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Biomedical subjects

K Ravikumar

Publications and source records attributed to K Ravikumar.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Donepezilium oxalate trihydrate, a therapeutic agent for Alzheimer's disease.

Donepezil, a cholinesterase inhibitor with good central nervous system penetration, has been crystallized as a tertiary amine salt with a disordered oxalate anion to give the title compound, (R,S)-1-benzyl-4-[(5,6-dimethoxy-1-oxoindan-2-yl)methyl]piperidinium hydrogen oxalate trihydrate, C24H30NO3+.C2HO4-.3H2O. The indanone and piperidine ring planes are inclined at an angle of 33.4 (1) degrees. A comparison is made with the piperidinium cation bound in acetylcholinesterase in the solid state. The methylene units bridging the indanone-piperidine-benzyl groups determine the molecular shape and conformational features. The structure is stabilized mainly by O-H...O and N-H...O hydrogen bonds, with water molecules mediating interactions between oxalate anions and donepezilium cations.

Alzheimer Disease↗
PubMed2006

Dimorphism in (2Z)-2-benzylidene-N,7-dimethyl-3-oxo-5-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-5H-1,3-thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidine-6-carboxamide.

The title compound, C22H19N3O2S, crystallizes in two polymorphic forms having the same space group, viz. P-1, with Z' = 2 and Z' = 1. In both polymorphs, the planar thiazole ring is fused cis with the dihydropyrimidine ring, the carbamoyl group is in an extended conformation with an anticlinal orientation with respect to the pyrimidine ring, and the phenyl ring is attached to the pyrimidine ring approximately at a right angle. The two polymorphs have different interplanar angles between the phenyl and thiazole rings. The molecules are linked by N-H...O and C-H...O hydrogen bonds.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Imino Diels-Alder adducts. XII. Two pyrano[3,2-c]quinolines.

The crystal structures of pyranoquinolines 9-fluoro-5-phenyl-3,4,4a,5,6,10b-hexahydro-2H-pyrano[3,2-c]quinoline, C18H18FNO, and 9-methyl-5-phenyl-3,4,4a,5,6,10b-hexahydro-2H-pyrano[3,2-c]quinoline, C19H21NO, are isomorphous. In both structures, the pyran ring is exo to the six-membered N-heterocyclic ring formed in the cycloaddition step. The torsion angles across the phenyl linkage for the two structures are -91.2 (1) and -88.3 (2) degrees. The striking feature in both crystal packings is that they do not contain the expected conventional hydrogen bonds, in spite of the presence of good hydrogen-bonding functionalities. Possible C-H...pi interactions are, however, observed.

Crystallography, X-Ray↗
PubMed2006

Assessing the burden of human rabies in India: results of a national multi-center epidemiological survey.

OBJECTIVE: Human rabies has been endemic in India since time immemorial, and the true incidence of the disease and nationwide epidemiological factors have never been studied. The main objectives of the present study were to estimate the annual incidence of human rabies in India based on a community survey and to describe its salient epidemiological features. METHODS: The Association for Prevention and Control of Rabies in India (APCRI) conducted a national multi-center survey with the help of 21 medical schools during the period February-August 2003. This community-based survey covered a representative population of 10.8 million in mainland India. Hospital-based data were also obtained from the 22 infectious diseases hospitals. A separate survey of the islands of Andaman, Nicobar, and Lakshadweep, reported to be free from rabies, was also undertaken. RESULTS: The annual incidence of human rabies was estimated to be 17,137 (95% CI 14,109-20,165). Based on expert group advice, an additional 20% was added to this to include paralytic/atypical forms of rabies, providing an estimate of 20,565 or about 2 per 100000 population. The majority of the victims were male, adult, from rural areas, and unvaccinated. The main animals responsible for bites were dogs (96.2%), most of which were stray. The most common bite sites were the extremities. The disease incubation period ranged from two weeks to six months. Hydrophobia was the predominant clinical feature. Many of the victims had resorted to indigenous forms of treatment following animal bite, and only about half of them had sought hospital attention. Approximately 10% of these patients had taken a partial course of either Semple or a cell culture vaccine. The islands of Andaman, Nicobar, and Lakshadweep were found to be free of rabies. CONCLUSION: Human rabies continues to be endemic in India except for the islands of Andaman, Nicobar, and Lakshadweep. Dogs continue to be the principal reservoir. The disease is taking its toll on adult men and children, the majority from rural areas, due to lack of awareness about proper post-exposure immunization. The keys to success in the further reduction of rabies in India lies in improved coverage with modern rabies vaccines, canine rabies control, and intensifying public education about the disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Decolourization of aqueous dye solutions by a novel adsorbent: application of statistical designs and surface plots for the optimization and regression analysis.

Adsorption of Neolan Blue 2G (Acid Blue 158) and Basic Methylene Blue (Basic Blue 9) was investigated using a hybrid adsorbent that was prepared by pyrolysing a mixture of carbon and flyash at 1:1 ratio. A 2(4) full factorial central composite design with nine replicates at the center point and thus a total of 31 experiments were successfully employed for batch experimental design and analysis of the results. The combined effect of pH, temperature, particle size and time on the dye adsorption was studied. An empirical model was developed and validated applying ANOVA analysis incorporating interaction effects of all parameters and optimized using response surface methodology. The optimum pH, temperature, particle size and time were found to be 2.20, 27.85 degrees C, 0.0565 mm, 245 min, respectively, for Acid Blue 158 and those for Basic Blue 9 were 13.40, 28.45 degrees C, 0.0555 mm and 230 min, respectively. Complete removal (100%) was observed for both the dyes using the hybrid adsorbent.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2005

Imino Diels-Alder adducts. II. Two pyrano[3,2-c]quinolines.

8-Chloro-9-fluoro-5-phenyl-3,4,4a,5,6,10b-hexahydro-2H-pyrano[3,2-c]quinoline and 10-chloro-9-fluoro-5-phenyl-3,4,4a,5,6,10b-hexahydro-2H-pyrano[3,2-c]quinoline, both C18H17ClFNO, are diastereoisomers, formed as the result of the imino Diels-Alder reactions of N-benzylideneanilines with 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran. The crystal structures reveal the stereochemistry of the pyran ring, which is endo/exo to the quinoline ring system formed in the cycloaddition step. In both structures, the pyran ring adopts a chair conformation, while the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring prefers a half-chair conformation. The structures differ essentially in the relative orientation of the ring junction H atoms.

Crystallography, X-Ray↗
PubMed2004

Two carbamoyl-substituted dihydropyrimidines: potential mimics of dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers.

The structures of two conformationally similar 1,4-dihydropyrimidines with a novel carbamoyl substitution, viz. 6-methyl-5-(N-methylcarbamoyl)-4-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-2-thione monohydrate, C13H15N3OS.H2O, (I), and 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-6-methyl-5-(N-methylcarbamoyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-2-thione monohydrate, C13H14ClN3OS.H2O, (II), exhibit the structural features of 1,4-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers. In both structures, the pyrimidine ring adopts a flattened boat conformation and the carbamoyl side chain is in an extended conformation with an anticlinal orientation. The phenyl ring occupies a pseudo-axial position with respect to the pyrimidine ring in these structures. Both compounds crystallize with one molecule of water, which participates in a two-dimensional hydrogen-bonding network. The molecules are linked into dimers by N-H...S hydrogen bonds in both structures.

Biomimetic Materials↗
PubMed2004

Imino Diels-Alder adducts. I. Two furo[3,2-c]quinoline diastereoisomers.

The structures of two diastereoisomers of 9-chloro-8-fluoro-4-phenyl-2,3,3a,4,5,9b-hexahydrofuro[3,2-c]quinoline, C(17)H(15)ClFNO, are very similar. The orientation of the furan ring, as a result of its fusion to the quinoline nucleus, constitutes the significant difference between the two structures. The dihedral angles between the furan and phenyl rings are 73.4 (1) and 63.8 (1) degrees.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

New lamellarin alkaloids from the Indian ascidian Didemnum obscurum and their antioxidant properties.

Three new lamellarin alkaloids, lamellarins gamma (1), alpha (2), and epsilon (3), along with eight known lamellarin alkaloids, lamellarins M (4), K (5), K-diacetate (6), K-triacetate (7), U (8), I (9), C-diacetate (10), and X-triacetate (11), have been isolated from the Indian ascidian Didemnum obscurum. The structures of 1-11 were established using standard spectroscopic techniques. The structure of lamellarin K-triacetate (7) was further confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The antioxidant properties of lamellarin gamma, lamellarin gamma-monoacetate, lamellarins K, U, and I, and lamellarin C-diacetate were evaluated.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed2003

A new clerodane diterpene with antifeedant activity from Teucrium tomentosum.

A new diterpene, viz. 3beta-acetoxy-4alpha,18:15,16-diepoxy-6beta,12-dihydroxyneocleroda-13(16),14-dien-19,20-olide, C(22)H(28)O(8), exhibiting antifeedant activity against Spodoptera litura was isolated from the aerial parts of Teucrium tomentosum and its structure is reported. One of the two fused rings has a distorted-chair conformation and the other has a chair conformation. The molecules in the crystal are stabilized via O--H...O and C--H...O hydrogen bonds.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Pseudoguaianolides from the flowers of Parthenium hysterophorus.

Chemical investigation on the flowers of Parthenium hysterophorus has resulted in the isolation of four new pseudoguaianolides, hysterones A-D along with the known compounds, parthenin, coronopilin, 2beta-hydroxycoronopilin and tetraneurin-A. The structures of the new compounds were established by interpretation of their spectral (1D and 2D NMR) data. The X-ray crystallographic analysis of hysterones A and C was also carried out.

Asteraceae↗
PubMed2003

Antifeedant neo-clerodanes from Teucrium tomentosum Heyne. (Labiatae).

From the acetone extract of Teucrium tomentosum, a new antifeedant neo-clerodane diterpenoid teuctosin (1) was isolated along with teuflin (2), teucrin-H(2) (3), 6beta-hydroxyteuscordin (4), 6beta-acetylteuscordin (5) and montanin-D (6). The structure of the new compound was elucidated comprehensively using 1D and 2D NMR methods and confirmed by X-ray crystallography. All the compounds showed effective antifeedancy against Plutella xylostella and Spodoptera litura at 10 mug/cm(2) of leaf area.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Context-dependent conformation of diethylglycine residues in peptides.

Diethylglycine (Deg) residues incorporated into peptides can stabilize fully extended (C5) or helical conformations. The conformations of three tetrapeptides Boc-Xxx-Deg-Xxx-Deg-OMe (Xxx=Gly, GD4; Leu, LD4 and Pro, PD4) have been investigated by NMR. In the Gly and Leu peptides, NOE data suggest that the local conformations at the Deg residues are fully extended. Low temperature coefficients for the Deg(2) and Deg(4) NH groups are consistent with their inaccessibility to solvent, in a C5 conformation. NMR evidence supports a folded beta-turn conformation involving Deg(2)-Gly(3), stabilized by a 4-->1 intramolecular hydrogen bond between Pro(1) CO and Deg(4) NH in the proline containing peptide (PD4). The crystal structure of GD4 reveals a hydrated multiple turn conformation with Gly(1)-Deg(2) adopting a distorted type II/II' conformation, while the Deg(2)-Pro(3) segment adopts a type III/III' structure. A lone water molecule is inserted into the potential 4-->1 hydrogen bond of the Gly(1)-Deg(2) beta-turn.

Amino Acid Motifs↗
PubMed1995

Ondansetron hydrochloride: a competitive serotonin 5-HT3 receptor blocker.

The methyl substituted imidazole ring in the title compound, 2-methyl-1-(9-methyl-4-oxo-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazol-3-yl) imidazol-3-ium chloride dihydrate, C18H20N3O+.Cl-.2H2O, is approximately perpendicular to the carbazole plane [dihedral angle 87.0(1) degrees]. The water molecules are involved in an elaborate network of hydrogen bonds that reinforce the stability of the dihydrate and the cohesion of the structure.

Binding, Competitive↗