PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

K Yaegaki

Publications and source records attributed to K Yaegaki.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2002

Classification and examination of halitosis.

In this paper, the classification of halitosis and the examination procedures used in diagnosing halitosis are outlined. Halitosis is classified into categories of genuine halitosis, pseudo-halitosis and halitophobia. Genuine halitosis is subclassified into physiologic halitosis and pathologic halitosis. Pathologic halitosis itself is subdivided into oral and extraoral halitosis. Patients diagnosed with pseudo-halitosis and halitophobia usually complain about having oral malodour that does not really exist. Pseudohalitosis can be treated by dental practitioners, but halitophobic patients must be referred to psychological specialists. Oral malodour can be measured using an organoleptic measurement or a gas chromatography analysis. The organoleptic measurement is the most practical procedure with which one can evaluate oral malodour. Gas chromatography (GC) analysis using a flame photometric detector has been shown to be the gold standard for measuring oral malodour, owing its reputation to its objectivity and reproducibility. Moreover, GC is specific for volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), which are the main causes of oral malodour. It has been demonstrated that there is a high correlation between the intensity of oral malodour and the VSC concentration as measured by GC.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed2002

Treatment needs (TN) and practical remedies for halitosis.

Dental practitioners have traditionally neglected halitosis despite its high priority for the public, but practitioners' interest in halitosis has recently increased. Although oral pathologic or physiologic halitosis is easily reduced by a suitable treatment based on the treatment needs, systemic and psychological conditions sometimes confuse practitioners. Since a halitophobic patient never agrees with the result that his/her oral malodour has been reduced or eliminated after treatment, this may cause a dilemma for practitioners. Generally, halitosis patients, even genuine ones, have different psychological characteristics concerning their own breath than other individuals. Adverse psychological aspects of these patients are often promoted by the practitioner's mismanagement. Treatment Needs (TN) were, therefore, established to prevent practitioners' mismanagement of halitosis patients. By following these TN, patients can receive proper treatments for halitosis. However, to choose proper treatment measures, practitioners must refer to articles published in peer-reviewed journals, then use critical thinking to judge whether a product is effective in reducing oral malodour. Although it is challenging for dental practitioners to deal with patients with psychological conditions such as pseudo-halitosis or halitophobia, if appropriate treatments are administered accurately the practitioner does not risk mismanagement.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2002

Tongue brushing and mouth rinsing as basic treatment measures for halitosis.

Tongue brushing and mouth rinsing are basic treatment measures for halitosis, and as such are categorised as treatment needs (TN)-1. Although TN-1 is used for treatment of physiologic halitosis treatment, pseudo-, extra oral pathologic or halitophobic patients must also be managed with TN-1 as well as other treatments. Since the origin of physiological halitosis is mainly the dorso-posterior region of the tongue, tongue cleaning is more effective than mouth rinsing. However, practitioners should always instruct their patients on how to brush their tongues to prevent harmful effects. Another approach using a chlorhexidine mouthwash is most effective in reducing oral malodour. However, chlorhexidine should not be used routinely; therefore, zinc-containing mouthwashes have been recommended for use. People can also use chewing gum to reduce oral malodour. Surprisingly, however, it has been noted that sugarless chewing gum increased methyl mercaptan, one of the principal components of oral malodour. Mint did not reduce the concentration of methyl mercaptan either, although these products are widely used for their ability to mask oral malodour. There is a need for the development of a novel food or chewing gum that could considerably reduce VSC levels in mouth air to complement TN-1.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed2002

The effects of methyl mercaptan on epithelial cell growth and proliferation.

AIM: Previous studies have demonstrated that methyl mercaptan (CH3SH), one of the main causes of oral malodour, might contribute to the initiation and progression of periodontal disease. These studies suggested that CH3SH may affect the epithelial cells of the gingival crevice, which form a barrier to the penetration of microbial substances. In this study, the effects of CH3SH on the epithelial cells and gingival fibroblasts were investigated. METHOD: Human oral epithelial carcinoma cell line (KB), human oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line (HSC-2), and human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) derived from healthy gingiva were used in this study. These cells were cultured in conditions of 5% CO2/95% air with or without CH3SH (10 ng/ml or 50 ng/ml) for 5 days. Cell numbers, proliferation and cytotoxicity were evaluated. RESULTS: CH3SH inhibited epithelial cell growth and proliferation at the concentration of 50 ng/ml, and a cytotoxic effect of CH3SH was also noted. On the other hand, HGF cells were not affected by 50 ng/ml CH3SH. CONCLUSION: High concentrations of CH3SH such as 50 ng/ml have an inhibitory effect on the growth and proliferation of epithelial cells, but not on those of fibroblasts.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2000

Examination, classification, and treatment of halitosis; clinical perspectives.

Patients with halitosis may seek treatment from dental clinicians for their perceived oral malodour. In this article, an examination protocol, classification system and treatment needs for such patients are outlined. Physiologic halitosis, oral pathologic halitosis and pseudo-halitosis would be in the treatment realm of dental practitioners. Management may include periodontal or restorative treatment or both, as well as simple treatment measures such as instruction in oral hygiene, tongue cleaning and mouth rinsing. Psychosomatic halitosis is more difficult to diagnose and manage, and patients with this condition are often mismanaged in that they receive only treatments for genuine halitosis, even though they do not have oral malodour. A classification system can be used to identify patients with halitophobia. Additionally, a questionnaire can be used to assess the psychological condition of patients claiming to have halitosis, which enables the clinician to identify patients with psychosomatic halitosis. In understanding the different types of halitosis and the corresponding treatment needs, the dental clinician can better manage patients with this condition.

Breath Tests↗
PubMed2000

Genuine halitosis, pseudo-halitosis, and halitophobia: classification, diagnosis, and treatment.

Although tongue brushing and appropriate mouthrinses are both important and basic treatment measures for halitosis, other dental treatments are sometimes required. The treatment of genuine halitosis caused by oral conditions is not complex. In addition to genuine halitosis patients, psychosomatic halitosis patients also visit dental practitioners. Although psychosomatic halitosis is out of the treatment realm of dental practitioners, patients with this condition will still seek help from a dental practitioner. They often only receive treatment for genuine halitosis without referral to a psychological specialist. If these psychosomatic halitosis patients are incorrectly managed, the psychological condition might become worse than before the visit. To avoid the mismanagement of halitosis patients, classifications of halitosis patients have been established. Genuine halitosis was subclassified as physiologic halitosis and pathologic halitosis. Pathologic halitosis was further categorized to oral pathologic halitosis and extraoral pathologic halitosis. Both pseudo-halitosis and halitophobia patients complain of the existence of halitosis, which is not offensive. Pseudo-halitosis cannot be treated by dental practitioners, and halitophobia patients must be referred to psychological specialists. Clinicians need to examine the psychological condition of halitosis patients at the initial patient visit. A questionnaire prepared for the clinic at the University of British Columbia was found to be advantageous for this purpose.

Halitosis↗
PubMed1999

Clinical application of a questionnaire for diagnosis and treatment of halitosis.

To treat halitosis, clinicians must examine the psychologic condition of a patient as well as the disease history and plausible causes of oral malodor, such as periodontal disease. However, it is not easy for a practitioner to carry out a psychologic examination other than the normal inquiry concerning oral malodor itself. Hence, a questionnaire that appears to be a normal inquiry, rather than one containing psychologic questions, was composed to survey the causes of halitosis and psychosomatic tendencies.

Dentist-Patient Relations↗
PubMed1999

Clinical dilemmas posed by patients with psychosomatic halitosis.

Patients affected by psychosomatic halitosis never wish to visit a psychologic specialist, because they cannot recognize their own psychosomatic condition. They also never doubt that they have offensive oral malodor. Other people's behavior, such as covering the nose or averting the face, is interpreted by these patients as an indication that their breath is offensive, and these behaviors or attitudes reinforce their belief that they have a strong oral malodor. To clarify whether the patient's perception of another individual's attitude is affected by his or her delusion, this article is focused on the relationship between the behavior toward oral malodor and the psychologic profiles of patients with psychosomatic halitosis. If a patient expects simple avoidance behavior from other individuals, the development of psychosomatic halitosis may be accelerated, as it becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy. Individuals who are concerned with their own oral malodor but exhibit no oral malodor may have latent psychosomatic tendencies and may be mentally immature. A protocol for referring a patient to a psychologic specialist is presented.

Delusions↗
PubMed1996

Effect of methyl mercaptan on synthesis and degradation of collagen.

Measurements of the conversion of [14C]-proline to [14C]-hydroxyproline were employed to assess the effect of methyl mercaptan on intra- and extracellular metabolism of collagenous proteins in human gingival fibroblast cultures. Following a 30-min pulse, 10 ng of methyl mercaptan per ml of 95% air/5% CO2 head-space suppressed collagen synthesis by 39% and increased the intracellular degradation of newly synthesized collagen from 26% to 42%. Parallel cultures assayed for proline transport demonstrated a 29% inhibition of [14C]-proline uptake. A similar analysis of cultures exposed to methyl mercaptan for 12 h revealed an increase in intracellular degradation (20% control vs. 30% test) and a marked increase in extracellular collagenolysis (4% control vs. 55% test). While pulsing, collagen synthesis was decreased by 39%. Slab gel electrophoresis also demonstrated that treatment with methyl mercaptan caused reductions both in mature alpha 1 and alpha 2 chains of type I collagen and in type III procollagen. Identities of the procollagen species were confirmed by pepsin digestion. Reverse transcribed polymerase chain reaction was utilized to compare expression of alpha 1 chains of type I procollagen with type III procollagen and indicated suppression of mRNA synthesis for type III procollagen in cultures exposed to methyl mercaptan.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMed1992

Volatile sulfur compounds in mouth air from clinically healthy subjects and patients with periodontal disease.

Volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) in mouth air were estimated by gas chromatography. The amount of VSC and the methyl mercaptan/hydrogen sulfide ratio were significantly increased in patients with periodontal disease. These two parameters also increased in proportion to the bleeding index and probing depth. A study was also done on the effect of removal of tongue coating on VSC concentrations in mouth air from patients with periodontal involvement. VSC and the methyl mercaptan/hydrogen sulfide ratio were reduced to 49% and 35%, respectively, by removal of the tongue coating. The average amount of tongue coating removed from patients with periodontal disease was significantly higher than from controls (90.1 mg vs. 14.6 mg, p less than 0.01). Estimated production of VSC from tongue coating was 4 times higher than the control value, and the methyl mercaptan/hydrogen sulfide ratio was also markedly increased. However, a saliva putrefaction study suggested that saliva does not contribute to the elevated ratio of methyl mercaptan in mouth air. These results strongly suggest that, in addition to periodontal pockets, tongue coating has an important role in VSC production, in particular leading to an elevated concentration of methyl mercaptan, which is more pathogenic than hydrogen sulfide.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Effect of volatile thiol compounds on protein metabolism by human gingival fibroblasts.

The levels of volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) in periodontal pockets and mouth air have been found to correlate with severity of the disease process. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of hydrogen sulphide and methyl mercaptan on protein metabolism of human gingival fibroblasts. The incorporation of labelled amino acids into protein was used to evaluate effects on total protein content. Changes in collagenous protein concentration were monitored by release of radioactivity following collagenase digestion as well as direct analysis of hydroxyproline. Both thiols were found to reduce total protein synthesis, with mercaptan exerting a greater adverse effect. In cultures exposed to mercaptan, total protein was reduced by 35%. The changes in total protein were accompanied by a corresponding decrease in collagenase-digestible protein. Hydroxyproline analysis of CH3SH-exposed cultures confirmed the changes associated with collagenous proteins. It indicated that in comparison to the controls the CH3SH-exposed cultures had a 70% reduction in collagen which resulted from a combined effect of suppressed synthesis and increased rate of collagen degradation. The possibility of thiol reaction with collagen was determined using in vitro systems in which type I collagen was reacted with varying concentrations of [35S]-H2S. The carboxymethyl (CM) cellulose assays of resulting reaction mixtures indicate that [35S]-radioactivity was incorporated directly into alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 11, beta 12 peptide chains. Furthermore, upon exposure of collagen to elevated H2S concentrations, the H2S converted some of the acid-soluble collagen to a more soluble product which could be extracted in neutral salt and analyzed by CM-cellulose chromatography.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1992

Biochemical and clinical factors influencing oral malodor in periodontal patients.

The amounts of volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) and methyl mercaptan/hydrogen sulfide ratio in mouth air from patients with periodontal involvement were 8 times greater than those of control subjects. Our studies demonstrated that, in patients with periodontal disease: 1) the concentration of disulfide, which is converted to VSC, increased in proportion to the total pocket depth; 2) 60% of the VSC was produced from the tongue surface; 3) the amount of tongue coating was 4 times greater than in control subjects; and 4) VSC production and the methyl mercaptan/hydrogen sulfide ratio of the tongue coating were increased. 2-Ketobutyrate, which is a byproduct of the metabolism of methionine to methyl mercaptan, was higher in the saliva of patients with periodontal disease. This implies that metabolism of methionine to methyl mercaptan increases in the oral cavity of patients with periodontal pockets. Since free L-methionine, rather than protein, is the main source for methyl mercaptan, we estimated the methionine supply from the gingival fluid into the oral cavity of patients with periodontal involvement. The results showed that the ratio of methionine to whole free amino acids was significantly higher than that of cysteine. Our studies suggest that not only microorganisms, but also the tongue coating and gingival fluid are factors which enhance VSC production in patients with periodontal disease.

Halitosis↗
PubMed1989

[Correlations between first molar eruption, caries incidence and caries experience in primary school children].

A follow-up study was made on the results of oral health examinations which had been conducted for six years on a total of 871 primary school children in the 1st grade (age, 6 years) till they became sixth graders (460 boys and 411 girls). The findings are as follows: 1. When they were first graders, the oral health examination revealed their 56% had erupted the upper first molar, and 73% the lower first molar. 2. The incidence of caries in the upper first molar had occurred mostly between one and two years after eruption. After three to four years, more than half of the pupils had this particular tooth decayed. In the case of the lower first molar, caries had started to develop within one year after eruption. After two years, caries was evident in more than half of the examinees. 3. In the sixth graders, the number of DMF teeth per child came to 3.9 and the DMF teeth rate stood at 17%. Both the number of DMF teeth and the DMF teeth rate were larger in girls than in boys. The rate for an intact first molar teeth were 32% in the upper jaw and 15% in the lower jaw. These rates were lower in girls than in boys. 4. The shorter the period between the eruption of the first molars in both jaws and the caries incidence, the larger the number of the DMF teeth and the DMF teeth rate at sixth graders. For the prevention of caries in permanent teeth, special care should be taken during the short period of time following eruption.

Child↗
PubMed1989

[Investigation of people's attitudes and reactions towards oral malodour. A preliminary survey conducted on dental hygienics students].

As part of the study on the prevention of oral malodour, people's attitudes and reactions towards oral malodour were investigated in this study. As a preliminary survey, investigation was made by questionnaire on a total of 179 students at three dental hygienics schools in November 1988. The findings are as follows: 1. Of the total number of the students questioned, 47% sometimes feel uneasy about their own oral malodour, while 35% have never thought about it. Only 6% have been told they had oral malodour. 2. Although 98% of the respondents felt sick when they became aware of another person's oral malodour, 53% of them told the other person of their discomfort when the person with oral malodour was a parent, brother, sister, or a very close friend. 3. About half (52%) of the students said, they practice the prevention of oral malodour by brushing their teeth, and 50% like to use mouthwashes. Of the total, 88% wished to know whether they had oral malodour or not. 4. Overwhelming majority knew of mouthwashes through TV commercials and advertisements in magazines, 80% of those could name any one of the tradenames of the mouthwashes. 5. These findings indicated that dental health education on oral malodour and mouthwashes would be important in future.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1989

[Fractionation of the salivary cellular elements by Percoll density gradient centrifugation and the distribution of oral malodour precursors].

Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) are the cause of oral malodour. VSC are produced from thiol and disulphide contained in the salivary cellular elements. However, the distributions of thiol and disulphide have not yet been elucidated in the salivary cellular elements. Hence, Percoll density gradient was employed in this study to fractionate the cells, and the distributions of thiol and disulphide were also studied. The intact squamous cells distributed in upper layer fraction (density: less than or equal to 1.051 g/ml) separated by Percoll density gradient centrifugation, the cells were 40 to 50% of the salivary cellular elements. The degraded cells, which were out of shape or lost nucleus, distributed in middle (density: 1.051-1.076 g/ml) and lower layer fractions (density: greater than or equal to 1.076 g/ml). The density of cells was also found to increase in process of the cell degradation. The 24 hour incubation study of saliva showed that the intact cells decreased markedly, and the degraded cells increased in middle layer fraction. It was indicated that cell degradation was very slow in saliva. Disulphide and thiol of VSC precusors distributed with high concentration in lower layer fraction of high density. On the basis of the results high density cells might accumulate on the tongue dorsum for long time and be the major source of VSC precusors.

Centrifugation, Density Gradient↗
PubMed1989

[The effect of mouthwash on oral malodour production].

Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), hydrogen sulphide, methyl mercaptan and dimethyl sulphide are by-products derived in oral cavity through putrefactive activity of microorganisms. VSC are the principal cause of physiological oral malodour. There are indications that these compounds are cytotoxic to oral tissues. Hence, it has been considered that the prevention of oral malodour has an important role in preventive dentistry. The objective of this study is to ascertain the effect of two mouthwashes, sodium azulenesulphonic acid and povidone-iodine, which are frequently used in dental clinics, on concentration of VSC in mouth air. The VSC were analyzed using VSC analysis system. VSC were determined at immediately after rince and at one, two and three hours after rince. The results indicated that neither mouthwash was very effective in controlling VSC production. No reduction in VSC was observed at one and two hour post-rinsing with sodium azulenesulphonic acid mouthwash, and only 39% reduction of total sulphur of VSC was observed at one hour following the use of the povidone-iodine containing products. However, this effect was lost within two hours post-rinsing.

Azulenes↗
PubMed1988

The influence of aging on lysosomal acid DNase of the rat submandibular gland.

Lysosomal and cytoplasmic fractions were prepared from rat submandibular glands for investigation of the release of lysosomal acid DNase in relation to aging. It was found that the acid DNase activity ratio for cytoplasmic/lysosomal fractions in rats aged 27 months was higher than that in three-month-old rats. The release of acid DNase from the lysosomal fraction by shaking was markedly increased in the fraction from the older animals.

Aging↗