Biomedical subjects

Ke-Xia Wang

Publications and source records attributed to Ke-Xia Wang.

12 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2005

Effect of liniment levamisole on cellular immune functions of patients with chronic hepatitis B.

AIM: To explore the effects of liniment levamisole on cellular immune functions of patients with chronic hepatitis B. METHODS: The levels of T lymphocyte subsets and mIL-2R in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were measured by biotin-streptavidin (BSA) technique in patients with chronic hepatitis B before and after the treatment with liniment levamisole. RESULTS: After one course of treatment with liniment levamisole, the levels of CD3(+), CD4(+), and the ratio of CD4(+)/CD8(+) increased as compared to those before the treatment but the level of CD8(+) decreased. The total expression level of mIL-2R in PBMCs increased before and after the treatment with liniment levamisole. CONCLUSION: Liniment levamisole may reinforce cellular immune functions of patients with chronic hepatitis B.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed2004

Cloning and sequencing of cagA gene fragment of Helicobacter pylori with coccoid form.

AIM: To clone and sequence the cagA gene fragment of Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) with coccoid form. METHODS: H pylori strain NCTC11637 were transformed to coccoid form by exposure to antibiotics in subinhibitory concentrations. The coccoid H pylori was collected. cagA gene of the coccoid H pylori strain was amplified by PCR. After purified, the target fragment was cloned into plasmid pMD-18T. The recombinant plasmid pMD-18T-cagA was transformed into E.coli JM109. Positive clones were screened and identified by PCR and digestion with restriction endonucleases. The sequence of inserted fragment was then analysed. RESULTS: cagA gene of 3,444 bp was obtained from the coccoid H pylori genome DNA. The recombinant plasmid pMD-18T-cagA was constructed, then it was digested by BamH I+Sac I, and the product of digestion was identical with the predicted one. Sequence analysis showed that the homology of coccoid and the reported original sequence H pylori was 99.7%. CONCLUSION: The recombinant plasmid containing cagA gene from coccoid H pylori has been constructed successfully. The coccoid H pylori contain completed cagA gene, which may be related to pathogenicity of them.

Antigens, Bacterial↗

PubMed2004

Helicobacter pylori L-form and patients with chronic gastritis.

AIM: To study the relationship between infection with Helicobacter pylori L-forms and chronic gastritis and its association with possible changes of cellular immune function. METHODS: Gastric mucosal biopsies were taken from 428 patients with chronic gastritis to detect H pylori L-form by Gram staining and immunohistochemistry staining. Peripheral venous blood samples of patients were taken to detect the percentage of CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ by the biotin-streptavidin (BSA) assay and the levels of IL-2, IL-6 and IL-8 by ELISA. RESULTS: The rate of infection with H pylori L-forms was 48.83% (209/428). The rate was 50.47% (216/428) and 52.80% (226/428), respectively, as detected by immunohistochemistry staining and Gram staining (P>0.05). The rate of H pylori L-forms in males and females was 57.8% (136/235) and 37.28% (73/193), respectively, (chi2=17.05, P<0.01). Furthermore, the rate increased with age, with the rate being significantly greater in patients > or =40 years old than in those <40 years old (P<0.01). The percentage of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, the ratio of CD4+/CD8+, and the levels of IL-2, IL-6, IL-8 in H pylori-positive patients were 47.58+/-4.44%, 25.51+/-4.74%, 22.77+/-7.46%, 1.44+/-0.51%, 1.56+/-0.47 mg/L, 103.62+/-5.85 ng/L, and 109.79+/-7.18 ng/L, respectively. Compared with H pylori-negative patients, the percentage of CD3+, CD4+ and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ and the IL-2 level decreased, but the levels of IL-6, IL-8 increased (P<0.001-P<0.01). Moreover, the percentage of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, the ratio of CD4+/CD8+, and the levels of IL-2, IL-6 and IL-8 in patients infected with both H pylori L-forms and vegetative forms were 46.67+/-5.21%, 30.75+/-4.89%, 22.15+/-6.45%, 1.32+/-0.47%, 1.16+/-0.38 mg/L, 116.45+/-5.44 ng/L, and 118.64+/-6.24 ng/L, respectively. Compared with patients infected with only vegetative forms, the percentage of CD4+, the ratio of CD4+/CD8+and IL-2 level decreased, but the levels of IL-6 and IL-8 increased (P<0.001 or P<0.01). CONCLUSION: L-form variation often occurs in patients with chronic gastritis and is commonly found in male patients and associates with ages. The L-form variation may be an important factor causing disorder of cellular immune function in the patients with H pylori-induced chronic gastritis.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Clinical and epidemiological features of patients with clonorchiasis.

AIM: To study the clinical and epidemiological features of patients with clonorchiasis so as to provide scientific evidences for the diagnosis and prevention of clonorchiasis. METHODS: Stools from 282 subjects suspected of having clonorchiasis were examined for helminth eggs with modified Kato's thick smear and sedimentation methods, and their sera were tested for HAV-DNA, HBV-DNA, HCV-RNA, HDV-RNA and HEV-RNA with polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Clinical symptoms of patients with clonorchiasis only were analyzed, and their blood samples were tested for circulating antigen (CAg) with Dot-ELISA, eosinophilic granulocyte count, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Meanwhile, they were asked to provide data of occupation, eating habit, hygienic habit and knowledge of clonorchiasis. In addition, the ecosystem of the environment in epidemic areas was surveyed. RESULTS: Among the 282 patients, 61 (21.43%) were infected with clonorchis sinensis only, 97 (34.64%) were co-infected with clonorchis sinensis and other pathogens, 92 (32.86%) were infected with hepatitis virus only and 31 (11.07%) neither with clonorchis sinensis nor hepatitis virus. Among the 61 patients with clonorchiasis only, there were 14 (22.95%) subjects with discomfort over hepatic region or epigasfrium, 12 (19.67%) with general malaise or discomfort and inertia in total body, 6 (9.84%) with anorexia, indigestion and nausea, 4 (6.56%) with fever, dizziness and headache (6.56%), and 25 (40.98%) without any symptoms; sixty one (100%) with CAg (+), 98.33% (59/60) with eosinophilic granulocytes increased and 65.00% (39/60) with ALT increased. B-mode ultrasonography revealed 61 cases with dilated and thickened walls of intrahepatic bile duct, and blurred patchy echo acoustic image in liver. Twenty-six cases had stones in the bile duct, 39 cases had slightly enlarged liver with diffuse coarse spots in liver parenchyma. Twenty cases had enlarged gallbladder with thickened coarse wall and image of floating plagues, 9 cases had slightly enlarged spleen. By analysis of epidemiological data, we found that the ecologic environment was favorable for the epidemiology of clonorchiasis. Most patients with clonorchiasis were lack of knowledge about the disease. Their living environment, hygienic habits, eating habits and their occupations were the related factors that caused the prevalence of the disease. CONCLUSION: The clinical symptoms of clonorchiasis are non-specific, and the main evidences for diagnosis of clonorchiasis should be provided by etiologic examination, B-mode ultrasonography and clinical history. The infection of clonorchis sinensis is related to occupations, bad eating habits and lack of knowledge about prevention of the disease.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Cloning and expression of vacA gene fragment of Helicobacter pylori with coccoid form.

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) can transform, in vivo as well as in vitro, from dividing spiral-shaped forms into nonculturable coccoid forms, whose importance in disease transmission and antibiotic treatment failures is unclear. The aim of the present study was to clone and express the vacA gene of coccoid H. pylori and to infer its possible pathogenesis. METHODS: Firstly, coccoid form was obtained from strain NCTC 11637 by exposure to antibiotics in subinhibitory concentrations and collected. Secondly, vacA gene of the coccoid H. pylori was amplified by PCR. After being purified, the target fragment was cloned into plasmid pMD-18T, and the recombinant plasmid pMD-18T-vacA was transformed into E. coli JM109. The sequence of inserted fragment was analyzed. Thirdly, vacA gene from recombinant plasmid pMD-18T-vacA was digested with restriction enzyme and was inserted into expression vector pET32a (+). The positive recombinants were transferred into E. coli BL21 and identified by restriction enzyme digestion and PCR. Finally, the genetically engineered bacteria including pET32a (+)-vacA plasmids were induced by IPTG, the expression was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and gel densitometric scanning. RESULTS: The results revealed that vacA gene of 3888bp was obtained from the coccoid H. pylori genome DNA, recombinant plasmid pMD-18T-vacA constructed were successfully digested by BamH I +Sac I, and the product of digestion was identical with the predicted 1. Sequence analysis also showed that the homology of coccoid and the reported original sequence was 99.8%. Plasmid pET32a (+)-vacA could express a specific 156kDa protein in E. coli BL21, and the protein accounted for 15.5% of the total protein of recombinant bacterial. CONCLUSIONS: The present data indicate that coccoid H. pylori contains complete vacA gene, and could synthesize its protein, which may be related to the disease relapse and transmission when coccoid H. pylori recovers virulence under suitable conditions.

Bacterial Proteins↗

PubMed2003

Detection of serum anti-Helicobacter pylori immunoglobulin G in patients with different digestive malignant tumors.

AIM: To investigate the seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with different digestive malignant tumors. METHODS: Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect serum anti-Helicobacter pylori IgG antibody in 374 patients with different digestive malignant tumors and 310 healthy subjects (normal control group). RESULTS: The seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection was 61.50% (230/374) and 46.77% (145/310), respectively, in patients with digestive tumors and normal controls (P<0.05). The seroprevalence was 52.38% (33/63), 86.60% (84/97), 83.14% (84/101), 45.24 (19/42), 51.13% (18/35) and 44.44% (16/36), respectively in patients with carcinomas of esophagus, stomach, duodenum, rectum, colon and liver (P<0.01). In patients with intestinal and diffuse type gastric cancers, the seroprevalence was 93.75% (60/64) and 72.73% (24/33), respectively (P<0.05). In patients with gastric antral and cardiac cancers, the seroprevalence was 96.43% (54/56) and 73.17% (30/41), respectively (P<0.05). In patients with ulcerous and proliferous type duodenal cancers, the seroprevalence of H pylori infection was 91.04% (61/67) and 52.27% (23/44), respectively (P<0.05). In patients with duodenal bulb and descending cancers, the seroprevalence was 94.20% (65/69) and 45.20% (19/42), respectively (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: H pylori infection is associated with occurrence and development of gastric and duodenal carcinomas. Furthermore, it is also associated with histological type and locations of gastric and duodenal carcinomas.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

L-forms of H. pylori.

AIM: To study the occurrence of L-forms of H. pylori infection in patients with peptic ulcers and its association with possible changes of cellular immune function in the patients. METHODS: Endoscopic biopsy specimens of gastric antrum and gastric corpus were taken from 228 patients with peptic ulcers and inoculated into Skirrow selective medium for H. pylori vegetative forms and special medium for H. pylori L-forms, followed by bacterial isolation and identification. And peripheral venous blood of the patients was taken to detect the percentage of CD3(+), CD4(+) and CD8(+) with biotin-streptavidin (BSA) and the level of IL-2, IL-6 and IL-8 with ELISA. RESULTS: (1) The detection rates of H. pylori L-forms and vegetative forms in the patients were 50.88 % (116/228) and 64.91 % (148/228) respectively, and the co-infection rate of H. pylori L-forms and vegetative forms was 78.38 % (116/148). To be more exact, the detection rates of H. pylori L-forms in male and female patients were 57.04 % (77/135) and 41.94 % (39/93) respectively, and statistics found significant difference between them (P<0.05). Furthermore, the detection rates of H. pylori L-forms in patients aged 14 years-, 30 years-, 40 years- and 50 years- were 31.91 % (15/47), 42.86 % (24/56), 56.94 % (41/72) and 67.92 % (36/53) respectively, and there was significant difference between them (P<0.01). (2) The percentages of CD3(+), CD4(+), CD8(+), the ratio of CD4(+)/CD8(+), and the level of IL-2, IL-6, IL-8 in H. pylori-positive patients were (52.59+/-5.44) %, (35.51+/-5.74) %, (27.77+/-8.64) %, (1.56+/-0.51), (2.66+/-0.47) mg/L, (108.62+/-5.85) ng/L and (115.79+/-7.18) ng/L respectively, compared with those in H. pylori-negative patients, the percentages of CD3(+), CD4(+) and the ratio of CD4(+)/CD8(+) decreased, but the level of IL-2, IL-6 increased, and the difference was significant (P<0.001-P<0.01). Moreover, the percentages of CD3(+), CD4(+), CD8(+), the ratio of CD4(+)/CD8(+), and the level of IL-2, IL-6, IL-8 in the patients with mixed infection of both H. pylori L-forms and vegetative forms were (51.69+/-5.28) %, (34.75+/-5.89) %, (27.15+/-7.45) %, (1.48+/-0.47), (2.16+/-0.38) mg/L, (119.45+/-5.44) ng/L and (123.64+/-6.24) ng/L respectively, compared with those in patients with simple infection of H. pylori vegetative forms, the percentage of CD4(+), the ratio of CD4(+)/CD8(+) and the level of IL-2 increased, but the level of IL-6 and IL-8 decreased, statistical difference was found between them (P<0.001-P<0.05). CONCLUSION: L-forms variation often occurs in patients with peptic ulcers who are infected by H. pylori, which is commonly found in male patients and related to ages. The L-forms variation of H. pylori can be an important factor causing disorder of cellular immune function in the patients with peptic ulcers who are infected by H. pylori.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Detection of T lymphocyte subsets and mIL-2R on surface of PBMC in patients with hepatitis B.

AIM: To study the levels of T lymphocyte subsets and membrane interleukin-2 receptor (mIL-2R) on surface of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with hepatitis B and its role in the pathogenesis of hepatitis B. METHODS: The levels of T lymphocyte subsets and mIL-2R in PBMC before and after being stimulated with PHA were detected by biotin-streptavidin (BSA) technique in 196 cases of hepatitis B. RESULTS: In patients with hepatitis B, the levels of CD(3)(+), CD(4)(+) cells, and the ratio of CD(4)(+) cells/CD(8)(+) cells were lower, but the level of CD(8)(+) cells was higher than those in normal controls (42.20+/-6.01 vs 65.96+/-6.54, 38.17+/-5.93 vs 41.73+/-6.40, 0.91+/-0.28 vs 1.44+/-0.31, 39.86+/-6.36 vs 30.02+/-4.54, P<0.01). The total expression level of mIL-2R in PBMC before and after being stimulated with PHA was also lower than those in normal controls (3.47+/-1.55 vs 4.52+/-1.49, 34.03+/-2.94 vs 37.95+/-3.00, P<0.01). In all the patients with hepatitis B, the levels of T lymphocyte subsets and mIL-2R in PBMC with HBV-DNA (+) were lower than those with HBV-DNA (-), which were significantly different (39.57+/-7.11 vs 44.36+/-5.43, 34.36+/-7.16 vs 40.75+/-5.87, 37.82+/-6.54 vs 41.72+/-6.21, 0.88+/-0.33 vs 0.99+/-0.27, 2.82+/-1.62 vs 3.85+/-1.47, 31.56+/-3.00 vs 35.84+/-2.83, P<0.01). In addition, the levels of CD(3)(+), CD(4)(+), CD(8)(+) cells, the ratio of CD(4)(+) cells /CD(8)(+) cells and mIL-2R among different courses of hepatitis B were all significantly different (F=3 723.18, P<0.01. F=130.43, P<0.01. F=54.01, P<0.01. F=2.99, P<0.05. F=7.16, P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Both cellular and humoral immune functions are obviously in disorder in patients with hepatitis B, which might be closely associated with the chronicity in patients.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2002

mIL-2R, T cell subsets & hepatitis C.

AIM: To study the levels of membrane interleukin-2 receptor (mIL-2R) and T cell subsets in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with hepatitis C and their role in the pathogenesis of hepatitis C. METHODS: The levels of mIL-2R and T cells subsets in PBMC were detected by biotin- streptatividin (BSA) technique before and after stimulation with PHA in 203 patients with hepatitis C with HCV-RNA(+), anti-HCV(+), anti-HCV(-). RESULTS: The total expressive levels of mIL-2R before and after stimulation with PHA(0.03+/-0.01, 0.03+/-0.02, 0.04+/-0.02, 0.36+/-0.03), and T cell subsets in PBMC (0.62+/-0.06, 0.37+/-0.05, 0.35+/-0.07) were all lower in patients with hepatitis C than those in normal controls (0.66+/-0.07, 0.41+/-0.06, 0.31+/-0.05, P<0.01). Among the patients, the levels of mIL-2R were lower in silence than those in situation of PHA inducting (P<0.01). However, the levels of mIL-2R were similar in acute hepatitis C to that in chronic hepatitis C (P>0.05). The levels of CD(3)(+), CD(4)(+), CD(4)(+)/CD(8)(+) were lower and CD(8)(+) was higher in patients with acute and chronic hepatitis C with anti-HCV(+) than those in normal controls (0.62+/-0.06, 0.37+/-0.05, 0.35+/-0.07, 1.18+/-0.30, 0.61+/-0.07, 0.37+/-0.05, 1.39+/-0.33, 0.31+/-0.05, P<0.05-P<0.01). CONCLUSION: The cellular immunity is obviously changed in patients with hepatitis C. The levels of mIL-2R and activation of T cells are closely associated with chronicity of hepatitis C.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Epidemiological survey of cryptosporidiosis in Anhui Province China.

AIM: To provide scientific evidence for prevention and controlling of cryptosporidiosis, the infection of Cryptosporidium parvum and its epidemiological characteristics were studied in some areas of Anhui Province. METHODS: The oocyst of Cryptosporidium parvum in 5421 fresh stool samples from eleven areas of Anhui Province was tested by auramine-phenol stain and improved anti-acid stain respectively. The specific antibody of IgG, IgM and T subsets of 41 patients with positive Cryptosporidium parvum in stools were detected by ELISA and biotin-streptavidin (BSA) respectively. RESULTS: The total infective rate of Cryptosporidium parvum was 1.33% (74/5421). Among them, the positive rates of oocyst in the areas of Huaibei (1.82%) and Fuyang (1.80%) were higher. The positive rates of oocyst in stools of infants, pupils, middle school students, college students, adults, patients with diarrhea, and those with immunodeficiency were 3.15%(28/889), 0.82% (9/1098), 0.82%(9/1092), 0.83%(8/969), 0.85% (9/1095), 2.88%(8/278) and 8.33%(3/36)% respectively. The positive rates of oocyst in infants and the patients with diarrhea and immunodeficiency were significantly higher than those in controls (P<0.01). The positive rate of oocyst in males was similar to that in females (P>0.05). The positive rate of oocyst in urban areas (1.13%) was significantly lower than those in rural areas (1.72%, P<0.01). The positive rates of specific IgG, IgM and IgG+IgM in sera of the patients with positive oocyst in stool were 63.4% (26/41), 17.1% (7/41), 19.5% (8/41) respectively. The number fractions of T subsets of CD(3)(+), CD(4)(+), CD(8)(+) and CD(4)(+)/CD(8)(+) of the patients were 0.66+/-0.07, 0.44+/-0.06, 0.28+/-0.04 and 1.58+/-0.32 respectively. The difference between the patients and the controls was significant (P<0.05). The main manifestations of the patients were subclinical infection, in forms of slight abdominal pain, mild diarrhea, and loose stool. CONCLUSION: There are two infection peaks in infection of Cryptosporidium parvum and its infection can be found more often in infants, patients with diarrhea or immunodeficiency, and in rural areas. Subclinical infection is the main manifestation and might be easily misdiagnosed. When the therapeutic effectiveness is low for diarrhea, the infection of Cryptosporidium parvum should be considered, concerning their age and immune function.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Epidemiological survey of Blastocystis hominis in Huainan City, Anhui Province, China.

AIM: To provide scientific evidence for prevention and controlling of blastocystosis, the infection of Blastocystis homonis and to study its clinical significance in Huainan City, Anhui Province, China. METHODS: Blastocystis homonis in fresh stools taken from 100 infants, 100 pupils, 100 middle school students and 403 patients with diarrhea was smeared and detected with method of iodine staining and hematoxylin staining. After preliminary direct microscopy, the shape and size of Blastocystis homonis were observed with high power lens. The cellular immune function of the patients with blastocystosis was detected with biotin-streptavidin (BSA). RESULTS: The positive rates of Blastocystis homonis in fresh stools taken from the infants, pupils, middle school students and the patients with diarrhea, were 1.0 % (1/100), 1.0 % (1/100), 0 % (0/100) and 5.96 % (24/403) respectively. Furthermore, the positive rates of Blastocystis homonis in the stool samples taken from the patients with mild diarrhea, intermediate diarrhea, severe diarrhea and obstinate diarrhea were 6.03 % (14/232), 2.25 % (2/89), 0 % (0/17) and 12.31 % (8/65) respectively. The positive rates of Blastocystis homonis in fresh stools of male and female patients with diarrhea were 7.52 % (17/226) and 3.95 % (7/177) respectively, and those of patients in urban and rural areas were 4.56 % (11/241) and 8.02 % (13/162) respectively. There was no significant difference between them (P>0.05). The positive rates of CD(3)(+), CD(4)(+), CD(8)(+) in serum of Blastocystis homonis-positive and-negative individuals were 0.64+/-0.06, 0.44+/-0.06, 0.28+/-0.04 and 0.60+/-0.05, 0.40+/-0.05 and 0.30+/-0.05 respectively, and the ratio of CD(4)(+)/CD(8)(+) of the two groups were 1.53+/-0.34 and 1.27+/-0.22. There was significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05, P<0.01). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of Blastocystis hominis as an enteric pathogen in human seems not to be associated with gender and living environment, and that Blastocystis hominis is more common in stool samples of the patients with diarrhea, especially with chronic diarrhea or obstinate diarrhea. When patients with diarrhea infected by Blastocystis hominis, their cellular immune function decreases, which make it more difficult to be cured.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Cyclospore cayetanensis in Anhui, China.

AIM: To investigate the infection of Cyclospore cayetanensis in Anhui Province. METHODS: Identification of Cyclospore cayetanensis was made microscopically by finding the oocysts of Cyclospore cayetanensis in fecal smears taken from the infants, pupils and adults with obstinate diarrhea, and immunocompromised individuals by using a auramine-phenol stain and modified acid-fast stain. Cellular immune function was detected with biotin-streptavidin (BSA), and the specific antibody against Cyclospore cayetanensis was detected with method of ELISA. RESULTS: (1) The positive rates of Cyclospore cayetanensis infection in infants, pupils, infants and adults with obstinate diarrhea and with immunocompromised individuals were significantly different (P<0.01), with the rates of 0 %, 0.50 % (1/200), 5.62 % (10/178), and 9.38 % (3/32) respectively. (2) The infection rates of males and females were 2.61 % (10/383) and 1.44 % (4/227) respectively, with no significant difference (P<0.05). (3) The positive rates of population with oocysts in urban and rural areas were 0.92 % (3/325) and 3.86 % (11/285) respectively. (4) The positive rates of CD(3)(+), CD(4)(+), CD(8)(+) and the ratio of CD(4)(+)/CD(8)(+) of individuals with and without oocysts were significantly different (P<0.05, P<0.01), and their values were (64.28+/-6.55) %, (43.55+/-5.80) %, (28.23+/-4.32) %, 1.52+/-0.32 and (58.97+/-5.23) %, (39.26+/-4.93) %, (30.54+/-5.17) %,1.26+/-0.21, respectively. (5) Specific IgG, IgM and IgG+IgM in serum of the patients with oocyst were significantly different (P<0.01) with the positive rates of 63.41 % (9/14), 17.07 % (1/14) and 19.51 % (4/14) respectively. CONCLUSION: Cyclospore cayetanensis infection is present in Anhui, China and it was confirmed to be a new pathogen associated with children diarrhea, adults obstinate diarrhea and diarrhea in immunocompromised individuals. Among all the infected individuals, adult obstinate diarrhea patients and immunocompromised individuals are common. Feces examination of oocysts and serological examination of the specific antibody will be of much help in the diagnosis of Cyclospore cayetanensis infection.

Adolescent↗