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Biomedical subjects

K Spies

Publications and source records attributed to K Spies.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1997

Effects of emotion-related surface similarity in analogical problem solving.

In analogical problem solving, a source problem with a known solution is used to solve a target problem. The present study deals with one possible condition influencing the search for possible source problems (i.e., with similarities between source and target problems in the emotional connotation of the problem cover stories). Subjects were given six source problems-distractors as well as target-relevant problems-that were varied with respect to the emotional valence of the cover stories. Then one group of subjects (n = 32) was given a pleasant target problem, while the other group (n = 31) received an unpleasant target problem. Except for emotional valence the two target problems were identical. Subjects preferred those target-relevant source problems that were emotionally congruent with the target problem. The findings are interpreted within network theories of long-term memory, introducing emotional markers or emotion-concept nodes to represent the emotional connotation of the represented units. By controlling subjects' mood change after reading the (un)pleasant target-problem cover story, it could be ruled out that the observed results were due to a mood congruity effect of the type described by Bower (1981).

Adult↗
PubMed1994

The effect of cyclosporine on calcium, protein kinase C, and sodium-proton exchange in platelets.

Cyclosporine increases platelet aggregation as well as the risk of thromboembolism. To test the hypothesis that CsA stimulates platelets by activating cytosolic calcium [Ca2+]i and related mechanisms, we measured the effects of CsA on [Ca2+]i, protein kinase C (PKC), and sodium/proton (Na+/H+) exchange. [Ca2+]i was measured in human platelets with fura 2, PKC was determined by the phosphorylation of the endogenous 47 kDa protein, and Na+/H+ exchange was measured with BCECF after acidification of the platelets with propionic acid. CsA alone did not influence basal PKC activity in platelets. However, CsA augmented the thrombin-induced phosphorylation of the specific PKC substrate p47 in platelets in a dose-dependent fashion. CsA did not affect basal [Ca2+]i--however, it increased thrombin-induced calcium influx. The effect of CsA on PKC was not dependent on the CsA-induced calcium influx. CsA increased Na+/H+ exchange, which was blocked completely by a PKC inhibitor. Our results demonstrate that CsA directly augments PKC-dependent cellular mechanisms in platelets.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed1994

[Effect of emotional content and self reference of learning materials on recall performance].

It is assumed that high affective value and high self-reference of learning material help to improve memory performance as these factors allow better memory consolidation (activation hypothesis) or better integration of the new material into existing knowledge structures (extent-of-processing hypothesis). To test this assumption, 60 subjects were shown 16 short advertising films characterized by low vs. high affective value and low vs. high self-reference. Both factors were varied within subjects. After the films had each been presented twice, subjects had to recall the product names and answer two questions to each film. Results showed for both dependent variables that films with high affective values were better remembered than films with low affective values. The same held true--though to a lower extent--with respect to self-reference. According to the expected linear trend, performance was best for material scoring high on affective value as well as on self-reference, while it was worst for material scoring low on both factors.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Possibilities for integration of emotions in theoretical principles of cognitive psychology].

Different approaches to integrate emotion and cognition can be differentiated. On the one hand emotions can be part of an associative network of long-term memory (Bower, 1981; Bower & Cohen, 1982; Lang, 1979, 1984). On the other hand emotions are said to function as mediators that instigate different processing strategies (Fiedler, 1988; Isen, 1984, 1987; Kuhl, 1983 b). Both approaches can be integrated within the framework of ACT* (Anderson, 1983) assuming emotion nodes as parts of the declarative memory and emotion related productions as parts of the procedural memory (Spies & Hesse, 1986). A third approach claims that emotions change the amount of processing capacity available for task related processes (Ellis & Ashbrook, 1988; Kuhl, 1983 b; Spies & Hesse, 1986). The theoretical positions as well as related empirical results are discussed by referring to the literature as well as to some of our own data.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

[Experimental induction of emotional conditions--alternatives to the Velten method].

The technique most often used to induce emotion is based on self-referent statements read by the subjects (Velten, 1968). This technique is known to be of intermediate efficiency. Therefore film and hypnosis-like procedures were investigated as alternative techniques. Efficiency was tested using two selected scales of a mood questionnaire (SES by Hampel, 1977). The subjects were male and female students. Both alternative procedures allowed us to induce significant changes in Ss' moods. The film method was more efficient than the Velten-technique in inducing a negative mood, whereas it was equally efficient in inducing a positive mood. The hypnosis-like procedure, however, was not more efficient than the Velten-technique. Obviously film is a quite efficient and easy applicable alternative technique to induce moods.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Experimental induction of emotional states--does addition of music improve self disclosure?].

Two procedures to experimentally induce negative and neutral emotional states are compared: self-referent emotional statements (Velten, 1968) presented alone vs. combined with music. For female subjects selected according to their baseline mood, it could be shown that negative statements alone induced anger whereas in combination with music they evoked sadness, i.e. dependent on the procedure applied, the quality of the induced negative emotion changed. For the induction of a neutral state the combined procedure proved to be superior, especially to reduce a positive baseline mood.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Effect of emotions on the choice of goals and actions].

The present paper concerns the influence negative emotions exert on motivational processes, i.e., on the selection of goals and corresponding actions. It is assumed that, in a negative emotional state, the goal to overcome this negative mood state takes precedence over the goal to succeed in a nonemotional task. Correspondingly, emotion-related activities should be preferred to task-related ones. In order to test this assumption, subjects in a negative and a neutral emotional state were given a series of activities, some suited for coping, some suited for task fulfilment. They were instructed to name (Experiment I) or to carry out (Experiment II) those activities they preferred at the very moment and to give a short reason for each choice. Results showed that subjects in a negative mood compared to those of the neutral control group were less occupied with the nonemotional task, but instead more frequently chose emotion-related activities with the explicit reason that these activities served to overcome their negative emotions.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Isolation and propagation of hepatitis A virus in hepatoma cell cultures.

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) was isolated directly from human faeces in PLC/PRF/5 cells. In the first passage cell-bound and supernatant viruses were found by immune electron microscopy and by enzymeimmunoassay. Serial passaging of HAV in PLC/PRF/5 cells resulted in its adaptation to the cell line and in reduction of the incubation time. HAV was still detectable after 10 cell passages. Cell-bound as well as supernatant HAV were employed as antigens in anti HAV IgM-enzymeimmunoassay.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

[Hepatitis and imported infectious diseases. A. Hepatitis. 1. Virologic findings in acute hepatitis].

The properties of the hepatitis-A-virus and the hepatitis-B-virus are described. The authors refer to the fact that despite the far-reaching development, particularly in the field of the hepatitis-B-infection up to a usable active immunoprophylaxis many questions concerning the natural history, pathogenesis and epidemiology are still unclarified. The development of demonstration methods of the 3rd generation and their use in the diagnostics of hepatitis rendered possible the gain of new realizations. The authors contributed to the introduction of these methods essentially by own developments, as for instance of ELISA for the demonstration of HBeAg and anti-HBe. The solution of some still open questions can be expected only by the successful establishment of a suitable virus-host-cell system.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1982

[The behavior of circulating immune complexes in acute viral hepatitis].

The authors analyse the behaviour of the circulating immune complexes in acute virus hepatitides with and without HBs antigenaemia in correlation with the bilirubin level and the transaminases. No essential differences were found depending on the severity of the lesion of the liver parenchyma and on the proof of the HBs-antigen. Constantly increased immune complexes were found during the whole period of observation. It seems that 4 weeks after the beginning of the disease a normalisation of the immunogenic reactivity and an end of the elimination of the causative organism did not yet appear.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

[Virus diagnosis].

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1977

[Serum enzymes and HBsAg in families with viral hepatitis].

Examinations of all families affected with viral hepatitis confirmed by enzyme screening tests by means of incubation and also by the test for HBAgs were carried out in a town district in the course of 7 years. 1. After triple biochemical examinations repeated always after 14 days, changes in the serum enzymes (SGPT, ALD, LDH) were stated in 15% cases from the total of 4328 persons from 1332 families. In the control group no changes were found. 2. From the number of 2215 persons from 726 families 32% were HBAgs-positive in CFT. Simultaneous evidence of HBAgs and enzymes changes were stated in 162 persons (7,4%). 3. Changes in the enzymes as well as simultaneous evidence of HBAgs were especially stated in children. Findings of HBAgs alone prevailed in the adults (P greater than 0,001).

Adolescent↗