Biomedical subjects

Kevin P Galvin

Publications and source records attributed to Kevin P Galvin.

3 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2006

Spontaneous formation of an "antidrop".

We have observed, with great surprise, the spontaneous formation of a quite unusual drop. Because of its similarity to the antibubble [(a) Hughes, W.; Hughes, A. R. Nature 1932, 129 (3245), 59. (b) Skogen, N. Am. J. Phys. 1956, 24, 239. (c) Strong, C. L. Sci. Am. 1974, 230 (4), 116.], we describe our find as an "antidrop", a thin spherical shell of an aqueous salt solution, surrounded by an inner and outer organic liquid phase. Two of these antidrops, about 8 mm in diameter, are shown in the present paper resting on a bed of smaller conventional drops. Drops of this size do not normally appear so spherical, however the antidrop is a mere shell, and hence its geometry is dominated by the interfacial tension. We found these drops to be remarkably stable, given it was possible to reversibly deform the drops and even slice through a drop with a glass rod to produce two antidrops. Ultimately, after some finite time period, the antidrops simply disintegrated into clouds of tiny droplets of the aqueous salt solution because of the drainage and concomitant rupturing of the liquid comprising their thin spherical shells.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2005

Influence of surfactant on gas bubble stability.

Gas-bubble stability is achieved either by a reduction in the Laplace pressure or by a reduction in the permeability of the gas-liquid interface. Although insoluble surfactants have been shown definitively in many studies to lower the permeability of the gas-liquid interface and hence increase the resistance to interfacial mass transfer, remarkably little work has been done on the effects of soluble surfactants. An experimental system was developed to measure the effect of the soluble surfactant dodecyl trimethylammonium bromide on the desorption and absorption of carbon dioxide gas through a quiescent planar interface. The desorption experiments conformed to the model of non-steady-state molecular diffusion. The absorption experiments, however, produced an unexpected mass transfer mechanism, with surface renewal, probably because of instability in the density gradient formed by the carbon dioxide. In general, the soluble surfactant produced no measurable reduction in the rate of interfacial mass transfer for desorption or absorption. This finding is consistent with the conclusion of Caskey and Barlage that soluble surfactants produce a significantly lower resistance to interfacial mass transfer than do insoluble surfactants. The dynamic adsorption and desorption of the surfactant molecules at the gas-liquid interface creates short-term vacancies, which presumably permit the unrestricted transfer of the gas molecules through the interface. This surfactant exchange does not occur for insoluble surfactants. Gas bubbles formed in the presence of a high concentration of soluble surfactant were observed to dissolve completely, while those formed in the presence of the insoluble surfactant stearic acid did not dissolve easily, and persisted for very long periods. The interfacial concentration of stearic acid rises during bubble dissolution, as it is insoluble, and must eventually achieve full monolayer coverage and a state of compression, lowering the permeability of the interface. Thus, insoluble surfactants or hydrophobic impurities from solid surfaces may account for increased bubble stability.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2003

Solid-solid contacts due to surface roughness and their effects on suspension behaviour.

Solid-solid contacts due to microscopic surface roughness in viscous fluids were examined by observing the translational and rotational behaviours of a suspended sphere falling past a lighter sphere or down an inclined surface. In both cases, a roll-slip behaviour was observed, with the gravitational forces balanced by not only hydrodynamic forces but also normal and tangential solid-solid contact forces. Moreover, the nominal separation between the surfaces due to microscopic surface roughness elements is not constant but instead varies due to multiple roughness scales. By inverting the system, so that the heavy sphere fell away from the lighter sphere or the plane, it was found that the average nominal separation increases with increasing angle of inclination of the plane or the surface of the lighter sphere from horizontal; the larger asperities lift the sphere up from the opposing surface and then gravity at large angles of inclination is too weak to pull the sphere back down to the opposing surface before another large asperity is encountered. The existence of microscopic surface roughness and solid-solid contacts is shown to modify the rheological properties of suspensions. For example, the presence of compressive, but not tensile, contact forces removes the reversibility of sphere-sphere interactions and breaks the symmetry of the particle trajectories. As a result, suspensions of rough spheres exhibit normal stress differences that are absent for smooth spheres. For the conditions studied, surface roughness reduces the effective viscosity of a suspension by limiting the lubrication resistance during near-contact motion, and it also modifies the suspension microstructure and hydrodynamic diffusivity.

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