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K Träger

Publications and source records attributed to K Träger.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2003

[Fatal outcome after multiple trauma. The thoracic injury as the decisive factor].

In patients suffering from multiple injury, chest trauma is often the main cause of fatality. A case report is given and the literature reviewed.A 49 years old motorcyclist hit a car frontally in a road accident. After primary stabilization and first clinical care, he was transferred to our trauma centre because of severe chest injury, suspected pericardial effusion and lesion of the thoracic aorta. Initial diagnostics (plain radiographs, CT scan of thorax, abdominal ultrasound, echocardiography) showed left-sided serial rib fractures, a fracture of the left scapula, a hematopneumothorax left-sided, bilateral lung contusion, a small pneumothorax of the right side, a minimal pericardial effusion and a small splenic hematoma. The patient was treated in the intensive care unit, and the situation was initially stable. After 12 h, respiration deteriorated and a bronchoscopy showed filling of the airways with mucous fluid. The CT scan showed a worsening of the pulmonary damage and increasing pericardial fluid compression. A pericardiotomy was carried out, but the situation remained unstable. The patient was treated with invasive ventilation (PEEP>10, FiO2>0,5). Sudden severe bleeding out of left lower lobe was managed by thoracotomy and lobectomy. The patient remained unstable and died 95 h after the accident. This case shows that the severity of chest trauma does not necessarily correlate with the initial clinical and radiological findings. Even with all diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, a fatal outcome could not be prevented. This demonstrates the role of chest injury as a major and unforeseeable cause of death in multiple trauma patients.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2003

Catecholamines in the treatment of septic shock: effects beyond perfusion.

OBJECTIVE: To review the metabolic effects of sympathomimetic agents in the septic patient. DATA SOURCES: A review of articles reported on the metabolic effects of the commonly used sympatho-mimetic agents in the critically ill patient. SUMMARY OF REVIEW: Sepsis and septic shock are clinically charcterized mainly by derangements of cardiocirculatory function. Mainstay therapeutic interventions for haemodynamic stabilisation are adequate volume resuscitation and vasoactive agents. These, however, may be linked with additional effects on energy balance and cell metabolism. As well as the haemodynamic effects, specific metabolic effects need to be considered for optimal vasopressor treatment during severe sepsis and septic shock. This review highlights the typical haemodynamic and metabolic alterations associated with the commonly used sympathomimetic drugs in these conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Sepsis and septic shock are linked with profound metabolic alterations. An additional impact of vasoactive therapy on metabolism has to be taken into account when using these agents to treat severe sepsis and septic shock.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Hepatic oxygen exchange and energy metabolism in hyperdynamic porcine endotoxemia: effects of the combined thromboxane receptor antagonist and synthase inhibitor DTTX30.

OBJECTIVE: We compared the effects of thromboxane receptor antagonist and synthase inhibitor DTTX30 on systemic and liver blood flow, oxygen (O2) exchange and energy metabolism during 24 h of hyperdynamic endotoxemia with untreated endotoxemia. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, experimental study with repeated measures. SETTING: Investigational animal laboratory. SUBJECTS: Twenty-seven domestic pigs: 16 during endotoxemia with volume resuscitation alone; 11 with endotoxemia, volume resuscitation and treatment with DTTX30. INTERVENTIONS: Continuous infusion of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 h together with volume resuscitation. After 12 h of endotoxemia, DTTX30 was administered as a bolus of 0.12 mg kg-1 followed by 12 h continuous infusion of 0.29 mg kg-1 per h. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: DTTX30 effectively counteracted the endotoxin-associated increase in TXB2 levels and increased 6-keto-PGF1 alpha with a significant shift of the thromboxane/prostacyclin ratio towards predominance of prostacyclin. DTTX30 prevented the significant progressive endotoxin-induced decrease of mean arterial pressure (MAP) below baseline while maintaining cardiac output (CO), and increased the fractional contribution of liver blood flow to CO without an effect on either hepatic O2 delivery or O2 uptake. The mean capillary hemoglobin O2 saturation (HbO2) on the liver surface and HbO2 frequency distributions remained unchanged as well. CONCLUSIONS: DTTX30 significantly attenuated the endotoxin-induced derangements of cellular energy metabolism as reflected by the diminished progressive decrease in hepatic lactate uptake rate and a blunted increase in hepatic venous lactate/pyruvate ratios. While endotoxin significantly increased the endogenous glucose production (EGP) rate, EGP returned towards baseline levels in the DTTX30-treated group. Thus, in our model DTTX30 resulted in hemodynamic stabilization concomitant with improved hepatic metabolic performance.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Effects of nicotinamide, an inhibitor of PARS activity, on gut and liver O2 exchange and energy metabolism during hyperdynamic porcine endotoxemia.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of nicotinamide (NIC), an inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase (PARS), on intestinal and liver perfusion, O2 kinetics, and energy metabolism over 24 h of hyperdynamic porcine endotoxemia. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, controlled experimental study with repeated measures. SETTING: Animal laboratory in a university hospital. SUBJECTS: Sixteen pigs, divided into two groups: nine endotoxemic animals without therapy (CON); seven animals treated with NIC. INTERVENTIONS: Pigs were anesthetized, mechanically ventilated, and instrumented. Intravenous E. Coli LPS was continuously infused over 24 h concomitant with fluid resuscitation. After 12 h of endotoxemia continuous i.v. infusion of NIC (10 mg/kg per hour) was administered until the end of the experiment. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: All animals developed hyperdynamic circulation with sustained increase in cardiac output and progressive fall in mean arterial pressure. NIC maintained blood pressure without affecting CO. Hepato-splanchnic macrocirculation was not modified by the treatment. Nevertheless, although NIC attenuated the progressive rise of ileal mucosal-arterial PCO2 gap, it failed to improve portal venous L/P ratio, a marker of the overall energy state of the portal venous drained viscera. Similarly, neither the increased hepatic venous L/P ratio nor the simultaneous drop in hepatic lactate uptake were influenced by NIC. CONCLUSIONS: Although NIC maintained hemodynamic stabilization during long-term endotoxemia, it was unable to improve LPS-induced deterioration of the hepato-splanchnic energy metabolism. More potent and selective PARS inhibitors are needed to elucidate the role of a PARS-dependent pathway in a clinically relevant models of sepsis.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Is it feasible to monitor total hepatic blood flow by use of transesophageal echography? An experimental study in pigs.

OBJECTIVES: Total hepatic venous blood flow is determined by the common hepatic arterial blood flow and the venous outflow from stomach, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, and bowel, collected by the portal vein, and thus represents overall splanchnic perfusion. We investigated whether transesophageal echography (TEE) can provide a method for bedside assessment of hepatic venous blood flow useful as a noninvasive method for measuring splanchnic perfusion in clinical practice. DESIGN AND SETTING: Experimental study in 15 anesthetized and ventilated pigs in an animal research laboratory. INTERVENTIONS: TEE-derived calculations of hepatic venous blood flow were compared with liver blood flow measurements using perivascular ultrasound flow probes surgically positioned on portal vein and common hepatic artery. Parameters were determined at baseline and after modulating splanchnic perfusion by either PEEP maneuver (15 cmH2O) or intravenous epinephrine (0.1 microgram kg-1 min-1). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Diameter (d) and velocity time integral (VTI) of all three hepatic veins were determined by TEE, heart rate (HR) was derived from electrocardiography and flow subsequently calculated as Q = pi.(d/2)(2).0.57.VTI.HR. Regression analysis of matched TEE and flow probe values showed a significant linear relationship (r2 = 0.698). Bias analysis revealed a systematic underestimation of liver blood flow by TEE, possibly due to use of 0.57 as correction factor for mean velocity, while changes in liver blood flow were reliably detected. CONCLUSION: TEE offers a noninvasive approach for monitoring hepatic perfusion and may be used in patients.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Increased ileal-mucosal-arterial PCO2 gap is associated with impaired villus microcirculation in endotoxic pigs.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether an increased ileal-mucosal-arterial PCO2 gap (delta PCO2) during hyperdynamic porcine endotoxemia is associated with impaired villus microcirculation. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, controlled, experimental study. SETTING: Animal research laboratory. ANIMALS: Twenty-two domestic pigs. INTERVENTIONS: After baseline measurements, anesthetized and ventilated pigs received continuous i.v. endotoxin (ETX, n = 12) for 24 h or placebo (SHAM, n = 10). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Before, as well as 12 and 24 h after, the start of endotoxin or saline portal venous blood flow (QPV, ultrasound flow probe) and lactate/pyruvate ratios (L/P), the ileal-mucosal-arterial delta PCO2 (fiberoptic sensor) and bowel-wall capillary hemoglobin O2 saturation (%Hb-O2-cap, remission spectrophotometry) were assessed together with intravital video records of the ileal-mucosal microcirculation (number of perfused/heterogeneously perfused/unperfused villi) using orthogonal polarization spectral imaging (CYTOSCAN A/R) via an ileostomy. At 12 and 24 h endotoxin infusion, about half of the evaluated villi were heterogeneously or unperfused which was paralleled by a progressive significant increase of the ileal-mucosal-arterial delta PCO2 and portal venous L/P ratios, whereas QPV as well as both the mean %Hb-O2-cap and the %Hb-O2-cap frequency distributions remained unchanged. By contrast, in the SHAM-group, mucosal microcirculation was well-preserved, and none of the other parameters were influenced. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that an increased ileal-mucosal-arterial delta PCO2 during porcine endotoxemia is related to impaired villus microcirculation. A putative contribution of disturbed cellular oxygen utilization resulting from "cytopathic hypoxia" may also assume importance.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Metabolic effects of vasoactive agents.

After adequate volume resuscitation, the mainstay of therapy in critically ill patients with shock is treatment with vasoactive substances to restore haemodynamics or to improve regional perfusion. These agents include adrenoceptor agonists with inotropic combined with either vasoconstricting or vasodilating effects, and predominantly vasodilating drugs such as prostacyclin and related compounds. However, vasoactive agents not only affect the cardiovascular system, but also have profound metabolic effects. The interdependence of vasoactive drugs with metabolism may be relevant regarding adequate oxygen and substrate delivery to cover actual organ needs. Therefore, the profiles of these metabolic effects have to be considered during their therapeutic administration.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Effects of combined selective iNOS inhibition and peroxynitrite blockade during endotoxemia in pigs.

We investigated the effect of mercaptoethylguanidine (MEG, 3 mg kg(-1)h(-1)), a combined selective inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor, a peroxynitrite and oxygen free radical scavenger with cyclooxygenase-inhibitor properties on intestinal and hepatic perfusion, O2 exchange, and metabolism during long-term hyperdynamic porcine endotoxemia. MEG was started 12 h after onset of endotoxemia. At baseline and after 12, 18, and 24 h of endotoxemia, hepatic arterial and portal venous blood flow, ileal mucosal-arterial PCO2 gap, portal and hepatic venous lactate/pyruvate ratio, free glutathione (GSH), and 8-isoprostanes were measured. Expired NO and plasma nitrate levels were assessed as well. MEG blunted the endotoxin-induced increase in expired NO and prevented the progressive fall in blood pressure without affecting cardiac output. It attenuated both systemic and regional venous acidosis without influencing the impairment of hepatosplanchnic metabolism nor counteracting the increase in GSH levels. In our model MEG failed to beneficially affect variables of oxidative stress.

6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha↗
PubMed2001

Effects of selective iNOS inhibition on gut and liver O2-exchange and energy metabolism during hyperdynamic porcine endotoxemia.

We have previously demonstrated that non-selective nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition did not reverse the LPS-induced deterioration of hepato-splanchnic energy status in porcine endotoxic shock. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of selective inducible NOS (iNOS) inhibition using 1400 W on intestinal and liver perfusion, O2 kinetics, and energy metabolism during hyperdynamic porcine endotoxemia. Intravenous E. Coli LPS was continuously infused over 24 h concomitant with fluid resuscitation. After 12 h of endotoxemia, continuous intravenous infusion of 1400 W was started until the end of the experiment and was titrated to maintain mean blood pressure (MAP) at baseline levels. Twelve, 18, and 24 h after starting LPS, we measured hepatic arterial and portal venous blood flow, ileal mucosal-arterial PCO2 gap, portal as well as hepatic venous lactate/pyruvate ratios, and endogenous glucose production rate. Expired NO and plasma nitrate levels were assessed as a measure of NO production. 1400 W decreased LPS-induced increase in expired NO and allowed for the maintenance of MAP without modification of cardiac output. Despite unchanged regional macrocirculation, 1400 W prevented the progressive rise of ileal mucosal-arterial PCO2 gap, significantly improved the LPS-induced impairment of hepato-splanchnic redox state, and blunted the decline in liver lactate clearance. Increased glucose production rate was not influenced. Thus, the selective iNOS inhibition with 1400 W prevented circulatory failure and largely attenuated otherwise progressive LPS-induced deterioration of intestinal and hepatocellular energy metabolism.

Amidines↗
PubMed2001

Gastrointestinal tract resuscitation in critically ill patients.

Particular research interest is currently focusing on the resuscitation of the gastrointestinal tract, because the gut is regarded to be both the "canary of the body", i.e. a sentinel organ during situations of compromised oxygen or substrate supply, as well as the "motor of multiple organ failure". Several therapeutic strategies have recently been proposed for the resuscitation of this organ system, aimed primarily at the augmentation of blood flow and oxygenation but also integrating nutritional or metabolic support and antioxidant administration.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2000

[The effect of hepatosplanchnic circulation in treatment of trauma and sepsis. Beyond O2-supply O2-uptake relationship?].

Sepsis and SIRS are characterised by increased hepatosplanchnic blood flow and oxygen transport due to sepsis-associated hypermetabolism with enhanced oxygen uptake. Regional hypermetabolism may be linked with a mismatch of oxygen availability and demand potentially resulting in a pathological splanchnic oxygen uptake/supply dependency. Splanchnic hypermetabolism has been hypothesised to be due to increased hepatic gluconeogenesis caused by accelerated glucose precursor uptake resulting from increased release from the peripheral tissues. This increased precursor efflux is triggered by cytokines. The response of splanchnic haemodynamics and oxygen kinetics, however, to therapeutic interventions does not necessarily parallel the different metabolic pathways. Therefore, understanding of both tissue perfusion and oxygenation as well as metabolism is pivotal for evaluating the effects of different therapeutic strategies in intensive care medicine.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

Hepatic O2 exchange and liver energy metabolism in hyperdynamic porcine endotoxemia: effects of iloprost.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of a 12 h continuous infusion of iloprost, a stable prostacyclin analogue, on hepatic blood flow (Qliv), O2 exchange, and energy metabolism during a 24 h hyperdynamic, porcine endotoxemia with volume resuscitation alone. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, experimental study with repeated measures. SETTING: Investigational animal laboratory. SUBJECTS: Twenty-eight domestic pigs: 16 animals during endotoxemia with volume resuscitation alone (ETX), 12 with endotoxemia, volume resuscitation, and treatment with iloprost (ILO). INTERVENTIONS: Endotoxemia was initiated by continuous infusion of E. coli lipopolysaccharide. Animals were resuscitated with hetastarch, aimed at maintaining a MAP of > 60 mmHg. After 12 h of endotoxemia, iloprost was administered for 12 h in the treatment group, titrated to avoid pharmacologically induced hypotension (MAP < 60 mmHg). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Iloprost significantly increased Qliv, with no effect on hepatic O2 delivery. Mean capillary hemoglobin O2 saturation (HbScO2) on the liver surface, as well as HbScO2 frequency distributions--a measure of microcirculatory O2 availability--remained unchanged. Treatment with iloprost, however, significantly attenuated the endotoxin-induced derangements of cellular energy metabolism as reflected by the diminished progressive decrease in hepatic lactate uptake rate and a blunted increase in hepatic venous lactate/pyruvate ratios. While endotoxin significantly increased endogenous glucose production (EGP) rate, iloprost restored EGP to normal at the end of the experiment. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, in a clinically relevant model of human sepsis, iloprost did not produce potential adverse effects but rather ameliorated hepatic metabolic disturbances and, thereby, hepatic energy balance.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Norepinephrine and N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine in hyperdynamic septic shock in pigs: effects on intestinal oxygen exchange and energy balance.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the effects of norepinephrine (NOR) and the nonselective nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), on intestinal blood flow, oxygen exchange, and energy metabolism over 24 hrs of hyperdynamic, normotensive porcine endotoxic shock. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, experimental study with repeated measures. SETTING: Investigational animal laboratory. SUBJECTS: Twenty-seven pigs were divided into three groups: seven animals received no vasopressor therapy (ETX) during endotoxic shock; ten animals were treated with NOR; and ten animals were treated with L-NMMA. INTERVENTIONS: Pigs were anesthetized, mechanically ventilated, and instrumented. Eight hours later, endotoxic shock was initiated by an infusion of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. Animals were resuscitated by hetastarch directed to maintain the intrathoracic blood volume and a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of >60 mm Hg. Twelve hours after the start of the endotoxin infusion, NOR or L-NMMA was administered for 12 hrs in the treatment groups to maintain a MAP at preshock levels. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: ETX caused a continuous fall in MAP, despite a sustained increase in the cardiac output achieved by fluid resuscitation. NOR maintained MAP at preshock levels because of a further rise in cardiac output, whereas hemodynamic stabilization during L-NMMA resulted from systemic vasoconstriction. NOR increased portal venous blood flow concomitant with decreased intestinal oxygen extraction, whereas L-NMMA influenced neither portal venous blood flow nor intestinal oxygen extraction. Mean capillary hemoglobin oxygen saturation of the ileal mucosa as well as the frequency distributions reflecting microcirculatory oxygen availability remained unchanged as well. Nevertheless, portal venous pH similarly decreased and portal venous lactate/pyruvate ratios increased in all three groups. The arterial-ileal mucosal PCO2 gap progressively increased in the ETX and L-NMMA groups, whereas NOR blunted this response. CONCLUSIONS: Neither treatment could reverse the ETX-induced derangements of cellular energy metabolism as reflected by the increased portal venous lactate/pyruvate ratios. The NOR-induced attenuation of ileal mucosal acidosis was possibly caused by a different pattern of blood flow redistribution compared with L-NMMA.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Effects of the combined thromboxane receptor antagonist and synthase inhibitor DTTX-30 on intestinal O2-exchange and energy metabolism during hyperdynamic porcine endotoxemia.

Sepsis may lead to deranged thromboxane-prostacyclin ratio with consecutive organ dysfunction. Because of the suggested role of the gut in the pathogenesis of septic shock and multiple organ failure, we investigated the effects of the novel dual thromboxane synthase inhibitor and receptor antagonist DTTX-30 (TRASI) on intestinal tissue perfusion, O2 kinetics, and energy metabolism over 24 h of hyperdynamic, normotensive porcine endotoxemia. Before, 12, 18, and 24 h after starting continuous i.v. endotoxin (LPS), we measured portal venous (PV) blood flow, intestinal oxygen extraction (iO2ER), intracapillary hemoglobin O2 saturation (HbO2%) of the ileal wall, intramucosal ileal PCO2, PV lactate-pyruvate (L-P) ratio, and plasma levels of thromboxane and prostacyclin. Treatment with TRASI (0.12 mg/kg i.v. bolus injection followed by an infusion of 0.29 mg/kg/h) initiated after 12 h of LPS infusion markedly reduced the plasma thromboxane levels and attenuated the LPS-induced fall in systemic vascular resistance, resulting in hemodynamic stabilization. TRASI did not influence the LPS-induced increase in PV blood flow nor intracapillary HbO2%, thus reflecting unchanged microcirculatory O2 availability and decreased iO2ER, possibly because of reduced O2 requirements. Nevertheless, TRASI prevented the LPS-induced increase in the PV L-P ratio, attenuated the progression of the ileal mucosal-arterial PCO2 gap, and tended to attenuate the gradual fall of PV pH. Hence, compounds like TRASI may beneficially influence LPS-related derangements of gut energy metabolism.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Norepinephrine and nomega-monomethyl-L-arginine in porcine septic shock: effects on hepatic O2 exchange and energy balance.

We compared the effects of norepinephrine (NOR; n = 11) and the nonselective nitric oxide synthase inhibitor Nomega-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA; n = 11) on hepatic blood flow (Q liv), O2 exchange, and energy metabolism over 24 h of hyperdynamic, normotensive porcine endotoxic shock. Endotoxin (ETX; n = 8) caused a continuous fall in mean arterial pressure (MAP) despite a sustained 50% increase in cardiac output (Q) achieved by adequate fluid resuscitation. NOR maintained MAP at preshock levels owing to a further rise in Q, while the comparable hemodynamic stabilization during L-NMMA infusion resulted from systemic vasoconstriction, increasing the systemic vascular resistance (SVR) about 30% from shock level after 6 h of treatment concomitant with a reduction in Q to preshock values. Whereas NOR also increased Q liv and, hence, hepatic O2 delivery (hDO2), but did not affect hepatic O2 uptake (hVO2), L-NMMA influenced neither Q liv nor hDO2 and hVO2. Mean capillary hemoglobin O2 saturation (HbScO2) on the liver surface as well as HbScO2 frequency distributions, which mirror microcirculatory O2 availability, remained unchanged as well. Neither treatment influenced the ETX-induced derangements of cellular energy metabolism reflected by the progressive decrease in hepatic lactate uptake rate and increased hepatic venous lactate/pyruvate ratios. ETX nearly doubled the endogenous glucose production (EGP) rate, which was further increased with NOR, whereas L-NMMA nearly restored EGP to preshock levels. Nevertheless, despite the different mechanisms in maintaining blood pressure neither treatment influenced ETX-induced liver dysfunction.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Effect of increased cardiac output on liver blood flow, oxygen exchange and metabolic rate during longterm endotoxin-induced shock in pigs.

We investigated hepatic blood flow, O2 exchange and metabolism in porcine endotoxic shock (Control, n = 8; Endotoxin, n = 10) with administration of hydroxyethylstarch to maintain arterial pressure (MAP)>60 mmHg. Before and 12, 18 and 24 h after starting continuous i.v. endotoxin we measured portal venous and hepatic arterial blood flow, intracapillary haemoglobin O2 saturation (Hb-O2%) of the liver surface and arterial, portal and hepatic venous lactate, pyruvate, glycerol and alanine concentrations. Glucose production rate was derived from the plasma isotope enrichment during infusion of [6,6-2H2]-glucose. Despite a sustained 50% increase in cardiac output endotoxin caused a progressive, significant fall in MAP. Liver blood flow significantly increased, but endotoxin affected neither hepatic O2 delivery and uptake nor mean intracapillary Hb-O2% and Hb-O2% frequency distributions. Endotoxin nearly doubled endogenous glucose production rate while hepatic lactate, alanine and glycerol uptake rates progressively decreased significantly. The lactate uptake rate even became negative (P<0.05 vs Control). Endotoxin caused portal and hepatic venous pH to fall significantly concomitant with significantly increased arterial, portal and hepatic venous lactate/pyruvate ratios. During endotoxic shock increased cardiac output achieved by colloid infusion maintained elevated liver blood flow and thereby macro- and microcirculatory O2 supply. Glucose production rate nearly doubled with complete dissociation of hepatic uptake of glucogenic precursors and glucose release. Despite well-preserved capillary oxygenation increased lactate/pyruvate ratios reflecting impaired cytosolic redox state suggested deranged liver energy balance, possibly due to the O2 requirements of gluconeogenesis.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed1998

[Gastric mucosal tonometry: more than splanchnic circulation and oxygenics].

The tonometric measurement of the arterial-intramucosal PCO2-difference and the calculation of the intramucosal pH is currently the only parameter which is available in the clinical routine for the assessment of perfusion, oxygen kinetics and metabolic activity of the patho-splanchnic region. Since this region with its unique both parallel and serial blood supply net comprises several organs with different metabolic performance, among which moreover the synthetic activity of the liver has to be taken into account, tonometric data have to be interpreted independently from blood flow and oxygen transport and uptake in this region. In fact, tonometry is an integrative parameter for perfusion, oxygenation and cellular energy balance. Therefore, it more completely reflects the complex anatomical and physiological conditions.

Gastric Mucosa↗