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Biomedical subjects

K Widhalm

Publications and source records attributed to K Widhalm.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Effect of daytime on resting energy expenditure and thermic effect of food in obese adolescents.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of daytime on resting energy expenditure (REE) and thermic effect of food (TEF), REE and TEF were measured in 11 obese boys (mean age +/- SD 11.9 +/- 1.6 years; body mass index 30.1 +/- 4.0 kg/m2) by indirect calorimetry (SensorMedics 2900) on two consecutive days: early in the morning (7:30 a.m.) on one day and at 12 noon on the other day or vice versa. REE was measured for 30 minutes and TEF for 180 minutes after a 600 kcal liquid meal containing 13% protein, 39% fat and 48% carbohydrates. REE measured in the morning was not statistically different from that measured at noon (2191 +/- 358 vs 2223 +/- 319 kcal/24 hours) and morning values were highly correlated with afternoon values (r2 = 0.805). Therefore we conclude that the effect of daytime is negligible for measurements of REE if the patients are in a postabsorptive state and avoid physical activity and stress 10-12 hours prior to measurements. The thermic effect of food calculated in the morning also was not statistically significantly from values found in the afternoon (8.2 +/- 8.8% in the morning and 6.6 +/- 7.5% in the afternoon). However, because of very high within-patient variability the correlation between morning and afternoon values was weaker than for REE (r2 = 0.289).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Serum lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in children with and without familial history of premature coronary heart disease.

A positive family history of premature cardiovascular disease is recognized as an independent predictor of risk for cardiovascular death in first degree relatives. It is of great interest whether the progeny of families with manifest coronary heart disease can be discriminated from children with a negative family history. Therefore, we examined serum lipids, lipo- and apolipoproteins in 338 offspring whose fathers and/or mothers had been affected with a myocardial infarction before the age of 55, in comparison with 448 age- and sex-matched, healthy controls. Statistical analyses revealed marked differences between the two groups: In both age groups only high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), as a single parameter, and the ratios of total cholesterol (TC)/HDL-C, as well as low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)/HDL-C, showed a significant difference between the risk and nonrisk groups. Whereas the ratio of apolipoprotein A1 (ApoAI) to apolipoprotein B is the strongest discrimination in children less than or equal to 20 years, the ratio of HDL-C/ApoAI takes this position in the older ones. Apolipoproteins seem to be of considerable importance as risk indicators between offspring who might be at higher risk for later cardiovascular diseases, even in childhood and younger adolescence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Cardiovascular risk factors in obese children in relation to weight and body fat distribution.

To assess the relationship between obesity and body fat distribution with cardiovascular risk factors in children, various measures of obesity and waist-to-hip circumference ratio (WHR) were related to serum lipids, lipoproteins, apolipoproteins, glucose, insulin, uric acid, systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). In boys univariate analysis revealed an association of triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein B (ApoB), the ratio ApoAI/ApoB, cholesterol/HDL-C, glucose and insulin to WHR. SBP and DBP and serum uric acid correlated with all measures of obesity [body mass index (BMI), percent overweight, percent body fat, skinfolds], but not with WHR. In girls lipid parameters (triglycerides, LDL-C, HDL-C, HDL2, ApoAI, ApoB) and atherogenic ratios correlated with measures of obesity and WHR. Glucose, insulin, SBP and DBP showed the highest correlation with WHR (r = 0.598, p less than 0.001 and r = 0.713, p less than 0.001). Multivariate analysis in girls revealed a first step dependency of ApoAI, the ratio cholesterol/ApoAI, insulin, SBP and DBP on WHR, triglycerides, HDL-C, LDL-C and the ratio ApoAI/ApoB, a first step dependency on percent body fat mass. In boys triglycerides, ApoB and the ratio ApoAI/ApoB were related to WHR for insulin, SBP and DBP, but a positive association with the WHR was found, explaining 33, 21.8, and 22.6% of the variance. This study demonstrates that cardiovascular risk factors in obese children are related to obesity and body fat distribution. Obese children with predominantly abdominal fat mass show a risk profile that is less favorable than gluteal-femoral fat distribution. Evaluation of body fat distribution in obese children, therefore, may help to identify persons most susceptible to cardiovascular risk in adulthood.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1992

Fat elimination in acute renal failure: long-chain vs medium-chain triglycerides.

Elimination and hydrolysis of fat emulsions containing long-chain (LCT; Intralipid) or long- and medium-chain triglycerides (MCT; Lipofundin MCT) were compared in seven patients with acute renal failure (ARF) and six healthy control subjects. In control subjects, clearance of MCT was slightly higher than that of LCT (1.93 +/- 0.34 vs 1.55 +/- 0.3 mL.kg body wt-1.min-1, P less than 0.05). The rise in plasma triglycerides was similar and the release of free fatty acids was higher during MCT (P less than 0.02). In ARF, clearance of both LCT and MCT was equally reduced (0.53 +/- 0.12 vs 0.59 +/- 0.14 mL.kg body wt-1.min-1, P less than 0.01 vs control subjects). Again, the rise in triglycerides was comparable. Free fatty acid release was higher during MCT but lower than in control subjects. Plasma concentrations of glucose and lactate were not affected in control subjects but increased during both LCT and MCT in ARF. Thus elimination of both LCT and MCT is profoundly decreased in ARF. The impaired lipolysis in ARF cannot be circumvented by the use of MCT.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMed1992

Treatment of hyperlipidemic kidney graft recipients with lovastatin: effect on LDL-cholesterol and lipoprotein (a).

An increased incidence of hyperlipidemia places kidney graft recipients at increased risk for cardiovascular disease and may contribute to a decline in graft function. A study was undertaken to evaluate the safety and efficacy of lovastatin in these patients. Twelve kidney graft recipients with stable graft function and a cholesterol (chol) level over 250 mg/dl (6.46 mmol/l) were included. The lipid-lowering treatment consisted of 20 mg lovastatin daily, and all patients received immunosuppression with ciclosporin (CS) and prednisolone. Total chol decreased by 27% (300 +/- 56 to 219 +/- 28 mg/dl; 7.76 +/- 1.45 to 5.66 +/- 0.72 mmol/l; p < 0.01), LDL-chol by 35% (220 +/- 38 to 143 +/- 17 mg/dl; 5.69 +/- 0.98 to 3.70 +/- 0.44 mmol/l; p < 0.01) and triglycerides by 33% (207 +/- 127 to 138 +/- 56 mg/dl; 2.36 +/- 1.44 to 1.57 +/- 0.64 mmol/l; p < 0.05). HDL-chol increased by 10% (57 +/- 11 to 63 +/- 13 mg/dl; 1.47 +/- 0.28 to 1.63 +/- 0.34 mmol/l; NS). The ratio of total chol/HDL-chol, a generally accepted risk predictor of atherosclerosis, fell from 5.4 +/- 1.3 to 3.3 +/- 1.2, p < 0.01. Lipoprotein (a) [lp(a)], an independent risk predictor for atherosclerosis, was also evaluated at baseline and after 6 months of lovastatin treatment and showed a decrease of 39% (32.9 +/- 27.6 to 19.9 +/- 22.9 mg/dl; 0.85 +/- 0.71 to 0.51 +/- 0.59 mmol/l; p < 0.05). No adverse side effects were seen at this dosage, and hepatic and renal parameters remained unchanged.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Resting metabolic rate in obese children before, during and after weight loss.

Resting metabolic rate (RMR) and body composition were measured by indirect calorimetry and body impedance analysis in 14 obese children before weight loss, during weight reduction for 3 weeks with a conventional hypocaloric diet (730 kcal/3050 kJ) and 12 months after weight loss. The initial weight reduction (5.8 +/- 1.2 kg) resulted in a decrease in RMR and fat free mass (FFM) of 17 +/- 10 per cent (P less than 0.001) and 3.1 +/- 2.3 kg (P less than 0.001), respectively. Prior to weight loss (r2 = 0.89, P less than 0.001) and after 12 months follow up (r2 = 0.88, P less than 0.001) RMR correlated positively with FFM. Changes in RMR after 3 weeks weight loss and throughout the follow-up were positively correlated with changes in FFM (r2 = 0.29, P less than 0.05 and r2 = 0.90, P less than 0.001). Our data indicate that RMR in obese children considerably decreased during a 3 weeks weight reduction, but no sustained depression of the metabolic rate after 12 months was found.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1992

[25 years Austrian screening program for inborn errors of metabolism at the Vienna University].

The results are presented by the Austrian screening program for inborn errors of metabolism, which is one of the oldest and most comprehensive in the world. At present, the program comprises screening for the following diseases: phenylketonuria, galactosemia, homocystinuria, maple syrup urine disease, hypothyroidism, biotinidase deficiency. The results of the program with regard to diagnosed cases are presented: in total, 747 carriers of various inborn errors of metabolism have been detected by means of the Screening Program and were referred for therapy where appropriate.

Austria↗
PubMed1992

[Long-term results in children with classical galactosemia].

Galactosemia due to uridyl-transferase deficiency was detected in 47 patients between 1/1/1967 and 31/12/1988. The condition took a fulminant course in 31 patients and 10 infants in this group died between the 6th and the 18th day of life. The determination of uridyl-transferase in 36 patients confirmed the diagnosis. Exchange blood transfusion was undertaken in 25 infants because of hyperbilirubinemia, septicemia or neurological symptoms. 5 of the 31 children had a cataract. In most cases the lactose-free diet was commenced in the 2nd week of life. 27 patients were followed up with respect to somatic and intellectual development. Gonadal function was investigated in 5 patients; hypergonadotropic hypogonadism was found in the 4 girls.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Risk factors of atherosclerosis--primary examination of Vienna employees].

In the course of an atherosclerosis intervention study, a basic medical check-up of 2105 out of 4800 employees of a Viennese banking house was carried out (37.1 +/- 11.0 years, 54.6% females). Apart from liver and kidney function parameters, an extensive lipid status was determined, the blood pressure was measured, and a cardiovascular-centered case history ascertained. The mean cholesterol level in females was 208.3 +/- 54 mg/dl and that in males was 226.8 +/- 61.1 mg/dl. The HDL-cholesterol level in males was 43.8 +/- 11.9 mg/dl; that in females (54.9 +/- 13.4 mg/dl) was significantly higher. The mean value of LDL-cholesterol in the entire group was 141.6 +/- 51.4 mg/dl and it was significantly higher in males, as well as in participants with known hypertension. 33.4% of the persons stated that they smoked. The obtained data will serve not only to discover potential interrelations between the individual risk factors of atherosclerosis in Austria, but also in particular as a basis for interventional strategies on the part of the company's medical services.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Long-term follow-up of 12 patients with the late-onset variant of argininosuccinic acid lyase deficiency: no impairment of intellectual and psychomotor development during therapy.

To date, two variants of argininosuccinic acid lyase deficiency, the second most common enzymatic defect of the urea cycle, have been described. Most of the previous studies reported on outcomes involving neurological and intellectual impairment in affected children. This study is the first to demonstrate that the physical and mental development of such children can be normal and adequate for their age if they are treated with a low-protein diet and/or arginine supplements. Since 1973, 12 Austrian children suffering from argininosuccinic acid lyase deficiency have been detected in the Austrian Neonates Screening Program and could have been followed up. After confirmation of diagnosis, all the children were administered a daily arginine supplement (3 to 4 mmol/kg per day) in conjunction with either a normal diet or a special diet in which protein intake was restricted to 1.2 to 1.5 g/kg per day. Routine checks, including physical examination, determination of biochemical parameters, and IQ tests, were performed so the further development of these 12 patients with respect to treatment could be observed. It can be concluded that early treatment of partial argininosuccinic acid lyase deficiency results in normal intellectual and psychomotor development.

Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors↗
PubMed1991

Determination of serum apolipoprotein B by competitive enzyme-linked immunoassay.

An enzyme-linked immunoassay was used to determine apolipoprotein B (apoB) in serum samples from 104 healthy adults aged 18-26 years. The method was compared to radial immunodiffusion (RID). Mean apoB values were 103 +/- 30 mg/dl and 105 +/- 31 mg/dl respectively. The correlation coefficient for apoB between the two methods was r = 0.70, p less than 0.001; the correlation coefficient between LDL-cholesterol and apoB measured by the ELISA was r = 0.73, p less than 0.001. This ELISA technique seems to be an appropriate method for measuring apoB in plasma, in the clinical laboratory and for detecting individuals with hyperapobetalipoproteinaemia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Intestinal worm burden and serum cholesterol or lipid concentration in a Shipibo population (Peru).

Paired samples of stool and serum of 32 members of the Shipibo tribe resident in the rain forest of the Peruvian lowlands were tested for worm egg count and serum lipid parameters, respectively. 90% of the stool samples tested were found to contain eggs or larvae of several worm species, most commonly 3 or 4 different species. Serum lipid levels were found to be relatively low, most probably due to a low proportion of dietary fat ranging from 16-31%. Statistical analysis showed a significant inverse correlation between worm egg excretion and HDL levels which was true for hookworm, strongyloides and trichuris, but not for ascaris. The mechanisms underlying the observed association between intestinal worm load and HDL reduction are not completely understood and may include reduced HDL synthesis in the gut wall due to inflammatory and/or toxic irritation.

Cholesterol↗
PubMed1991

Decreased postheparin lipolytic activity in renal transplant recipients with cyclosporin A.

The patterns of hyperlipidemia in renal transplant recipients (RTRs) are more variable than in the uremic state, showing increases in both very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL). This has been attributed, at least in part, to immunosuppressive therapy, especially to treatment with corticosteroids. Postheparin lipolytic activity (PHLA) was determined in 28 RTRs. Sixteen patients presenting with hyperlipidemia comprised group A, who were aged 49.8 +/- 13.5 years, and had a cholesterol of 8.24 +/- 1.86 mmol/liter, triglycerides of 6.02 +/- 3.33 mmol/liter. Twelve patients presenting cholesterol and triglyceride values within the normal range were in group B, and were aged 48.6 +/- 13.3 years. All RTRs received cyclosporin A (CsA) twice daily orally, which were divided in two equal doses and adjusted to provide CsA blood trough levels (RIA) in a range of 250 to 350 ng/ml. Twenty-one RTRs were additionally treated by alternate-day corticosteroids, whereas seven patients had CsA on their sole immunosuppressive agent. PHLA (mumol free fatty acids/ml/hr, given 10 and 20 min after 100 U/heparin kg body wt intravenously) was commonly reduced in RTRs (group A at 10/20 min: 5.6 +/- 1.1/5.26 +/- 1.2; group B: 8.26 +/- 2.91/8.38 +/- 3.44) as compared to the values obtained in healthy controls (15.3 +/- 2.9/17.2 +/- 5.0). This was mainly due to a reduction of the activity of the hepatic triglyceride lipase, and to a minor extent to a reduced activity of peripheral lipoprotein lipase. There was no statistically significant difference of PHLA in RTRs with or without corticosteroid treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1991

[Are omega-3-fatty acids essential for newborn infants?].

omega-3 fatty acids have recently been placed into the center of interest because of their different effects on fatty acid metabolism as well as on blood coagulation. We do not know if omega-3 fatty acids are essential during childhood, because it was seen that they may have positive effects on the development of the brains of rats and are also present in breast milk. The following report presents the recent state of the scientific knowledge. In fish and grain oil one can find not only omega-6 fatty acids as e.g. arachidonic acid (AA: C 20: 4 omega-6), but also omega-3 fatty acids (e.g.: linolenic acid: C 18:3 omega-3). They are always in a specific ratio to the other: If there are higher concentrations of omega-3 fatty acids, one can find less amounts of omega-6 fatty acids, and vice versa. The most important representatives of the omega-3 fatty acids are metabolites of linolenic acid, such as docosahexaenoic acid: C 22: 6 omega-3 (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid: C 20: 5 omega-3 (EPA). The beneficial influence, especially of DHA, on the postnatal development of the retina and brain has been demonstrated in rats and rhesus monkeys. It could be shown that the fatty acid composition of phospholipids of red blood cells conforms to that of the CNS. Nearly the same values could be achieved in infants with both, a diet enriched with fish oil and a feeding with breast milk; this seems to be essential especially for preterm infants, who always have a DHA-deficiency.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗