Biomedical subjects

K Shin

Publications and source records attributed to K Shin.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources

PubMed1995

Composition and preliminary evaluation of a hydrolyzed rice-based oral rehydration solution for the treatment of acute diarrhea in children.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to experimentally develop and clinically evaluate the safety and potential usefulness of a rice-based, short glucose polymer oral rehydration solution (ORS), Amylyte, in the treatment of acute diarrhea. Amylyte has a similar osmolality but a higher caloric density than the WHO ORS. METHODS: Different amounts of rice were cooked in 500 ml of water containing salts (1.5 g NaCl, 600 mg KCl, and 150 mg CaCl2) with varying amounts of thermophilic amylase (252,500 modified Wohlgemuth units). Amylase (25 mg) thinned the gluey rice water when 100 g of rice was cooked in 500 ml of water for 10 minutes. The volume of the resultant supernatant (Amylyte) was approximately 250 ml. A two-part, clinical case study was performed. In study 1, 12 children with diarrhea and mild dehydration were studied to determine the safety of Amylyte. In study 2, Amylyte and the WHO ORS were given to 24 and 31 male children with acute diarrhea and moderate to severe dehydration, respectively. RESULTS: 92-96% of the rice amylose and amylopectin were converted to short polymers of glucose (3-9 molecules of glucose). The osmolality of 7,994 packages used to make the Amylyte solution ranged between 277-340 mOsm/kg. The mean electrolyte composition was Na+ = 68 mEq/L, K+ = 20 mEq/L, Cl = 73 mEq/L, the caloric density 425 kcal/L and rice proteins 0.7 g/L. In study 1, 12 children with diarrhea and mild dehydration were rehydrated successfully with Amylyte ORS and the diarrhea ceased within 48 hours. None developed clinical features of carbohydrate intolerance. In study 2, an open-label clinical case study, children with acute diarrhea given Amylyte ORS had significantly less stool output than children given the WHO ORS. CONCLUSIONS: Amylyte ORS has the advantages of a higher caloric density than the WHO ORS and shares a simple preparation of appropriate osmolality and electrolyte composition. It can safely and effectively rehydrate children with acute diarrhea and dehydration.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1995

Orally administered bovine lactoferrin inhibits bacterial translocation in mice fed bovine milk.

Feeding of bovine milk to mice induced a high incidence of bacterial translocation from the intestines to the mesenteric lymph nodes, and the bacteria involved were mainly members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Supplementation of the milk diet with bovine lactoferrin or a pepsin-generated hydrolysate of bovine lactoferrin resulted in significant suppression of bacterial translocation. Our findings suggest that this ability of lactoferrin to inhibit bacterial translocation may be due to its suppression of bacterial overgrowth in the guts of milk-fed mice.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1995

Bacteriostatic effect of orally administered bovine lactoferrin on proliferation of Clostridium species in the gut of mice fed bovine milk.

When milk-fed mice were orally inoculated with Clostridium ramosum C1, this strain proliferated in the gut and became the dominant component of the fecal microflora. In this experimental model, bovine lactoferrin (bLF) administered with milk suppressed the proliferation of this strain in vivo and decreased the numbers of C. ramosum and other bacteria in the feces. This bacteriostatic effect of bLF was dependent on the concentration of bLF, the duration of feeding, and the administered dose of C. ramosum C1. Compared with bovine serum albumin, ovalbumin, bovine whey protein isolate, or bovine casein, only bLF showed this specific activity. A similar effect of bLF was observed after oral inoculation with C. ramosum JCM 1298, C. paraputrificum VPI 6372, or C. perfringens ATCC 13124. A hydrolysate prepared by digestion of bLF with porcine pepsin showed the same inhibitory effect on proliferation of C. ramosum in vivo as occurred with undigested bLF. These results indicate that ingested bLF can exert a bacteriostatic effect against clostridia in the gut even after it has been digested to some extent.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1995

Assessment of training-induced autonomic adaptations in athletes with spectral analysis of cardiovascular variability signals.

The purpose of this study was to assess the adaptive effects of endurance training on autonomic functions in athletes with spectral analysis of cardiovascular variability signals. Continuous ECG, arterial blood pressure (ABP), and respiratory signals were recorded from 15 athletes (VO2max > 55 ml/(kg.min)) and 15 nonathletes (VO2max < 45 ml/(kg.min)) in the sitting position during controlled respiration (tidal volume 700 ml and 15 cycles/min). The autonomic functions were assessed by the normalized low-frequency power (LF power: 0.06-0.14 Hz) and high-frequency power (HF power: the region of the respiratory frequency based on respiratory spectrum) obtained from the autospectra of the RR interval, systolic arterial pressure (SAP), and diastolic arterial pressure (DAP) variability signals. The spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) was evaluated by the moduli, BRSLF and BRSHF, of the transfer function between the RR interval and SAP variability in LF and HF bands. The resting HR in athletes was significantly lower than that in nonathletes. In the case of RR interval spectra, the HF power was significantly higher in athletes than in nonathletes, whereas the LF power was significantly lower in athletes than in nonahtletes. These differences might reflect an alteration of sympathovagal interaction with a predominance of parasympathetic activity. However, there was no significant difference in the LF power of SAP and DAP autospectra, reflecting the sympathetic vascular control. The BRSLF and BRSHF were significantly higher in athletes as compared with nonathletes. These results indicate that endurance training induces autonomic imbalance (i.e., the enhanced vagal activities/the attenuated sympathetic tone), which may in part contribute to the resting bradycardia and an increase in the spontaneous BRS in athletes.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1994

[An electromyographic study of quadriceps muscle force using turns and amplitude analysis].

The relationships between the quadriceps muscle force and electromyographic parameters during isometric and isokinetic knee extension were studied using "turns and amplitude analysis". Two groups of subjects were studied. One group was 40 healthy volunteers whose ages ranged from 16 to 58 years, with a mean of 30.6 years. The other group was 14 patients with unilateral muscle atrophy whose ages ranged from 16 to 53 years, with a mean of 34.2 years. The muscle force was measured using a Cybex II dynamometer, and electromyograms were recorded using a concentric needle electrode, for both groups. In the healthy group, an electromyogram was recorded in the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis, while in the patient group the electromyogram in the vastus lateralis was compared between the atrophied side and the normal side. During isometric knee extension, the muscle showed a significant correlation with amp/turn and turns/sec and the regression curve was expressed as a cubic function. The isokinetic knee extension showed a significant correlation between the muscle force and the amp/turn. In the atrophic muscle, the relationship between the electromyographic parameters and the muscle force was similar to that observed in the normal muscle. The average relative error between the actual muscle power and the calculated muscle power was less for amp/turn than for turns/sec. These results suggest that amp/turn can be used as an electromyographic indicator of quadriceps muscle force.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Deregulated production of interleukin-4 (IL4) in autoimmune thyroid disease assayed with a new radioimmunoassay.

A sensitive, reproducible and specific radioimmunoassay for human interleukin-4 (IL4) has been developed. Using 125I-labeled IL4 and polyclonal rabbit antisera raised against recombinant human IL4, a competitive inhibition assay was developed which could detect 5 pg/ml of human IL4. Other interleukins, growth factors, hormones, peptides and lectins did not affect the assay. IL4 was measured in supernatants of culture media of stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Kinetics of IL4 production in PHA-stimulated PBMC from seven normal subjects revealed that the peak levels of IL4 were seen at 24 h and then declined. Peak IL4 levels in PHA stimulation of PBMC from untreated patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases (Graves' disease and chronic thyroiditis) were significantly higher than normal controls. However, after treatment, IL4 production decreased to normal. The present study demonstrates the usefulness of quantitating human IL4 produced by PBMC and that there exists a deregulated production of IL4 in autoimmune thyroid diseases.

Antibody Specificity↗

PubMed1993

Relationship between urinary excretion of fibronectin degradation products and proteinuria in diabetic patients, and their suppression after continuous subcutaneous heparin infusion.

To explore the possibility that the excretion of urinary fibronectin degradation products (U-FnDP) can be an indicator of the progression of diabetic nephropathy, U-FnDP and urinary protein(U-P) were determined in 64 diabetic patients and 11 healthy volunteers. Moreover, to determine whether continuous subcutaneous heparin infusion (CSHI) reduces elevated U-FnDP and U-P in diabetic patients with persistent proteinuria, heparin sodium was administered as a bolus subcutaneous injection of 5000 IU, followed by subcutaneous infusion of 250 IU/kg per 24 h heparin sodium for 7 days. U-FnDP excretion rate elevated proportionally to the degree of U-P. CSHI reduced significantly elevated U-FnDP from 172.68 +/- 15.79 to 100.04 +/- 14.93 micrograms/24 h (P < 0.01) and U-P from 1.76 +/- 0.13 to 1.20 +/- 0.12 g/24 h (P < 0.01). No significant changes in blood pressure and diurnal mean plasma glucose levels were found. APTT was prolonged with a decrease of AT-III activity during the treatment. These findings suggest that U-FnDP can be one of the indicators which reflects the degree of progression of diabetic nephropathy, and that CSHI may be useful for the normalization of elevated U-FnDP and reduction in U-P in diabetic nephropathy.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

[Relationship between abdominal fat distribution assessed by computed tomography and serum lipids in the elderly].

A nutritional assessment is necessary to evaluate the pathophysiological state of patients, and serum lipids are one of the factors which must be evaluated. Body fat distribution is considered to be associated with cardiac diseases, metabolic diseases and hypertension. In this study, we performed quantitative measurements of fat distribution by X-ray computed tomography (CT) in 31 elderly outpatients. Thirteen males (mean age 74.8 years) and 18 females (mean age 75.4 years) were examined by abdominal CT. All subjects had body mass indices within the normal range and did not have malignant disease, hyperlipidemia, liver dysfunction or diabetes mellitus. CT scans were carried out at the level of the middle abdomen; these scan slices included intraabdominal fat which consisted of omental, retroperitoneal and perirenal adipose tissues. Subcutaneous fat areas and intraabdominal fat areas were measured from six 10-mm-thick slice films using a 2-dimensional computerized calculator. The relationship between serum lipids and fat distribution was also examined. The ratio of intraabdominal adipose tissue area to subcutaneous adipose tissue area (V/S) was higher in males than in females. V/S correlated positively with serum triacylglycerol and correlated negatively with serum HDL-Ch. These results suggest that the measurement of body fat distribution is important to evaluate lipid metabolism and nutritional states in the elderly.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1992

Escherichia coli F0F1-ATPase. Residues involved in catalysis and coupling.

The molecular biological approach has provided important information toward understanding the complexities of the F0F1 ATPase. This article focuses on our recent results on the ATPase catalytic site contained in the beta subunit and the role of the gamma subunit in regulation of proton transport. We used a combination of affinity labeling and mutagenesis to locate several residues of the alpha and beta subunits in the catalytic site. Adenosine triphosphopyridoxal (AP3-PL) labeled beta Lys-155, beta Lys-201 and alpha Lys-201, suggesting that they are near the gamma-phosphate moiety of ATP. Turning to a mutagenesis approach we demonstrated that the two conserved residues, beta Lys-155 and beta Thr-156 in the glycine-rich sequence, are essential for catalysis. Finally, using pseudorevertant analysis, we positioned residue beta Gly-149 (also in the glycine-rich sequence) in proximity to beta Ser-174, beta Glu-192 (binding site for DCCD), and beta Val-198 (only three residues away from the AP3-PL binding site, beta Lys-201). Genetic studies suggested that the gamma subunit plays a role in regulation of catalysis and its coupling with proton conduction. We found that four mutations in the carboxyl-terminal region (gamma Gln-269-->Leu, gamma Gly-275-->Lys, gamma Thr-277-->end, or frameshift) had similar membrane ATPase activities but different ATP-dependent proton pumping and growth by oxidative phosphorylation. These results suggested a perturbation in the coupling between catalysis and proton translocation. We were able to clearly define the "uncoupling" by introducing mutations in the amino-terminal region of the gamma subunit. We were led to gamma Met-23-->Lys and Arg which resulted in an enzyme still regulated by delta microH+, but with profoundly inefficient coupling between ATPase catalytic sites and proton translocation in both ATP-dependent proton pumping and delta microH(+)-driven ATP synthesis. Second-site mutations in the carboxyl-terminal region of the gamma subunit reversed this effect.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1992

F0F1-ATPase gamma subunit mutations perturb the coupling between catalysis and transport.

We introduced mutations to test the function of the conserved amino-terminal region of the gamma subunit from the Escherichia coli ATP synthase (F0F1-ATPase). Plasmid-borne mutant genes were expressed in an uncG strain which is deficient for the gamma subunit (gamma Gln-14-->end). Most of the changes, which were between gamma Ile-19 and gamma Lys-33, gamma Asp-83 and gamma Cys-87, or at gamma Asp-165, had little effect on growth by oxidative phosphorylation, membrane ATPase activity, or H+ pumping. Notable exceptions were gamma Met-23-->Arg or Lys mutations. Strains carrying these mutations grew only very slowly by oxidative phosphorylation. Membranes prepared from the strains had substantial levels of ATPase activity, 100% compared with wild type for gamma Arg-23 and 65% for gamma Lys-23, but formed only 32 and 17%, respectively, of the electrochemical gradient of protons. In contrast, other mutant enzymes with similar ATPase activities (including gamma Met-23-->Asp or Glu) formed H+ gradients like the wild type. Membranes from the gamma Arg-23 and gamma Lys-23 mutants were not passively leaky to protons and had functional F0 sectors. These results suggested that substitution by positively charged side chains at position 23 perturbed the energy coupling. The catalytic sites of the mutant enzymes were still regulated by the electrochemical H+ gradient but were inefficiently coupled to H+ translocation in both ATP-dependent H+ pumping and delta mu H+ driven ATP synthesis.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1992

Acromelic acid, a novel kainate analogue, induces long-lasting paraparesis with selective degeneration of interneurons in the rat spinal cord.

A single systemic administration of acromelic acid, a novel kainate analogue (kainoid), induces a series of characteristic behavioral changes in association with selective damage of interneurons in the caudal spinal cord in adult rats. When an effective dose of acromelic acid (5 mg/kg) was systemically administered, forced extension of hindlimbs with or without cramps appeared in all rats. In the course of the intensified hindlimb extension, 10 of 16 rats suffered from generalized convulsive seizures during which 6 rats died without apparent neuropathological change. Of 4 surviving rats that experienced seizures, two developed long-lasting spastic paraparesis which remained unchanged for at least 3 months, whereas the other two were normal in behavior on the days following the administration. In lower doses (less than 4 mg/kg), the rats transiently displayed forced extension of hindlimbs, and in a higher dose (5.5 mg/kg), all rats died during an attack of severe generalized convulsion. Neuropathological changes were observed only in the rats with persistent paraparesis, in which neuron damage was identified selectively in small interneurons in the lumbosacral cord. The morphological change of the degenerated spinal interneurons resembles that of degenerated hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells seen after systemic administration of kainate. Large motoneurons, spinal roots, and white matter of the spinal cord were well preserved. Unlike the case of systemic administration of kainate, other structures in the central and peripheral nervous system and muscles were morphologically intact except the hippocampal CA4 and the stratum moleculare-lacnosum in which there were reactive astrocytes. The regional difference between kainate-induced and acromelate-induced neuron damage suggests that systemically administered acromelic acid, a kainoid, induces selective neuron damage through activating a particular kainate receptor subtype. The clinicopathological feature of the paraparetic rats resembles closely that of stiffman syndrome, a progressive human neurological disorder with selective loss of interneurons in the spinal cord.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Escherichia coli ATP synthase (F-ATPase): catalytic site and regulation of H+ translocation.

We discuss our recent results on the Escherichia coli F-ATPase, in particular its catalytic site in the beta subunit and regulation of H+ transport by the gamma subunit. Affinity labelling experiments suggest that beta Lys-155 in the glycine-rich sequence is near the gamma-phosphate moiety of ATP bound at the catalytic site. The enzyme loses activity upon introduction of missense mutations in beta Lys-155 or beta Thr-156 and changes catalytic properties upon introduction of other mutations. By analysis of mutations and their pseudo revertants, residues beta Ser-174, beta Glu-192 and beta Val-198 were found to be located near the glycine-rich sequence. The combined approaches of chemical labelling and genetics have been fruitful in visualizing the structure of the catalytic site. Analysis of mutations in the gamma subunit suggests that this subunit has an essential role in coupling catalysis with proton translocation.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1992

[Pharmacokinetics of oral alminoprofen (Minalfen) in elderly patients with rheumatoid arthritis and spondylosis deformans].

The pharmacokinetics of oral Alminoprofen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, were studied in five elderly patients with rheumatoid arthritis and spondylosis deformans after 200 mg (three times a day) repeated dose for 5 days. The pharmacokinetic parameters after oral administration of Alminoprofen were analyzed by the one-compartment open model method. The maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) were 16.1 +/- 2.5 micrograms/ml, after dosing on day 1, 25.2 +/- 1.6 micrograms/ml on day 3 and 21.6 +/- 2.7 micrograms/ml on day 5. The maximum time (Tmax) were about 2 hours after the medication in al cases. The area under the curve in drug concentration in plasma versus time (AUC) were 58.5 +/- 6.3 micrograms hr/ml on day 1, 58.5 +/- 3.1 micrograms hr/ml on day 3 and 58.1 +/- 8.5 micrograms hr/ml on day 5. The biological half-lives (t1/2) were 2.45 +/- 0.35, 2.09 +/- 0.82 and 2.49 +/- 0.63 hours, after dosing on day 1, day 3 and day 5, respectively. The analysis of moment in pharmacokinetics revealed that the mean residence time (MRT) on day 1, day 3 and day 5 observed were 2.31 +/- 0.03, 2.15 +/- 0.09 and 2.15 +/- 0.07 hours, respectively. The variance residence times (VRT) observed were 0.95 +/- 0.05 hour2 on day 1, 0.88 +/- 0.09 hour2 on day 3 and 1.06 +/- 0.07 hour2 on day 5. The ratios of accumulation calculated were 1.16 +/- 0.05 in both the morning medication on day 3 day 5, and it therefore appears that the steady-state equilibrium is established within 3 days after commencement of dosage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1991

[Neuron damage in the rat spinal cord induced by acromelic acid].

A single systemic injection of acromelic acid, a novel kainate analogue, caused long-lasting spastic paraparesis in the rat. Two rats that developed paraparesis were neuropathologically examined one week and three months after the injection, respectively. Numerous degenerated neurons with marked reactive gliosis were scattered in the gray matter of the spinal cord of the rat with paraparesis for one week. Degenerated neurons were most abundant in the core part of lumbar and sacral segments. The cytometry on the 1st sacral segment disclosed that the number of small neurons was significantly decreased. No morphological sign of neuron damage was demonstrated in the rest of the central nervous system. These pathological changes were responsible for the development of characteristic behavioral changes which were quite different from those induced by kainic acid. The regional difference between the neuron damage induced by acromelic acid and that induced by kainic acid suggests the presence of plural kinds of kainate receptor subtypes in the rat central nervous system. This assumption is supported by receptor binding studies on glutamate receptor subtypes, indicating the low affinity of acromelic acid for both kainate and AMPA binding sites. Acromelic acid may exert its potent depolarizing and neurotoxic effects through activating a new class of kainate receptor subtypes.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

[Clinical analysis of myasthenia gravis accompanied by invasive thymoma].

Over the last 20 years, 6 patients with myasthenia gravis and invasive thymoma have been seen in our Department. These patients underwent non-total excision cases. This represents 2.5 percent of 242 myasthenia gravis patients in our series. We can see 17 such patients in the literature in Japan including our cases. The age ranged 20 to 77 years and the ratio of male to female was 10:7. Post-operative therapeutic methods for invasive thymoma included irradiation, steroid therapy and combination chemotherapy. Every method showed good therapeutic results, but steroid therapy and chemotherapy showed especially good therapeutic effects in the early stage of the disease. Though these therapeutic effects were better than those obtained in other malignant tumors, thymomas tended to reappear within several years, when tumors showed no response to any therapeutic method. It is well known that steroid therapy reduces the level of antiacetylcholine receptor antibody, whereas chemotherapy also reduces antiacetylcholine receptor antibody. Over all 5-year survival rate was 53%, and the 10-year survival rate was 29%. Three out of 6 cases of death were due to myasthenic crisis (50%) and 2 out of 6 cases were due to invasive tumor itself (38%). These results suggested that total excision of the thymoma, if possible, and for the remaining tumor, high doses of adrenocorticosteroids and combination chemotherapy seem to be treatments of choice.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Effect of bovine herpesvirus-1 or parainfluenza-3 virus on immune receptor-mediated functions of bovine alveolar macrophages in the presence or absence of virus-specific serum or pulmonary lavage fluids collected after virus infection.

The immune receptor-mediated functions of bovine alveolar macrophages (AM) inoculated in vitro with bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) or parainfluenza-3 (PI-3) virus were tested in the presence or absence of virus-specific antiserum or pulmonary lavage fluids collected from calves 6 days after inoculation with BHV-1 or PI-3 virus. The Fc and C3b phagocytic indices of noninoculated AM, collected from 6- to 16-week-old calves, ranged from 75 to 87 and 59 to 64, respectively, and the binding indices ranged from 5 to 8 and 22 to 28, respectively. Infection of AM with either BHV-1 or PI-3 virus had no significant effect on receptor-mediated phagocytosis or binding, with the exception of a significant (P less than 0.05) decrease, from 64 to 46, of the C3b phagocytic index of PI-3 virus-infected AM. The addition of lavage fluids, collected after BHV-1 or PI-3 virus infection, to AM infected with the respective virus caused a significant (P less than 0.05) decrease in phagocytic indices with values for the Fc and C3b indices in BHV-1-infected AM decreasing from 81 to 49 and from 47 to 8, respectively, and those for the PI-3 virus-infected AM from 79 to 51 and from 46 to 15, respectively. The binding indices of virus-infected AM increased with the addition of viral lavage fluids, but the only significant (P less than 0.05) increase was for C3b binding in PI-3 virus-infected cells, which increased from 33 to 56.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1989

A case of multiple arteriovenous malformations and diffuse venous abnormalities with facial port-wine stain.

A case of left facial port-wine stain with right hemiparesis is reported. Radiologically, two arteriovenous malformations (AVM) and diffuse venous abnormalities were observed in the left hemisphere. AVM were seen in the basal ganglia. One was fed by a perforating artery from the MCA and drained into the superior petrosal sinus, and the other was fed by a perforating artery from the basilar artery and drained through the vein of Rosenthal into an extremely dilated vein of Galen. Venous abnormalities were obstruction and a decrease in the superficial cortical veins, as well as the formation of collateral veins in both the cortex and white matter. This case resembles Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS), but there were no signs of leptomeningeal angiomatosis or venous angioma. We have been unable to find any case reports on SWS with AVM or AVM with diffuse venous abnormalities. We discuss the differences between our case and SWS.

Basal Ganglia↗

PubMed1989

Survival rate in children with fulminant hepatitis improved by a combination of twice daily plasmapheresis and intensive conservative therapy.

Six of seven children with fulminant hepatitis (FH) were treated with a combination of twice daily plasmapheresis and intensive conservative therapy including special amino acid solution, glucagon-insulin therapy, dexamethasone, and so on. The remaining child was treated with intensive conservative therapy only because his condition was not so severe, in spite of being diagnosed as having fulminant hepatitis. Although five patients with biopsy-documented bridging hepatic necrosis or confluent hepatic necrosis in the acute phase made recoveries, the remaining two with massive hepatic necrosis died (the overall survival rate was 71%). The prognostic factors were considered to be the degree and pattern of liver cell necrosis, the degree of coma, and the etiology. The combination of twice daily plasmapheresis and intensive conservative therapy was effective for these pediatric patients with fulminant hepatitis, except those with massive hepatic necrosis.

Acute Disease↗