Biomedical subjects

Kang Yan

Publications and source records attributed to Kang Yan.

4 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2006

Biochemical characterization of the interactions of the novel pleuromutilin derivative retapamulin with bacterial ribosomes.

Retapamulin is a semisynthetic pleuromutilin derivative being developed as a topical antibiotic for treating bacterial infections of the skin. It is potent in vitro against susceptible and multidrug-resistant organisms commonly associated with bacterial skin infections. We report detailed mode of action studies demonstrating that retapamulin binds to the bacterial ribosome with high affinity, inhibits ribosomal peptidyl transferase activity, and partially inhibits the binding of the initiator tRNA substrate to the ribosomal P-site. Taken together, these data distinguish the mode of action of retapamulin from that of other classes of antibiotics. This unique mode of action may explain the lack of clinically relevant, target-specific cross-resistance of retapamulin with antibacterials in current use.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

A biochemical rationale for the anticancer effects of Hsp90 inhibitors: slow, tight binding inhibition by geldanamycin and its analogues.

Heat shock protein (Hsp)90 is emerging as an important therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer. Two analogues of the Hsp90 inhibitor geldanamycin are currently in clinical trials. Geldanamycin (GA) and its analogues have been reported to bind purified Hsp90 with low micromolar potency, in stark contrast to their low nanomolar antiproliferative activity in cell culture and their potent antitumor activity in animal models. Several models have been proposed to account for the approximately 100-fold-greater potency in cell culture, including that GA analogues bind with greater affinity to a five-protein Hsp90 complex than to Hsp90 alone. We have determined that GA and the fluorescent analogue BODIPY-GA (BDGA) both demonstrate slow, tight binding to purified Hsp90. BDGA, used to characterize the kinetics of ligand-Hsp90 interactions, was found to bind Hsp90alpha with k(off) = 2.5 x 10(-3) min(-1), t(1/2) = 4.6 h, and Ki* = 10 nM. It was found that BDGA binds to a functional multiprotein Hsp90 complex with kinetics and affinity identical to that of Hsp90 alone. Also, BDGA binds to Hsp90 from multiple cell lysates in a time-dependent manner with similar kinetics. Therefore, our results indicate that the high potency of GA in cell culture and in vivo can be accounted for by its time-dependent, tight binding to Hsp90 alone. In the broader context, these studies highlight the essentiality of detailed biochemical characterization of drug-target interactions for the effective translation of in vitro pharmacology to cellular and in vivo efficacy.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Fluorescence polarization method to characterize macrolide-ribosome interactions.

A fluorescence polarization assay is described that measures the binding of fluorescently labeled erythromycin to 70S ribosomes from Escherichia coli and the displacement of the erythromycin from these ribosomes. The assay has been validated with several macrolide derivatives and other known antibiotics. We demonstrate that this assay is suitable for determining the dissociation constants of novel compounds that have binding sites overlapping those of macrolides. This homogeneous binding assay provides a valuable tool for defining structure-activity relationships among compounds during the discovery and development of new ribosome-targeting drugs.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2002

Defining and combating the mechanisms of triclosan resistance in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus.

The MICs of triclosan for 31 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were 0.016 micro g/ml (24 strains), 1 to 2 micro g/ml (6 strains), and 0.25 micro g/ml (1 strain). All the strains for which triclosan MICs were elevated (>0.016 micro g/ml) showed three- to fivefold increases in their levels of enoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) reductase (FabI) production. Furthermore, strains for which triclosan MICs were 1 to 2 micro g/ml overexpressed FabI with an F204C alteration. Binding studies with radiolabeled NAD(+) demonstrated that this change prevents the formation of the stable triclosan-NAD(+)-FabI complex, and both this alteration and its overexpression contributed to achieving MICs of 1 to 2 micro g/ml for these strains. Three novel, potent inhibitors of FabI (50% inhibitory concentrations, < or =64 nM) demonstrated up to 1,000-fold better activity than triclosan against the strains for which triclosan MICs were elevated. None of the compounds tested from this series formed a stable complex with NAD(+)-FabI. Consequently, although the overexpression of wild-type FabI gave rise to an increase in the MICs, as expected, overexpression of FabI with an F204C alteration did not cause an additional increase in resistance. Therefore, this work identifies the mechanisms of triclosan resistance in S. aureus, and we present three compounds from a novel chemical series of FabI inhibitors which have excellent activities against both triclosan-resistant and -sensitive clinical isolates of S. aureus.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗