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Kevin M Slawin

Publications and source records attributed to Kevin M Slawin.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

An essential role for Akt1 in dendritic cell function and tumor immunotherapy.

Current dendritic cell (DC) vaccine preparations involving ex vivo differentiation and maturation produce short-lived, transiently active DCs that may curtail T-cell responses in vivo. We demonstrate that Akt1, downregulation of which decreases DC lifespan, is critical for proinflammatory signal-mediated DC survival and maturation. Lipopolysaccharide or CD40 signaling stabilizes Akt1, promoting both activation and Bcl-2-dependent survival of DCs. Expression of a potent allele encoding a lipid raft-targeted Akt1, M(F)-DeltaAkt, is sufficient for maturation and survival of murine bone marrow-derived DCs in vivo. M(F)-DeltaAkt-transduced DCs enhanced T-cell proliferation, activation and long-term memory responses, enabling eradication of large pre-established lymphomas and aggressive B16 melanomas. Human myeloid DCs expressing constitutively active M(F)-DeltahAkt also survived significantly longer and promoted antigen-specific T-cell responses. Thus, Akt1 is a critical regulator of DC lifespan, and its manipulation in DCs can improve the clinical efficacy of DC-based tumor vaccines.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Newer modalities of ultrasound imaging and treatment of the prostate.

Gray-scale ultrasound is widely used for assessing BPH and for obtaining prostate biopsies. However, it has limited value for evaluating cancer in the prostate. To improve ultrasound as an imaging modality of the prostate, many new technologies, such as color and power Doppler, 3-dimensional ultrasound of the prostate, and contrast-enhanced ultrasound have been developed. In addition, treatment modalities using ultrasound for the treatment of BPH have been developed. This review presents the recent developments in ultrasound of the prostate.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Development of nomogram to predict acute urinary retention or surgical intervention, with or without dutasteride therapy, in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia.

OBJECTIVES: To develop a prediction model, or nomogram, that would predict the probability that a man with benign prostatic hyperplasia would experience acute urinary retention (AUR) or require surgical intervention (SI) within 2 years, with or without dutasteride therapy. METHODS: We modeled 4294 men treated in the Phase III dutasteride benign prostatic hyperplasia trials. These men were characterized at baseline by a number of parameters, including the American Urological Association Symptom Index, Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Impact Index questionnaire, prior use of selective alpha1-blockers, prostate volume, prostate-specific antigen level, and maximal flow rate. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to relate these baseline variables to their future probability of AUR/SI within 2 years. The nomogram was internally validated with bootstrapping to assess its discrimination and calibration. Discrimination was quantified as the concordance index. RESULTS: The nomogram appeared to be accurately calibrated and discriminating (concordance index 0.71, P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We constructed a nomogram for predicting the probability that a man would experience AUR or require SI within 2 years of benign prostatic hyperplasia diagnosis. At 24 months of follow-up, 7.4% of placebo patients and 3.7% of dutasteride patients had experienced AUR and/or SI, representing a 50% relative risk reduction and a 3.7% absolute risk reduction. For the greatest risk patient randomized to the Phase III dutasteride trial, the nomogram predicted a maximal risk of 27%, significantly greater than the median risk of the placebo-treated patients.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2006

Baseline factors as predictors of clinical progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia in men treated with placebo.

PURPOSE: We analyzed data from the placebo arm of the MTOPS trial to determine clinical predictors of BPH progression. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 3,047 patients with LUTS were randomized to either placebo, doxazosin (4 to 8 mg), finasteride (5 mg), or a combination of doxazosin and finasteride. Average length of followup was 4.5 years. The primary outcome was time to overall clinical progression of BPH, defined as either a confirmed 4-point or greater increase in AUA SS, acute urinary retention, incontinence, renal insufficiency, or recurrent urinary tract infection. We analyzed BPH progression event data from the 737 men who were randomized to placebo. RESULTS: The rate of overall clinical progression of BPH events in the placebo group was 4.5 per 100 person-years, for a cumulative incidence (among men who had at least 4 years of followup data) of 17%. The risk of BPH progression was significantly greater in patients on placebo with a baseline TPV of 31 ml or greater vs less than 31 ml (p <0.0001), a baseline PSA of 1.6 ng/dl or greater vs PSA less than 1.6 ng/dl (p = 0.0009), a baseline Qmax of less than 10.6 ml per second vs 10.6 ml per second or greater (p = 0.011), a baseline PVR of 39 ml or greater vs less than 39 ml (p = 0.0008) and baseline age 62 years or older vs younger than 62 years (p = 0.0002). CONCLUSIONS: Among men in the placebo arm, baseline TPV, PSA, Qmax, PVR and age were important predictors of the risk of clinical progression of BPH.

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists↗
PubMed2005

Pilot study of radiofrequency interstitial tumor ablation (RITA) for the treatment of radio-recurrent prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: To prospectively evaluate the feasibility, safety, morbidity, and preliminary efficacy of radiofrequency interstitial tumor ablation (RITA) for the focal treatment of patients with local prostate cancer recurrence. METHODS: Eleven patients with biopsy-proven, hormone-naïve, clinically localized prostate cancer were enrolled in a prospective phase I/II trial. Eight patients had failed prior radiation therapy and three were not candidates for curative primary therapy (median Gleason score 7 and 6, respectively). Median follow-up was 20 months. All patients were treated with RITA in an office setting, under intravenous sedation and were discharged after the procedure. Radiofrequency energy was applied via needles placed transperineally under transrectal ultrasound guidance. RESULTS: The placement of 1/4 lesions was aborted in two patients due to increasing rectal temperature. Complications included transient macrohematuria (19%), bladder spasms (9%), and dysuria (9%). Serum PSA levels decreased after RITA >50% in 90% of patients, > 70% in 72% of patients, and > 80% in 46% of patients. The mean PSA doubling time after RITA was slower than that before RITA (37 +/- 22 months vs. 14 +/- 13 months, P = 0.008). At 12 months after RITA, 50% of patients with sufficient follow-up had no residual cancer on repeat systematic 12-core biopsy cores and 67% were cancer-free in biopsy cores sampled from the RITA-treated areas. CONCLUSIONS: RITA treatment is a minimal invasive, rapid, user-friendly, office-based procedure that is well tolerated. Focal ablation with RITA results in effective local disease control in patients with non-metastatic prostate cancer recurrence. Larger, prospective, multicenter clinical studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Versatile prostate cancer treatment with inducible caspase and interleukin-12.

To establish optimized conditions for immunity against prostate cancer, we compared the efficacy of multiple approaches in autochthonous and s.c. transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP)-based models. Mice immunized with interleukin (IL)-12-containing apoptotic, but not necrotic TRAMP-C2 cell-based, vaccines were resistant to TRAMP-C2 tumor challenge and re-challenge, independently of the route of vaccination (s.c. or i.p.). Administration of gamma-irradiated TRAMP-C2 cells preinfected with adenovirus containing both B7-1 and IL-12 genes, unlike adenovirus containing B7-1 alone, considerably protected C57BL/6 mice from TRAMP-C2 tumor growth and extended the life span of TRAMP mice. Vaccines that included dendritic cells, instead of IL-12, were equally efficient. Whereas injections of ligand-inducible caspase-1- and IL-12-containing adenoviruses cured small s.c. TRAMP-C2 tumors, nanopump-regulated delivery of viruses led to elimination of much larger tumors. The antitumor immune responses involved CD4+-, CD8+-, and natural killer cells and were strengthened by increasing the number of vaccinations. Intraprostatic administration of inducible caspase-1- and IL-12-containing adenoviruses resulted in local cell death and improved survival of adenocarcinoma-bearing TRAMP mice. Thus, tumor cell apoptosis induced by caspase in situ and accompanied by IL-12 is efficient against prostate cancer in a preclinical model.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2005

Re-engineered CD40 receptor enables potent pharmacological activation of dendritic-cell cancer vaccines in vivo.

Modest clinical outcomes of dendritic-cell (DC) vaccine trials call for the refinement of DC vaccine design. Although many potential antigens have been identified, development of methods to enhance antigen presentation by DCs has lagged. We have engineered a potent, drug-inducible CD40 (iCD40) receptor that permits temporally controlled, lymphoid-localized, DC-specific activation. iCD40 is comprised of a membrane-localized cytoplasmic domain of CD40 fused to drug-binding domains. This allows it to respond to a lipid-permeable, high-affinity dimerizer drug while circumventing ectodomain-dependent negative-feedback mechanisms. These modifications permit prolonged activation of iCD40-expressing DCs in vivo, resulting in more potent CD8(+) T-cell effector responses, including the eradication of previously established solid tumors, relative to activation of DCs ex vivo (P < 0.01), typical of most clinical DC protocols. In addition, iCD40-mediated DC activation exceeded that achieved by stimulating the full-length, endogenous CD40 receptor both in vitro and in vivo. Because iCD40 is insulated from the extracellular environment and can be activated within the context of an immunological synapse, iCD40-expressing DCs have a prolonged lifespan and should lead to more potent vaccines, perhaps even in immune-compromised patients.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Reliability of remembered International Index of Erectile Function domain scores in men with localized prostate cancer.

OBJECTIVES: To test the reliability of recollected International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) domain scores before and after radical prostatectomy. Recall reliability can be affected by several biases. In men with localized prostate cancer (PCa), conflicting results have been reported. METHODS: Thirty-nine men, aged 44 to 69 years, were invited to participate in a prospectively administered IIEF questionnaire. The survey was administered before and 6 and 12 months after radical prostatectomy. Several months later, a recall IIEF survey targeted the prospectively gathered IIEF data. The independent sample t test, Pearson correlation coefficient, partial correlation, and intraclass correlation coefficient tested the reliability of the recalled IIEF scores versus the prospective ratings. RESULTS: All 39 men completed the prospective and recalled IIEF surveys addressing preoperative erectile function. Surveys targeting function at 6 and 12 months after surgery were completed by 85% and 51% of the participants, respectively. The erectile function domain demonstrated the greatest recall reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.65 to 0.73). Erectile function and sexual desire scale recall reliability was greatest for pretreatment function or function 12 months after surgery. The orgasmic function domain had the lowest recall reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.37 to 0.54). CONCLUSIONS: When restricted to before surgery and 12 months after surgery, most IIEF domains may be reliably used in a retrospective fashion. The erectile function and sexual desire domains appear to be most reliable, possibly because they address more objective areas of men's sexual function.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2005

Expression of survivin and apoptotic biomarkers in benign prostatic hyperplasia.

PURPOSE: We assessed the differential expression of survivin and other apoptotic markers in stromal and epithelial compartments of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and normal prostate tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Immunohistochemical staining for survivin, and transforming growth factor-beta1 and its receptors was done in normal prostate and BPH areas from 114 consecutive patients who underwent radical prostatectomy. Moreover, staining for survivin, Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3 and Ki-67 was performed in prostate specimens from 23 consecutive patients who underwent open prostatectomy and 4 young patients who underwent cystoprostatectomy and had a normal prostate. RESULTS: Survivin and Bcl-2 expression increased incrementally from normal prostate to epithelial BPH to stromal BPH. Caspase-3 expression was higher in BPH epithelium than in BPH stroma, which in turn was higher than that in normal prostate. Ki-67 was significantly over expressed in BPH stroma and epithelium. Survivin expression in BPH tissue correlated with International Prostate Symptom Score, quality of life, post-void residual urine volume, maximum urine flow rate and transforming growth factor-beta1 expression. CONCLUSIONS: Survivin is over expressed in BPH and it correlates with BPH parameters. Increases in proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis have a role in BPH.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Anomalies of the wolffian duct derivatives encountered at radical prostatectomy.

Abnormalities of wolffian duct derivatives are usually encountered in young subjects. We identified 4 instances of embryologic malformations of these structures in patients who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP). The first patient had unilateral renal agenesis and a seminal vesicle cyst identified preoperatively by computed tomography. The seminal vesicle cyst was removed during RP. The second patient had renal agenesis and an ectopic ureter entering the right seminal vesicle. These were treated with ureterectomy during RP. The third patient had unilateral duplication of the vas deferens of no clinical consequence. Finally, the fourth patient had left-sided absence of both the vas deferens and seminal vesicle. The anatomy of the lower pelvis is most accurately shown on magnetic resonance imaging. Lower urinary tract malformations are an uncommon occurrence in males. Surgeons who perform numerous RPs will, however, find additional urologic pathologies during RP that may require consideration and tailored management.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

BPSA: A Novel Serum Marker for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia.

Free prostate-specific antigen (fPSA) testing was developed and approved for widespread use despite the lack of knowledge regarding the underlying biologic basis for its ability to discriminate between benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer. We hypothesized that the relationship of total PSA to prostate volume was due primarily to the fPSA component of serum PSA, and we studied the molecular forms of PSA found in prostate tissue. Later, more sophisticated studies resulted in the discovery of BPSA (benign PSA), a novel form of fPSA associated with nodular hyperplasia of the transition zone (TZ). We found that the serum BPSA level is highly correlated with TZ and total prostate volume. In our most recent studies, we found that BPSA correlates better with TZ volume than does PSA and can predict clinically significant prostate enlargement better than PSA or fPSA. Furthermore, the relation of BPSA and fPSA to total prostate and TZ volumes is independent of age.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Association of preoperative plasma levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 with lymph node status and biochemical progression after radical prostatectomy.

PURPOSE: Angiogenesis is a critical process for cancer progression. We tested whether elevated circulating levels of the angiogenesis-related markers vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and/or soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) are associated with prostate cancer diagnosis, stage, progression, and metastasis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Plasma levels of VEGF and sVCAM-1 were measured on frozen, archival plasma obtained preoperatively from 215 consecutive patients who underwent radical prostatectomy for clinically localized disease, nine men with untreated prostate cancer metastatic to bones, and 40 healthy men without cancer. RESULTS: Plasma levels of both VEGF and sVCAM-1 were highest in patients with bone metastases (P <.001). VEGF levels were higher in patients with clinically localized disease than in healthy controls (P <.001). VEGF levels were elevated in patients with biopsy and final Gleason sum > or = 7 (P =.036 and P =.020, respectively) and extraprostatic extension (P =.047). Higher preoperative VEGF was independently associated with metastases to lymph nodes (P <.001). Both VEGF and sVCAM-1 were independently associated with biochemical progression after adjustment for the effects of standard preoperative features (P =.014 and P =.039, respectively). VEGF remained independently associated with biochemical progression after adjustment for standard postoperative features (P =.019). CONCLUSION: Plasma levels of VEGF increased incrementally from healthy controls to patients with clinically localized disease to patients with lymph node and skeletal metastases. Higher preoperative VEGF was independently associated with metastases to lymph nodes and biochemical progression after surgery in both pre- and postoperative models. Plasma sVCAM-1 was elevated in men with bone metastases and was associated with biochemical progression in a preoperative model.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Salvage radiotherapy for recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy.

CONTEXT: Salvage radiotherapy may potentially cure patients with disease recurrence after radical prostatectomy, but previous evidence has suggested that it is ineffective in patients at the highest risk of metastatic disease progression. OBJECTIVE: To delineate patients who may benefit from salvage radiotherapy for prostate cancer recurrence by identifying variables associated with a durable response. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: Retrospective review of a cohort of 501 patients at 5 US academic tertiary referral centers who received salvage radiotherapy between June 1987 and November 2002 for detectable and increasing prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels after radical prostatectomy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Disease progression after salvage radiotherapy, defined as a serum PSA value > or =0.1 ng/mL above the postradiotherapy PSA nadir confirmed by a second PSA measurement that was higher than the first by any amount, by a continued increase in PSA level after treatment, or by the initiation of androgen deprivation therapy after treatment. RESULTS: Over a median follow-up of 45 months, 250 patients (50%) experienced disease progression after treatment, 49 (10%) developed distant metastases, 20 (4%) died from prostate cancer, and 21 (4%) died from other or unknown causes. The 4-year progression-free probability (PFP) was 45% (95% confidence interval [CI], 40%-50%). By multivariable analysis, predictors of progression were Gleason score of 8 to 10 (hazard ratio [HR], 2.6; 95% CI, 1.7-4.1; P<.001), preradiotherapy PSA level greater than 2.0 ng/mL (HR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.7-3.2; P<.001), negative surgical margins (HR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.4-2.5; P<.001), PSA doubling time (PSADT) of 10 months or less (HR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.2-2.2; P =.001), and seminal vesicle invasion (HR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1-1.9; P =.02). Patients with no adverse features had a 4-year PFP of 77% (95% CI, 64%-91%). When treatment was given for early recurrence (PSA level < or =2.0 ng/mL), patients with Gleason scores of 4 to 7 and a rapid PSADT had a 4-year PFP of 64% (95% CI, 51%-76%) and of 22% (95% CI, 6%-38%) when the surgical margins were positive and negative, respectively. Patients with Gleason scores of 8 to 10, positive margins, and receiving early salvage radiotherapy had a 4-year PFP of 81% (95% CI, 57%-100%) when the PSADT was longer than 10 months and of 37% (95% CI, 16%-58%) when the PSADT was 10 months or less. CONCLUSIONS: Gleason score, preradiotherapy PSA level, surgical margins, PSADT, and seminal vesicle invasion are prognostic variables for a durable response to salvage radiotherapy. Selected patients with high-grade disease and/or a rapid PSADT who were previously thought to be destined to develop progressive metastatic disease may achieve a durable response to salvage radiotherapy.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Association of pre- and postoperative plasma levels of transforming growth factor beta(1) and interleukin 6 and its soluble receptor with prostate cancer progression.

PURPOSE: We have shown that preoperative plasma levels of transforming growth factor-beta(1) (TGF-beta(1)), interleukin 6 (IL)-6, and its receptor (IL-6sR) are associated with prostate cancer progression and metastasis. The objectives of this study were to confirm these findings and to examine the association of changes in plasma levels of these markers after surgery with disease progression in a large consecutive cohort of patients. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Plasma levels of TGF-beta(1), IL-6, and IL-6sR were measured pre- and postoperatively (6-8 weeks after surgery) in 302 consecutive patients who underwent radical prostatectomy for clinically localized disease. RESULTS: Pre- and postoperative levels of TGF-beta(1) were significantly elevated in patients with extraprostatic extension, seminal vesicle involvement, and metastases to lymph nodes. In contrast, preoperative levels of IL-6 and IL-6sR, but not postoperative levels, were significantly associated with tumor volume, prostatectomy Gleason sum, and metastases to lymph nodes. In a postoperative model that included pre- and postoperative TGF-beta(1), IL-6, and IL-6sR and standard postoperative parameters, postoperative TGF-beta(1) and prostatectomy Gleason sum were significant predictors of overall and aggressive disease progression. Although, for all patients, plasma levels of all three markers declined significantly after prostate removal, for patients that experienced disease progression, only IL-6 and IL-6sR levels decreased significantly. CONCLUSIONS: For patients undergoing radical prostatectomy, preoperative plasma levels of TGF-beta(1) and IL-6sR are associated with metastases to regional lymph nodes, presumed occult metastases at the time of primary treatment, and disease progression. After prostate removal, postoperative TGF-beta(1) level increases in value over preoperative levels for the prediction of disease progression.

DNA, Neoplasm↗
PubMed2004

Survivin expression is associated with features of biologically aggressive prostate carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Survivin counteracts cell death and controls mitotic progression. The objectives of the current study were to compare the expression patterns of survivin in normal prostate, primary prostate carcinoma, and lymph node tissues involved with prostate carcinoma and to determine whether the expression of survivin is associated with prostate carcinoma characteristics and progression. METHODS: Immunohistochemical staining for survivin and for transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) and its receptors (types I and II; TGF-betaR1 and TGF-betaR2, respectively) was carried out on archival specimens from 114 consecutive patients who underwent radical prostatectomy (median follow-up, 64.8 months). Punch biopsies of the index carcinoma and normal tissue from each specimen were sectioned onto a single slide and stained. The authors also evaluated the expression of survivin in normal and malignant lymph node tissue from eight patients. RESULTS: Survivin was expressed in 41 of 114 normal prostate specimens (36%) from prostates that contained carcinoma, in 81 of 114 primary prostate carcinoma specimens (71%), in 3 of 8 normal lymphoid specimens (38%), and in 7 of 8 prostate carcinoma lymphoid specimens (88%). Survivin expression was associated with higher final Gleason sum (P = 0.001), loss of TGF-betaR1 and TGF-betaR2 expression (P = 0.041 and P = 0.008, respectively), and an increased risk of biochemical progression on univariate analysis (P = 0.0441). Among patients who had disease progression, survivin was expressed more commonly in those who had tumors with features of aggressive behavior. CONCLUSIONS: The expression of survivin gradually increased from normal prostate tissue, to low-grade primary carcinoma, to high-grade primary carcinoma and was highest in lymph node metastases. Survivin expression was associated further with alteration of the TGF-beta pathway and with overall and aggressive biochemical progression after radical prostatectomy.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Molecular diagnosis of prostate cancer.

The diagnosis, staging, and management of prostate cancer as we know it today is greatly dependent on our ability to measure serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentration. Nevertheless, because serum PSA concentration, particularly when less than 10 ng/mL, reflects the presence of benign prostatic hyperplasia more often than cancer, there is a clear need for more specific prostate cancer markers. The most promising new markers for prostate cancer are the various molecular forms of free PSA. Mass spectrometry also is emerging as a potential tool in prostate cancer screening. Because it is unlikely that any one marker will have 100% sensitivity and specificity, as new serum markers are tested, nomograms that incorporate multiple independently predictive parameters for the detection of prostate cancer will become indispensable in our efforts to improve prostate cancer screening.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗
PubMed2004

Tissue expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 and its receptors: correlation with pathologic features and biochemical progression in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether the abnormal expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and/or its receptors (TGFbeta-RI and TGFbeta-RII) is associated with prostate cancer features and progression; and to investigate the relationship between tissue expression of TGFs and blood levels of TGF-beta1. METHODS: Immunohistochemical staining for TGF-beta1, TGFbeta-RI, and TGFbeta-RII was carried out on archival specimens from 118 consecutive patients who underwent radical prostatectomy for clinically localized disease (median follow-up 57.5 months). Preoperative plasma TGF-beta1 levels were also measured. RESULTS: TGF-beta1 was overexpressed in 71 (60%) of 118 patients, and TGFbeta-RI and TGFbeta-RII expression was decreased in 34 (29%) and 39 (33%) of 118 patients, respectively. Of the 118 patients, 82 (70%) had abnormal expression of at least one of the three TGFs and 22 (19%) had abnormal expression of all three. The concordance rates between the expression of TGF-beta1 and its receptors were 54% and 62%. Abnormal expression of all three TGFs was significantly associated with extracapsular disease. However, only decreased expression of TGFbeta-RI and TGFbeta-RII was significantly associated with seminal vesicle involvement and greater pathologic Gleason score. Preoperative plasma TGF-beta1 levels were significantly elevated in patients with abnormal expression of TGFs. TGFbeta-RI expression and surgical margin status were independently associated with biochemical progression. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that abnormal expression of TGF-beta1 and its receptors is common in prostate cancer. TGF-beta1 overexpression is moderately but significantly associated with a loss of expression of TGFbeta-RI and TGFbeta-RII. Loss of TGFbeta-RI expression is a prognostic marker in patients with prostate cancer.

Adult↗