Biomedical subjects

Karl-Heinz Bäuml

Publications and source records attributed to Karl-Heinz Bäuml.

11 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2006

When remembering causes forgetting: electrophysiological correlates of retrieval-induced forgetting.

People tend to forget information that is related to memories they are actively trying to retrieve. On the basis of results from behavioral studies, such retrieval-induced forgetting is held to result from inhibitory control processes that are recruited to attenuate interference caused by competing memory traces. Employing electrophysiological measures of brain activity, the present study examined the neural correlates of these inhibitory processes as they operate. The results demonstrate that sustained prefrontal event-related potentials were 1) related to whether or not selective memory retrieval was required during reprocessing of previously studied words and 2) predictive of individual differences in the amount of forgetting observed in an ensuing recall test. The present findings give support to an inhibitory control account of retrieval-induced forgetting and are in accord with the view that prefrontal regions play an important role in the selection and maintenance of relevant memory representations at the expense of those currently irrelevant.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Part-list cuing can be transient and lasting: the role of encoding.

The presentation of a subset of learned items as retrieval cues can have detrimental effects on recall of the remaining items. For 2 types of encoding conditions, the authors examined in 3 experiments whether such part-list cuing is a transient or a lasting phenomenon. Across the experiments, the detrimental effect of part-list cues was consistently found to be transient with a high degree of interim associations and lasting with a low degree. These results indicate that the persistence of part-list cuing depends on encoding, thus challenging both strategy disruption and retrieval inhibition as general accounts of part-list cuing. A 2-mechanism account is provided according to which the 2 mechanisms mediate the effect in different encoding conditions.

Attention↗

PubMed2006

Inhibitory deficits in older adults: list-method directed forgetting revisited.

In list-method directed forgetting, participants are cued to intentionally forget a previously studied list while remembering a subsequently presented 2nd list. Results from prior research are inconclusive on whether older adults show deficits in this type of task. In 3 experiments, the authors reexamined the issue and compared younger and older adults' responsiveness to the forget cue. Across the experiments, the forget cue was varied within and between participants, the 2 lists were unrelated and related to each other, and recall of the lists was required simultaneously and successively. In none of the 3 experiments did any age-related difference in directed forgetting performance emerge. List-method directed forgetting is assumed to reflect retrieval inhibition. The present results thus challenge the proposal of a general inhibitory deficit in older adults' memory performance.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Memory retrieval in schizophrenia: evidence from part-list cuing.

Schizophrenia patients are known to exhibit episodic verbal memory deficits. Although their neural origin is debated, they have often been compared to the memory problems found in temporal lobe amnesia or frontal lobe dysfunction. Furthermore, it is unclear to what extent such deficits arise at either memory encoding or retrieval. We addressed the issue of retrieval deficits in schizophrenia in a part-list cuing experiment, testing the effect of the presentation of a subset of previously learned material on the retrieval of the remaining items. The part-list cuing procedure generally impairs retrieval but previous work showed that the detrimental effects are more pronounced in amnesic participants than in healthy people, indicating a retrieval deficit under part-list cuing conditions in amnesia. In the present study, schizophrenia patients did not exhibit increased susceptibility to part-list cuing effects and thus showed no increased retrieval inhibition from part-list cuing. Moreover, in part-list cuing, schizophrenia patients did not mirror the pattern found in amnesia, demonstrating a dissociation between amnesia and schizophrenia patients with respect to this particular memory effect. Implications for the neural basis of the part-list cuing effect and of memory disturbances in schizophrenia are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

When remembering causes forgetting: retrieval-induced forgetting as recovery failure.

Retrieval practice on a subset of previously learned material can cause forgetting of the unpracticed material and make it inaccessible to consciousness. Such inaccessibility may arise because the material is no longer sampled from the set of to-be-recalled items, or, though sampled, its representation is not complete enough to be recovered into consciousness. In 2 experiments, it was examined whether retrieval-induced forgetting reflects a sampling or recovery failure by studying the time course of cued recall in this type of situation. Although retrieval practice reduced recall totals of the unpracticed items, in both experiments, the forgetting was not accompanied by an effect on the items' response latencies. This pattern of results is consistent with the view that inhibited items are successfully sampled but, because of a reduction in their activation level, do not exceed the recovery threshold.

Humans↗

PubMed2005

Intact retrieval inhibition in children's episodic recall.

Young children are assumed to be inefficient inhibitors in a number of cognitive tasks. In two experiments, we examined whether such deficits extend to children's episodic recall. We used two inhibition paradigms: retrieval-induced forgetting, the detrimental effect of retrieval practice with a subset of learned items on recall of the unpracticed items, and part-list cuing, the detrimental effect of the presentation of a subset of learned items on recall of the remaining items. In both experiments, the inhibitory effects were compared across three age groups: first or second graders, fourth graders, and young adults. The two children groups showed the same amounts of retrieval-induced forgetting and part-list cuing as the adult group, pointing to intact retrieval inhibition in young children's episodic recall. These results parallel very recent results on older adults' episodic recall, suggesting that both retrieval-induced forgetting and part-list cuing develop early in life and remain intact for the greater part of the lifespan.

Child↗

PubMed2004

Part-list cuing as instructed retrieval inhibition.

The reexposure of a subset of learned material as a retrieval cue can impair recall of the remaining material. Like part-list relearning--the reexposure of learned material for additional learning--this part-list cuing is often assumed to be the result of output order biases at test, caused by the increased strength of the reexposed material. We directly compared the effects of cuing and relearning when controlling for output order biases. In addition, we compared the two forms of reexposure with the effect of part-list retrieval. Both part-list cuing and part-list retrieval reduced recall performance for the remaining material. By contrast, part-list relearning had no such detrimental effect. These results indicate that the effect of reexposure depends on whether material is reexposed as a cue or for relearning, suggesting that part-list cuing reflects an instructional effect. Evidence is provided that part-list cuing leads to instructed covert retrieval of cue items and causes retrieval inhibition of noncue items, similar to how overt retrieval inhibits nonretrieved items.

Cues↗

PubMed2003

Retrieval-induced forgetting and part-list cuing in associatively structured lists.

Using DRM lists (Roediger & McDermott, 1995) in two experiments, we compared the effects of retrieval practice on a subset of the items and of the presentation of those items as retrieval cues at test on recall of the lists' critical items. In Experiment 1, the critical items were part of the studied lists, thus addressing these items' veridical recall; in Experiment 2, they were not studied, thus addressing these items' false recall. Three major results emerged. First, retrieval practice and part-list cuing reduced both veridical and false recall. Second, the two manipulations induced an integration effect in veridical recall, with substantial forgetting in lists with low false recall levels and no forgetting in lists with high false recall levels. Third, retrieval practice and part-list cuing created the same effects on recall, qualitatively and quantitatively. These results suggest that the detrimental effects of retrieval practice and part-list cuing were mediated by similar mechanisms. They are consistent with the view that not only retrieval-induced forgetting, but also part-list cuing is caused by inhibitory processes.

Association↗

PubMed2002

Color appearance of spatial pattern: the role of increments and decrements.

In a number of recent adaptational studies evidence for a different processing of incremental and decremental cone signals has been reported. The present study examined whether such asymmetries occur in spatial pattern as well. Subjects set color matches between a uniform, 2 degrees matching box and bars within squarewave patterns. The squarewaves varied in spatial frequency, color direction, and contrast. For all three cone signals the asymmetric matches showed clear evidence for increment-decrement asymmetries: Although both incremental and decremental matches scaled roughly linearly with pattern contrast, in general, the scalings for the two types of color signals differed. This difference in scaling increased with spatial frequency, thus leading to an increase in the size of the increment-decrement asymmetry with spatial frequency. The matches were well described by means of two-stage models, consisting of a color transformation in the first stage and a pattern-dependent scaling in the second stage. Analyses based on these pattern-color separable models suggest that the asymmetries are mediated mainly through a white-black mechanism and much less, if at all, through a red-green and yellow-blue mechanism.

Color Perception↗

PubMed2002

On the role of item similarity in retrieval-induced forgetting.

We report on two experiments designed to examine how the similarity of retrieval-practised and not-retrieval-practised items influences the amount of retrieval-induced forgetting. Participants studied categorised item lists with each category consisting of exemplars from two different semantic subcategories. Using both the retrieval practice paradigm (Experiment 1) and the output interference paradigm (Experiment 2) we found that the retrieval of a subset of the studied items impaired the subsequent recall of the nonpractised items if the two types of items were fairly dissimilar to each other (same category but different subcategory) but did not induce impairment if the two types of items were highly similar (same category and subcategory). These results indicate that a high degree of similarity of practised and nonpractised items can eliminate retrieval-induced forgetting. They also suggest that forgetting in the retrieval practice paradigm and forgetting in the output interference paradigm are mediated by the same mechanisms. The relation of the present results to other very recent findings about the role of item similarity in retrieval-induced forgetting in discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Semantic generation can cause episodic forgetting.

The repeated retrieval of a subset of previously learned items can cause forgetting of the nonretrieved items. The study reported here investigated whether retrieval-induced forgetting generalizes to a situation in which the retrieved and nonretrieved items are not part of the same experiential episode and task. Subjects learned an item list that they had to recall later in the experiment. In a separate intermediate phase, they repeatedly generated related items from semantic memory, or were presented the same items intact for study. Only the semantic generation of items, and not their presentation for study, induced forgetting of the initially learned items. This result indicates that, first, semantic generation can cause recall-specific episodic forgetting and, second, retrieval-induced forgetting can occur even if the retrieved and nonretrieved items belong to different experiential episodes and tasks. Connections of the present results to other memory phenomena, such as part-set cuing and the generation effect, social cognition, and eyewitness memory, are discussed.

Humans↗