mmHg) helped to prevent cardiovascular drift in this protocol. Stroke volume, and dP/dt(max) were all increased with the onset of exercise (from 85 +/- 8 to 120 +/- 18 ml, from 5.4 +/- 1.3 to 16.5 +/- 3.3 l min(-1) and from 14.4 +/- 4 to 28 +/- 8 mmHg s(-1); values from rest to the end of the first 5 min of exercise for SV, and dP/dt(max), respectively) and were maintained during exercise. There was no difference in the SBP/ESV ratio from pre- to postexercise. Conversely, E:A was reduced from 2.0 +/- 0.4 to 1.6 +/- 0.5 postexercise (P < 0.05), returning to normal values at 24 h postexercise. This change in diastolic filling could not be fully explained (r(2) = 0.39) by an increased heart rate and, with CVP unchanged, it is likely to represent some depression of intrinsic relaxation properties of left ventricular myocytes. Three hours of semi-supine cycling resulted in no evidence of a depression in left ventricular systolic function, while left ventricular diastolic function declined postexercise.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2005

The influence of body size on measurements of overall cardiac function.

The purpose of this study was to determine the best scaling method to account for the effects of body size on measurements of overall cardiac function and subsequently the interpretation of data based on cardiac power output (CPO). CPO was measured at rest (CPO(rest)) and at maximal exercise (CPO(max)) on 88 and 103 healthy but untrained men and women, respectively, over the age range of 20-70 yr. Cardiac reserve (CR) was calculated as CPO(max) - CPO(rest). CPO(rest), CPO(max), and CR were all significantly related to body mass (BM), body surface area (BSA), and lean body mass (LBM). The linear regression model failed to completely normalize these measurements. In contrast, the allometric model produced size-independent values of CPO. Furthermore, all the assumptions associated with the allometric model were achieved. For CPO(rest), mean body size exponents were BM(0.33), BSA(0.60), and LBM(0.47). For CPO(max), the exponents were BM(0.41), BSA(0.81), and LBM(0.71). For CR, mean body size exponents were BM(0.44), BSA(0.87), and LBM(0.79). LBM was identified (from the root-mean-squares errors of the separate regression models) as the best physiological variable (based on its high metabolic activity) to be scaled in the allometric model. Scaling of CPO to LBM(b) (where b is the scaling exponent) dramatically reduced the between-gender differences with only a 7% difference in CPO(rest) and CPO(max) values. In addition, the gender difference in CR was completely removed. To avoid erroneous interpretations and conclusions being made when comparing data between men and women of different ages, the allometric scaling of CPO to LBM(b) would seem crucial.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

A survey of flexibility training protocols and hamstring strains in professional football clubs in England.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relation between current flexibility training protocols, including stretching, and hamstring strain rates (HSRs) in English professional football clubs. METHOD: Questionnaire based data on flexibility training methods and HSRs were collected from 30 English professional football clubs in the four divisions during the 1998/99 season. Data were coded and analysed using cross tabulation, correlation, and multiple regression. RESULTS: Flexibility training protocols were characterised by wide variability, with static stretching the most popular stretching technique used. Hamstring strains represented 11% of all injuries and one third of all muscle strains. About 14% of hamstring strains were reinjuries. HSRs were highest in the Premiership (13.3 (9.4)/1000 hours) with the lowest rates in Division 2 (7.8 (2.9)/1000 hours); values are mean (SD). Most (97%) hamstring strains were grade I and II, two thirds of which occurred late during training/matches. Forwards were injured most often. Use of the standard stretching protocol (SSP) was the only factor significantly related to HSR (r = -0.45, p = 0.031) in the correlation analysis, suggesting that the more SSP is used, the lower the HSR. About 80% of HSR variability was accounted for by stretching holding time (SHT), SSP, and stretching technique (STE) in the multiple regression equation: HSR = 37.79 - (0.33SHT + [corrected] 10.05SSP + 2.24STE) +/- 2.34. SHT (negatively correlated with HSR) was the single highest predictor, and accounted for 30% of HSR variability, and an additional 40% in combination with SSP. CONCLUSIONS: Flexibility training protocols in the professional clubs were variable and appeared to depend on staffing expertise. Hamstring stretching was the most important training factor associated with HSR. The use of SSP, STE, and SHT are probably involved in a complex synergism which may reduce hamstring strains. Modification of current training patterns, especially stretching protocols, may reduce HSRs in professional footballers.

England↗
PubMed2004

Left ventricular systolic function and diastolic filling after intermittent high intensity team sports.

BACKGROUND: Prolonged steady state exercise can lead to a decrease in left ventricular (LV) function as well as promote the release of cardiac troponin T (cTnT). There is limited information on the effect of intermittent high intensity exercise of moderate duration. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of intermittent high intensity exercise of moderate duration on LV function. METHODS: Nineteen male rugby and football players (mean (SD) age 21 (2) years) volunteered. Assessments, before, immediately after, and 24 hours after competitive games, included body mass, heart rate (HR), and systolic blood pressure (sBP) as well as echocardiography to assess stroke volume (SV), ejection fraction (EF), systolic blood pressure/end systolic volume ratio (sBP/ESV), and global diastolic filling (E:A) as well as to indirectly quantify preload (LV internal dimension at end diastole (LVIDd)). Serum cTnT was analysed using a 3rd generation assay. Changes in LV function were analysed by repeated measures analysis of variance. cTnT data are presented descriptively. RESULTS: SV (91 (26) v 91 (36) v 90 (35) ml before, after, and 24 hours after the game respectively), EF (71 (8) v 70 (9) v 71 (7)%), and sBP/ESV (4.2 (1.8) v 3.8 (1.9) v 4.1 (1.6) mm Hg/ml) were not significantly altered (p>0.05). Interestingly, whereas LVIDd was maintained after the game (50 (5) v 50 (6) mm), sBP was transiently but significantly reduced (131 (3) v 122 (3) mm Hg; p<0.05). E:A was moderately (p<0.05) reduced after the game (2.0 (0.4) v 1.5 (0.4)) but returned to baseline within 24 hours. No blood sample contained detectable levels of cTnT. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort, LV systolic function was not significantly altered after intermittent activity. A transient depression in global diastolic filling was partially attributable to a raised HR and could not be explained by myocyte disruption as represented by cTnT release.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The influence of recovery posture on post-exercise hypotension in normotensive men.

PURPOSE: Postexercise hypotension may be the result of an impaired vasoconstrictor response. This hypothesis was investigated by examining the central and peripheral hemodynamic responses during supine and seated recovery after maximal upright exercise. METHODS: After supine or seated baseline measurements, seven normotensive male volunteers completed a graded upright cycling protocol to volitional exhaustion. This was immediately followed by either supine or seated recovery. Measurements of pulsatile arterial blood pressure and central and peripheral hemodynamic variables recorded 30 min before exercise were compared with those taken throughout 60 min of recovery. RESULTS: Compared with baseline, mean arterial pressure (MAP) was reduced after exercise (P < 0.05) although the degree of change was not different between the supine (-9 +/- 4 mm Hg) and seated positions (-6 +/- 2 mm Hg). This change in MAP was associated with a reduction in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (P < 0.05) and arterial pulse pressure (APP) (P < 0.01) for the supine and seated positions, respectively. The reduction in APP during seated recovery was accompanied by a decline in stroke volume (SV) (P < 0.05), not seen in the supine position, that limited the contribution of cardiac output (CO) to the maintenance of MAP. This effect of seated recovery was compensated by greater systemic (SVR) and regional vascular resistances in the forearm (FVR) and the forearm skin (SkVRA). There was also evidence of an augmented return of FVR and SkVRA to resting levels in the seated position after exercise. CONCLUSION: The lower peripheral resistance in the supine compared with seated recovery position suggests there is potential for greater vasoconstriction, although this is not evoked to increase blood pressure. This further suggests that the arterial baroreceptor reflex is reset to a lower operating pressure after exercise.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Ankle to brachial pressure index in normal subjects and trained cyclists with exercise-induced leg pain.

PURPOSE: This study compared ankle to brachial pressure indices (ABPI) before and after maximal exercise in three groups in order to investigate maximal exercise testing and ABPI as a useful procedure for the differential diagnosis of exercise-induced leg pain (EILP) in athletes. METHODS: ABPI measurements were taken before and after cycle ergometer exercise to volitional exhaustion or reproduction of symptoms in three groups: 1) untrained individuals (N = 10, 3 female, 7 male; age 35 +/- 5 yr (mean +/- SD)); 2) trained cyclists (N = 10, 3 female, 7 male; age, 30 +/- 5 yr); and 3) symptomatic group of trained cyclists, complaining of EILP (N = 12, 2 female, 10 male; age, 35 +/- 9 yr). RESULTS: Resting blood pressure indices were similar in all groups. ABPI were reduced (P < 0.05) in all groups after exercise. No differences between left and right legs were noted in the elite and untrained groups; however, a significant difference (P < 0.05) was noted between the nonsymptomatic (0.79 +/- 0.10) and symptomatic (0.61 +/- 0.20) legs in the subjects with EILP. Despite these group results, only three subjects in the symptomatic group met the published criteria (index of < 0.5) for endofibrosis of the external iliac artery. All positive ABPI tests were subsequently confirmed via arteriogram. CONCLUSION: Maximal exercise testing combined with ABPI measurement is a simple noninvasive procedure that may be useful for the examination of EILP. The results of this study suggest that, in cases with unilateral symptoms, a between-leg ABPI difference of 0.18 (at the first minute of recovery) may be considered as a useful additional diagnostic criterion.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Cortical language lateralization in right handed normal subjects using functional magnetic resonance imaging.

In 95% of right handed individuals the left hemisphere is dominant for speech and language function. The evidence for this is accumulated primarily from clinical populations. We investigated cortical topography of language function and lateralization in a sample of the right handed population using functional magnetic resonance imaging and two lexical-semantic paradigms. Activated cortical language networks were assessed topographically and quantitatively by using a lateralization index. As a group, we observed left hemispheric language dominance. Individually, the lateralization index varied continuously from left hemisphere dominant to bilateral representation. In males, language primarily lateralized to left, and in females, approximately half had left lateralization and the other half had bilateral representation. Our data indicate that a previous view of female bilateral hemispheric dominance for language (McGlone, 1980. Sex differences in human brain asymmetry: a critical survey. Behav Brain Sci 3:215-263; Shaywitz et al., 1995. Sex differences in the functional organization of the brain for language. Nature 373:607-609) simplifies the complexity of cortical language distribution in this population. Analysis of the distribution of the lateralization index in our study allowed us to make this difference in females apparent.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Estrogen variation and resting left ventricular structure and function in young healthy females.

PURPOSE: A potential confounding factor in the interpretation of left ventricular (LV) structural and functional data in female subjects could be menstrual phase or contraceptive use upon assessment. To date no study has addressed this issue. METHODS: Seventeen eumenorrheic (EU; mean +/- SD age = 21 +/- 3 yr) and 14 combined-oral contraceptive pill-using (COC: mean +/- SD age = 21 +/- 3 yr) females volunteered to participate. The EU had stable menstrual cycles and the COC had all been using the same pill preparation for a minimum of 6 months. Echocardiographic examinations occurred during the mid-follicular phase and mid-luteal phases in the EU and during mid-consumption and mid-end of withdrawal in the COC. LV structure and function were assessed using M-mode and pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiography. Data were compared via Student t-tests and limits of agreement (LoA) were calculated. RESULTS: Structure and function did not significantly differ between phases of the menstrual cycle or between consumption and withdrawal of oral contraception (P > 0.05). However, there was considerable variance in the LoA between variables. Smaller LoA were reported for those variables directly measured from echocardiograms compared with those from derived data. For example, in a measured variable such as LV internal dimension in diastole, the LoA data represented a variation of +/- 0.4 mm (+/- 1%) between phases. Conversely, data for LV mass, a derived variable, reported LoA values of +/- 15 g (10%) between phases. The LoA were consistent between EU and COC. Variation in both measured and derived variables were within, or close to, accepted limits of measurement or biological error. CONCLUSION: It would seem that in studies assessing LV structure and function in women the influence of menstrual phase or oral contraceptive use is of minor significance.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Scaling cardiac structural data by body dimensions: a review of theory, practice, and problems.

Robust estimates of the "true" bivariate relationship between body size (X) and heart size (Y) have seldom been determined empirically. The removal of the covariate influence of body size from cardiac dimension variables facilitates both correct inter- or intra-group comparisons, and the construction of reference standards for normality. In the literature to date this "scaling" or normalisation of cardiac dimensions has been performed typically via a per-ratio standards method, (Y/X), with body surface area chosen as the size denominator. This review demonstrates that the per-ratio standards approach may be theoretically, mathematically, and empirically flawed. The most appropriate scaling procedure appears to be a curvilinear, allometric model of the general form Y = aXb. The cardiac dimension variable (Y) may be regressed upon the body size variable (X) to derive a power function ratio (Y/Xb) that is allegedly size-independent. The current consensus is that an estimate of fat-free mass (FFM) provides the most appropriate body size variable. In the scaling literature allometric modelling procedures have generally yielded FFM exponents (b) consistent with the theory of geometric similarity. We suggest that cardiac dimension data should be scaled by appropriate powers of FFM, derived from allometric modelling. However, despite the potential superiority of FFM as a scaling denominator, reference standards for normality based on FFM have not been developed or proposed. Future research should examine the robustness of the FFM-cardiac dimension relationship in large samples.

Body Constitution↗
PubMed1999

Left ventricular morphology and function in endurance-trained female athletes.

In this study, we investigated resting left ventricular dimensions and function in trained female rowers, canoeists and cyclists. In male populations, such athletes have demonstrated the largest left ventricular wall thicknesses and cavity dimensions. Echocardiograms were analysed from 24 athletes (rowers and canoeists, n = 12; cyclists, n = 12) and 21 age-matched controls to measure left ventricular end-diastolic dimension and volume, and septal (ST) and posterior wall (PWT) thicknesses. Left ventricular mass was calculated from M-mode data. Systolic and diastolic function were calculated from M-mode and Doppler echocardiography, respectively. Height, body mass, body surface area and fat-free mass were determined anthropometrically. The athletes were well matched with the controls for all anthropometric variables except fat-free mass (rowers and canoeists 49.7+/-3.6 kg, cyclists 48.0+/-3.8 kg, controls 45.0+/-5.4 kg; P < 0.05). The left ventricular end-diastolic dimension, mass and volume, and septal and posterior wall thicknesses, were all significantly greater in the athletes than the controls (P < 0.05). These differences persisted (except for left ventricular end-diastolic dimension) even after allometric adjustment for group differences in fat-free mass. Stroke volume was larger (rowers and canoeists 102+/-13 ml, cyclists 103+/-16 ml, controls 80+/-15 ml; P < 0.05) in both groups of athletes but all other functional data were similar between groups. As in male athletes, female rowers, canoeists and cyclists displayed significantly larger left ventricular cavity dimensions and wall thicknesses than controls.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1999

Echocardiographic examination of cardiac structure and function in elite cross trained male and female Alpine skiers.

OBJECTIVE: To assess cardiac structure and function in elite cross-trained male and female athletes (Alpine skiers). METHODS: Sixteen athletes (10 male, six female) and 19 healthy sedentary control subjects (12 male, seven female) volunteered to take part in the study. Basic anthropometry determined height, body mass, body surface area, and fat free mass. Cardiac dimensions and function were determined by two dimensional, M mode, and Doppler echocardiography. Absolute data and data corrected for body size (allometrically determined) were compared by two way analysis of variance and post hoc Scheffé tests. RESULTS: Absolute left ventricular internal dimension in diastole (LVIDd), septal and posterior wall thickness and left ventricular mass were larger in athletes than controls (p < 0.05) and also increased in the men (p < 0.05) compared with women (except for septal thickness in controls). An increased LVIDd, septal thickness, posterior wall thickness, and left ventricular mass in athletes persisted after correction for body size except when LVIDd was scaled by fat free mass. Cardiac dimensions did not differ between the sexes after correction for body size. All functional indices were similar between groups. CONCLUSION: There is evidence of both left ventricular chamber dilatation and wall enlargement in cross trained athletes compared with controls. Differences in absolute cardiac dimensions between the sexes were primarily due to greater body dimensions in the men.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Cortical language activation in stroke patients recovering from aphasia with functional MRI.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Two mechanisms for recovery from aphasia, repair of damaged language networks and activation of compensatory areas, have been proposed. In this study, we investigated whether both mechanisms or one instead of the other take place in the brain of recovered aphasic patients. METHODS: Using blood oxygenation level-dependent functional MRI (fMRI), we studied cortical language networks during lexical-semantic processing tasks in 7 right-handed aphasic patients at least 5 months after the onset of left-hemisphere stroke and had regained substantial language functions since then. RESULTS: We found that in the recovered aphasic patient group, functional language activity significantly increased in the right hemisphere and nonsignificantly decreased in the left hemisphere compared with that in the normal group. Bilateral language networks resulted from partial restitution of damaged functions in the left hemisphere and activation of compensated (or recruited) areas in the right hemisphere. Failure to restore any language function in the left hemisphere led to predominantly right hemispheric networks in some individuals. However, better language recovery, at least for lexical-semantic processing, was observed in individuals who had bilateral rather than right hemisphere-predominant networks. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that the restoration of left-hemisphere language networks is associated with better recovery and inversely related to activity in the compensated or recruited areas of the right hemisphere.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Genetic monitoring of the human population from high-level natural radiation areas of Kerala on the southwest coast of India. II. Incidence of numerical and structural chromosomal aberrations in the lymphocytes of newborns.

Cytogenetic studies using cord blood samples from newborns from high-level natural radiation areas of the Kerala coast in Southwest India have been in progress since 1986. A total of 963,940 metaphases from 10,230 newborns have been screened for various types of chromosomal aberrations. Comparison of 8,493 newborns (804,212 cells) from high-level natural radiation areas (dose rate >1.5 mGy/year) and 1,737 newborns (159,728 cells) from normal-level natural radiation areas (</=1.5 mGy/year) did not show any significant difference in the frequency of dicentrics, translocations, inversions or other types of aberrations known to be associated with radiation exposure. The cytogenetic studies were continued for constitutional anomalies using karyotype analysis, and scoring of 16,169 newborns has been completed. The overall frequency of constitutional anomalies was 4.95 +/- 0.55 per 1,000 newborns, which is comparable to the incidence reported in the literature. Within the limitations of sample size, the frequencies of total autosomal and sex aneuploids as well as structural anomalies were comparable between the high-level and normal-level natural radiation areas. A striking observation was the presence of rogue cells, the rarely occurring metaphases with a high level of chromosomal damage, which have not been reported previously among newborns.

Chromosome Aberrations↗
PubMed1998

Echocardiographic evidence of concentric left ventricular enlargement in female weight lifters.

In this study we investigated resting left ventricular structure and function in elite female weight-lifters. Fifteen National Squad members [mean age (SD) 25 (6) years] were compared to a recreationally active control group [n = 46, 23 (3) years]. Subjects were matched for body mass, body surface area and fat free mass, but the controls were slightly taller (P<0.01). Athletes and controls demonstrated similar resting heart rates and blood pressures. Septal wall (ST), posterior wall (PWT) and left ventricular internal dimension in diastole and systole (LVIDd and LVIDs, respectively) were measured from M-mode echocardiograms. Calculations were made for left ventricular mass (LVM), mass-volume ratio (m:V), wall-thickness-cavity dimension ratio (h:R) and systolic function. Left ventricular filling velocities were determined via Doppler echocardiography. ST [9.0 (1.1) v.s. 7.7 (1.0) mm] and PWT [8.7 (1.4) v.s. 7.5 (1.3) mm] were greater, whereas LVIDd [46.2 (2.8) v.s. 48.4 (3.4) mm] was smaller in the weight-lifters (P<0.05). After allometrically adjusting for differences in height, the weight-lifters had a greater ST, PWT and LVM (P<0.05) and similar LVIDd. Both m:V and h:R were increased in the weightlifters (P<0.05). All functional data were within normal limits and no group differences were observed. The female weight-lifters demonstrated a concentric left ventricular enlargement that was not detrimental to left ventricular performance at rest.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The impact of scalar variable and process on athlete-control comparisons of cardiac dimensions.

PURPOSE: This study compared linear left ventricular dimensions and mass (LVM), before and after normalizing for body dimensions via allometric and ratio-standard scaling. METHODS: Height (HT; m), body mass (BM; kg), body surface area (BSA; m2), and fat-free mass (FFM; kg) were measured in elite male weight lifters (N = 11) and age-matched controls (N = 45). Septum (ST), posterior wall (PWT), and internal dimension in diastole (LVIDd) were measured from M-mode echocardiographic traces and used to calculate LVM. Via multivariate allometric scaling, common group power function exponents were identified for all cardiac dimensions related to all body size scalars. t-tests were used to compare group differences in absolute and scaled data. RESULTS: BM, FFM, and BSA, as well as absolute LVM (262 +/- 54 vs 206 +/- 39) and ST (11 +/- 1 vs 9 +/- 1), were greater in the athletes (P < 0.05). All exponents conformed to dimensionality theory within 95% confidence limits. Fat-free mass presented the highest multiple R value and the least residual sum of squares of any scalar variable. If FFM was used to scale, no difference in LVM remained (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Data suggest that any group effect on cardiac dimensions is substantially altered by the scaling procedure. The choice of the most appropriate variable and process for partitioning out any effect of body dimensions on cardiac dimensions in similar studies requires attention.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Modeling the influence of body size and composition on M-mode echocardiographic dimensions.

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal index for normalizing left ventricular (LV) echocardiographic dimensions for differences in body size. M-mode echocardiograms defined LV internal dimension at end diastole (LVIDD) and LV wall thickness (LVWT) in 107 adults (59 male, 48 female). Allometric relations were assessed between cardiac dimensions (Y) and body size variables (X) of fat-free mass (FFM), height (H), body surface area (BSA), and fat mass (FM). Further to confirmation of homogeneity of regression slopes, size exponents common to both genders were fitted by a log-linear model: ln Y = ln a + c.gender + b.ln X, where a is the proportionality coefficient, b is the size exponent, and c is the gender coefficient. For LVIDD, mean body size exponents (95% confidence interval) were FFM0.35 (0.22-0.47), H0.68 (0.32-1.03), and BSA0.44 (0.26-0.62). For LVWT, the derived exponents were FFM0.43 (0.20-0.65), H0.65 (0-1.3), and BSA0.56 (0.23-0.89). Body fatness (expressed by FM) had no influence on LV dimensions, with exponents not different from zero (P > 0.05). The root-mean-squares error from the separate regression models indicated that the FFM index was the optimal solution. Indexation of LV dimensions by H was associated with the greatest error. Because the 95% confidence interval for the FFM exponents included 0.33, we recommend that linear LV dimensions be indexed by the cube root of FFM. In the absence of FFM data, the root of BSA was found to be the best surrogate index.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1998

Adverse neural tension: a factor in repetitive hamstring strain?

The etiology and nature of repetitive hamstring strain is complex and not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of adverse neural tension in 14 male Rugby Union players with a history of grade 1 repetitive hamstring strain. Comparison was made to an injury-free matched control group. Adverse neural tension was assessed using the slump test. Hamstring flexibility was measured using the active knee extension in lying test. Results indicated that 57% of the test group had positive slump tests, suggesting the presence of adverse neural tension. None of the control group had a positive slump test. Analysis of variance revealed no differences in flexibility between groups or between those demonstrating a positive or negative slump test. Results suggest that adverse neural tension may result from or be a contributing factor in the etiology of repetitive hamstring strain. Residual decreased flexibility is not apparent in this subject group.

Adolescent↗