Cross protection against fowl typhoid. Immunisation trials and humoral immune response.
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Agglutinins↗
Biomedical subjects
K R Mittal
Publications and source records attributed to K R Mittal.
Cross-protection against fowl typhoid. II. Hypersensitivity reactions and quantitative estimation of the elimination of the challenge organisms.
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Acetates↗
Serogrouping of motile Aeromonas species isolated from healthy and moribund fish.
A total of 195 strains of motile Aeromonas isolated from fish were characterized as Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas sobria. In view of the frequency of isolation and the importance of motile Aeromonas species as fish pathogens, a serological classificaton of these organisms was attempted. Antisera were prepared in rabbits against formalinized whole cell suspensions and against boiled cells of 12 different isolates. Seventy-six strains could be grouped by tube agglutination with whole cells as antigen and anti-whole cell antiserum. However, only 39 strains were typable with anti-O serum. Differentiation was made between heat-stable antigens and heat-labile antigens which did not block the O agglutination reaction. The same heat-labile antigen could be associated with different heat-stable particulate antigens, and a relationship was observed between the heat-stable particulate antigens and the virulence of A. hydrophila for fish. In addition to these two types of antigen, motile Aeromonas possessed heat-stable soluble antigens which could be detected by indirect hemagglutination. One strain seemed to possess various heat-stable soluble antigens; so far, however, it does not appear to be feasible to use these antigens for serology. Finally, we also observed cross-reactions between some A. hydrophila and A. sobria strains.
Aeromonas↗
Experimental intramammary infection of cows with Yersinia enterocolitica O9: cellular and immunologic responses.
Three clinically normal cows were inoculated with viable Yersinia enterocolitica O9 by the intramammary route. This provoked an increase in the somatic cell count in milk from the inoculated quarter, but no obvious clinical response. Yersinia enterocolitica was isolated only sporadically from these cattle after inoculation. All cows showed a marked serologic response to Y enterocolitica and Brucella abortus. The anti-Brucella response provoked by inoculation of Yersinia was sufficient to render milk and serum Brucella-seropositive, as measured by the standard milk ring test, the quantitative milk ring test, and the serum agglutination test.
Agglutination Tests↗
Serologic response of pigs to experimental infection with Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O9 and Brucella abortus.
Groups of young pigs were inoculated with either Brucella abortus or Yersinia enterocolitica O:9 and their serum was analyzed to identify techniques by which infections with these organisms could be distinguished. Yersinia enterocolitica was capable consistently of inducing a significant anti-Brucella agglutinin response. By means of microplate agglutination, it was shown that homologous titers usually exceeded or were equal to heterologous titers. This technique was also capable of detecting Yersinia flagellar agglutinins. When a group of serum samples from healthy pigs was surveyed, it was found that none of the techniques tested were capable of unequivocally distinguishing between the 2 infections.
Agglutination Tests↗
The use of the non-specific immunological factors, conglutinin, immunoconglutinin and heterophile antibody, in the serodiagnosis of bovine brucellosis.
The changes in the titres of immunoconglutinin (IK), conglutinin and heterophile antibodies were measured in calves vaccinated with Br. abortus Strain 19. The IK titres rose rapidly following vaccination but returned to normal within ten weeks. A survey of the sera of over 300 cattle showed no significant correlation between the Brucella STA titre and any of these "non-specific' indicators. It is concluded that they are of little assistance in the serodiagnosis of brucellosis.
Animals↗
Indirect hemagglutination employing enterobacterial common antigen and Yersinia somatic antigen: a technique to differentiate brucellosis from infections involving cross-reacting Yersinia enterocolitica.
The existence of enterobacterial common antigen in Yersinia enterocolitica and its absence in Brucella abortus were utilized in an attempt to provide a method to distinguish Brucella infections from infections with cross-reacting Yersinia. The indirect hemagglutination test was employed for this purpose. In experimental laboratory animals, the presence of anti-enterobacterial common antigen was found to be indicative of prior exposure to Y. enterocolitica rather than B. abortus. In cattle, however, low titers of anti-enterobacterial common antigen were present in all animals. It was observed that anti-enterobacterial common antigen titers either equaled or exceeded anti-Yersinia O titers in Yersinia-exposed animals, whereas in animals infected with B. abortus the anti-Yersinia O titer generally exceeded the anti-enterobacterial common antigen titer.
Animals↗
Aeromonas hydrophila in rainbow trout: relation between virulence and surface characteristics.
Motile Aeromonas isolated from fish were studied for their virulence in fish in relation to some surface characteristics. The results showed that only the most virulent strains of A. hydrophila used in this study shared a common O antigen, did not agglutinate in acriflavine, settled down after boiling, and were resistant to the bactericidal action of fresh normal mammalian serum. The least virulent strains could not be grouped into this O antigenic group, they did not settle after boiling, and were sensitive to the bactericidal effect of serum. It is suggested that agglutination in acriflavine, stability after boiling, and sensitivity to normal fresh serum could be used for screening the Aeromonas isolates for virulence in fish.
Acriflavine↗
Depressed immunoconglutinin responses in calves experimentally infected with Trypanosoma congolense.
Contrary to expectation, immunoconglutinin levels failed to rise significantly in calves infected with Trypanosoma congolense. In addition, it was shown that trypanosome infection appeared to inhibit the immunoconglutinin response to Brucella abortus strain 19. The possible reasons for these findings are discussed.
Agglutinins↗
Studies on the relationship between Yersinia enterocolitica IX and Brucella abortus agglutinins in naturally infected animals.
Attempts were made to define the Brucella abortus and Yersinia enterocolitica IX infection status of animal populations by means of selected agglutination tests. The Brucella abortus O, the Yersinia enterocolitica IX OH and the Y enterocolitica IX H agglutinin titres were measured in a large number of cattle, goat and pig sera In the goats and, to a much lesser extent, the pigs, the relationships between these titres suggested that Yersinia infection was common. In contrast, the results from the cattle sera were complex and tended to indicate the presence of both Yersinia infection and brucellosis.
Agglutinins↗
Growth agglutination and growth inhibition tests in the diagnosis of brucellosis.
Growth agglutination and growth inhibition tests were established for the diagnosis of Brucella abortus infection. The former involves the agglutination of living organisms while the latter is a bactericidal test. Using mouse, guinea-pig, rabbit and bovine serum it was shown that the growth agglutination test is approximately ten times, and the growth inhibition test one hundred times, more sensitive than the conventional tube agglutination test. It is suggested that these techniques may be of assistance in diagnosing bovine brucellosis in situations in which the tube agglutination test results are suspected of being falsely negative.
Agglutination Tests↗
Potency testing of anthrax spore vaccine (living) in guinea pigs.
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Animals↗
Experimental studies on the serological relationships between Yersinia enterocolitica and Brucella abortus.
Yersinia enterocolitica O9 was shown to provoke O, OH and H antibody response in calves. Brucella abortus failed to generate Yersinia H antibody response and generated Brucella O antibodies that cross-reacted with Yersinia O and OH antigens. The presence of Yersinia H agglutinins along with a higher titre of Yersinia OH antibody than Brucella O antibody is suggestive of subclinical infection with yersiniosis rather than brucellosis. Cross-absorption of sera from calves with established Yersinia infections indicated that absorption of sera with Brucella O antigens, although completely removing Brucella O antibodies, failed to remove completely Yersinia O, OH and H antibodies, and thus provides an additional method of distinguishing between the two infections.
Agglutination Tests↗
A simple technique to differentiate between animals infected with Yersinia enterocolitica IX and those infected with Brucella abortus.
While both Brucella abortus and Yersinia enterocolitica IX have O antigens in common, they differ significantly with respect to motility. Thus Br abortus is always non-motile while Y enterocolitica is motile when grown at room temperature. The presence of yersinia H agglutinins in serum can be shown to be evidence of previous exposure to Y enterocolitica. These agglutinins are not generated by brucella infection. A rapid H agglutination test will serve to provide this differentiation without interference from cross-reacting O antigens.
Agglutination Tests↗
Cross-protection aginst Salmonella enteritidis infection in mice. I. Immunization trials.
Mice were immunized subcutaneously with live and killed vaccines, with and without complete adjuvant incorporating Salmonella typhi-murium M206, Salmonella gallinarum 9R, Salmonella pullorum Sp223 as well as homologous Salmonella enteritidis Se795. The animals were challenged 21 days post-vaccination with 100 LD50 of virulent S. enteritidis 5694 SMR subcutaneously along with unvaccinated control mice. To assess the immunity against acute and chronic infections, the percentage of absolute survivors i.e. survivors without lesions and without the challenge organism, was taken as the criterion. Live vaccines proved better than killed vaccines. Live vaccines with complete adjuvant induced a good protection. Cross-protection could be induced with the live vaccine with complete adjuvant against S. enteritidis infection in mice.
Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
Cross-protection against Salmonella enteritidis infection in mice.
Mice were immunized subcutaneously with live vaccines and live vaccines with complete adjuvant incorporating Salmonella enteritidis Se 795, Salmonella typhi-murium M206, Salmonella gallinarum 9R or Salmonella pullorum Sp223. They were challenged along with unvaccinated controls with 100 LD50 of virulent S. enteritidis 5694 SMR subcutaneously on the 21st day post-vaccination. The humoral immune response was studied by assessing the sequential level of agglutinins, complete and incomplete somatic antibodies, opsonophagocytic antibodies, cytophilic antibodies and bactericidal antibodies before and after challenge. The level of these antibodies and the protection afforded by the particular vaccine is correlated and the possible involvement of a humoral mechanism is discussed.
Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
Cross-protection against Salmonella enteritidis infection in mice. III. Delayed hypersensitivity reaction and clearance of the challenge organism.
Mice were immunized with live vaccines and with live vaccines with complete adjuvant incorporating Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhi-murium, Salmonella gallinarum or Salmonella pullorum. On the 21st day after vacination, the hypersensitivity reactions elicited by the mice to extracts of the challenge organism (S. enteritidis 5694 SMR) were assessed. The degree of delayed hypersensitivity reaction was compared with the level of protection induced by the vaccine. The role in protection of delayed hypersensitivity is discussed. Clearance of the challenge organism from the liver of previously vaccinated and unvaccinated mice was assessed quantitatively.
Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
Factors involved in bactericidal activity of sheep serum.
The bactericidal activity of blood, plasma, and serum from sheep was measured with 3 strains of Escherichia coli. Plasma showed greater bactericidal activity than blood or serum for strains O78:K80(B) and Lilly. The antibody-complement system of normal serum killed the rough strain, Lilly, but neither antibody nor complement alone were bactericidal. Antibody, complement, and an additional heat-stable cofactor were necessary for killing strain O78:K80(B). Strain 3662 was not susceptible to the lethal action of the antibody-complement system. Capsular and flagellar antibodies did not appear to play any part in the bactericidal activity of serum. There was no relationship between the titer of antibodies to the somatic antigen and the bactericidal titer in the immune serums. The antibodies necessary for killing the smooth strain of E coli, O78:K80(B), were absorbed with the rough strain, Lilly, but not by the other smooth strain, 3662. It is suggested that the target antigen of the bactericidal antibody is not the somatic antigen, but a rough antigen internal to the O polysaccharide.
Agglutination Tests↗