Biomedical subjects

Karl E Bauman

Publications and source records attributed to Karl E Bauman.

7 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2005

Assessing the effects of the dating violence prevention program "safe dates" using random coefficient regression modeling.

The Safe Dates Project is a randomized trial for evaluating a school-based adolescent dating violence prevention program. Five waves of data were used to examine the effects of Safe Dates over time including primary and secondary prevention effects, moderators, and mediators of program effects. Using random coefficients models, with multiple imputation of missing data, significant program effects were found at all four follow-up periods on psychological, moderate physical, and sexual dating violence perpetration and moderate physical dating violence victimization. Marginal effects were found on sexual victimization. Effects on severe physical perpetration at all four follow-up periods were moderated by prior involvement in that type of violence. Primary and secondary prevention effects were found and the program was equally effective for males and females and for whites and non-whites. Program effects were mediated by changes in dating violence norms, gender-role norms, and awareness of community services.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Neighborhood influences on adolescent cigarette and alcohol use: mediating effects through parent and peer behaviors.

The influence of neighborhoods on adolescent behaviors has received increasing research attention. In the present study, we use structural equation models to specify pathways from neighborhoods to adolescent cigarette and alcohol use through parental closeness, parental monitoring, parent substance use, and peer substance use. We use a national sample with 959 adolescents 12 to 14 years of age whose residential addresses were matched with 1990 Census tracts to provide neighborhood characteristics. We found that for adolescent cigarette use low socioeconomic status (SES) neighborhoods were associated with increased parental monitoring, which was further associated with decreased adolescent cigarette use. For adolescent alcohol use, high SES neighborhoods were associated with increased parent drinking, which was further associated with increased adolescent alcohol use. Low SES neighborhoods were associated with increased parental monitoring and increased peer drinking, which were in turn associated with decreased and increased adolescent alcohol use, respectively.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Longitudinal predictors of serious physical and sexual dating violence victimization during adolescence.

BACKGROUND: This study identifies potentially modifiable risk factors for the onset of and chronic victimization from serious physical and sexual dating violence. METHODS: One thousand two hundred ninety-one 8th and 9th graders from a county in North Carolina were assessed annually for 5 and 4 years, respectively. RESULTS: For males, having been hit by an adult with the intention of harm, having low self-esteem, and having been in a physical fight with a peer predicted onset of serious physical dating violence victimization. Those variables, plus having a friend who has been a victim of dating violence, alcohol use, and being white, predicted chronic victimization for males. For females, onset of serious physical dating violence victimization was predicted by having been hit by an adult; that variable, plus living in a single-parent household, predicted chronic victimization from serious physical violence. Also for females, onset of sexual violence victimization was predicted by having a friend who has been the victim of dating violence and being depressed; those variables and gender stereotyping predicted chronic victimization from sexual dating violence. CONCLUSIONS: The findings identify high-risk groups and risk factors to target for intervention and have implications for approaches to delivering dating violence prevention programs.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Assessing the long-term effects of the Safe Dates program and a booster in preventing and reducing adolescent dating violence victimization and perpetration.

OBJECTIVES: This study determined 4-year postintervention effects of Safe Dates on dating violence, booster effects, and moderators of the program effects. METHODS: We gathered baseline data in 10 schools that were randomly allocated to a treatment condition. We collected follow-up data 1 month after the program and then yearly thereafter for 4 years. Between the 2- and 3-year follow-ups, a randomly selected half of treatment adolescents received a booster. RESULTS: Compared with controls, adolescents receiving Safe Dates reported significantly less physical, serious physical, and sexual dating violence perpetration and victimization 4 years after the program. The booster did not improve the effectiveness of Safe Dates. CONCLUSIONS: Safe Dates shows promise for preventing dating violence but the booster should not be used.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

State legislators' beliefs about legislation that restricts youth access to tobacco products.

Better understanding of the cognitive framework for decision making among legislators is important for advocacy of health-promoting legislation. In 1994, the authors surveyed state legislators from North Carolina, Texas, and Vermont concerning their beliefs and intentions related to voting for a hypothetical measure to enforce legislation preventing the sale of tobacco to minors, using scales based on the theory of planned behavior. Attitude (importance), subjective norm (whether most people important to you would say you should or should not vote for the law), perceived behavioral control (ability to cast one's vote for the law), and home state were independently and significantly related to intention to vote for the law's enforcement. The results, including descriptive data concerning individual beliefs, suggest specific public health strategies to increase legislative support for passing legislation to restrict youth tobacco sales and, more generally, a framework for studying policy making and advocacy.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

An assessment of the validity of adolescent self-reported smoking using three biological indicators.

This research examined the validity of self-reports of adolescent smoking and explored factors that may influence agreement between self-reported smoking and biological indicators. Data were obtained from 1,881 adolescents as part of a household probability study in the southeastern United States. Adolescents aged 12-14 years reported their tobacco use and provided breath and saliva samples. The sensitivity and specificity of self-reports of smoking were calculated with measures of carbon monoxide, salivary cotinine, and salivary thiocyanate as standards. When the self-report items were compatible with the half-life of the biological indicator, and values were adjusted for smokeless tobacco use, sensitivity varied widely (carbon monoxide, 38%; cotinine, 81%-87%; thiocyanate, 80%). The range for specificity was more constrained (carbon monoxide, 98%; cotinine, 98%; thiocyanate, 80%). Sensitivity of self-report was influenced by the biological indicator examined and the timeframe of questions on smoking. Specificity of self-report was influenced by the biological indicator examined and use of other tobacco products. Overall, sensitivity and specificity were highest when recent smoking was assessed and when cotinine was the standard and smokeless tobacco use was considered. Examination of inhalation patterns suggested that detection of smoking may be influenced by recency of smoking and whether the adolescent smoker inhales. Assessments of individual adolescents' smoking were most accurate when smoking was recent and when cotinine was used and smokeless tobacco could be identified. Prevalence estimates of smoking were similar with self-reports and cotinine.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Influence of a family program on adolescent smoking and drinking prevalence.

Reducing the prevalence of adolescent cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking are public health goals of the United States. Although families have strong influence on their children, few randomized studies have examined whether family-directed programs influence those behaviors in general universal populations. This paper reports findings from an evaluation of a family program that features the mailing of four booklets to adult family members with follow-up telephone calls by health educators. A national sample of adolescent-parent pairs and a randomized experimental design were used to evaluate the program. Baseline users and nonusers of those substances were considered simultaneously in analyses so that program influences on smoking and drinking prevalence could be examined. The findings suggest that the program significantly reduced the prevalence of smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol among adolescents. These findings are discussed in the context of earlier reports of research on the family program and implications for public health.

Adolescent↗