Biomedical subjects

L A Goodman

Publications and source records attributed to L A Goodman.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

PubMed1993

Male violence against women. Current research and future directions.

This Psychology in the Public Forum section, authored by the American Psychological Association's Committee on Women in Psychology's Task Force on Male Violence Against Women and by Senator Joseph Biden, examines the prevalence, impact, and public policy dimensions of physical assault, sexual assault, and sexual harassment of women. This introduction reviews common themes that emerge from the articles that follow. It concludes by emphasizing that the problem of violence against women cannot be fully understood, let alone solved, by focusing exclusively on individual psychology. Only by changing the social and cultural institutions that have given rise to the problem can a lasting solution be achieved.

Female↗

PubMed1991

Ectopic dendrites occur only on cortical pyramidal cells containing elevated GM2 ganglioside in alpha-mannosidosis.

In a variety of neuronal storage diseases, cortical pyramidal cells elaborate ectopic dendrites at the axon hillock. A feature common to all the diseases characterized by ectopic dendrites is an elevated level of GM2 ganglioside in cerebral cortex. In cats with one such disease, alpha-mannosidosis, the number of pyramidal cells bearing ectopic dendrites is small; the present study shows that GM2 ganglioside is stored only in those pyramidal neurons exhibiting ectopic dendrites. Using a Golgi-electron microscopy method with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining, we first established that pyramidal cells bearing ectopic dendrites contained PAS+ membranous inclusions, consistent with storage of glycolipids. In contrast, those with smooth axon hillocks accumulated PAS- floccular inclusions, consistent with storage of oligosaccharides. Next, application of a monoclonal antibody against GM2 ganglioside revealed that subsets of both pyramidal and intrinsic neurons contained GM2-like immunoreactivity. Every GM2+ cell contained PAS+ membranous inclusions, indicating that pyramidal cells bearing ectopic dendrites stored GM2 ganglioside. In cats with alpha-mannosidosis induced by swainsonine, some pyramidal neurons showed GM2-like immunoreactivity after 4 weeks of treatment, whereas ectopic dendrites only became evident after 7 weeks of treatment. Thus, GM2 ganglioside accumulated in pyramidal neurons before ectopic dendrites emerged from the axon hillock. We propose that the reinitiation of dendrite growth on mature pyramidal cells is brought about by accumulated GM2 ganglioside.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

The prevalence of abuse among homeless and housed poor mothers: a comparison study.

The history of physical and sexual abuse among 50 homeless and 50 housed poor mothers was compared, with particular attention to details of prevalence, type, and severity. No significant differences were found except in higher reported rates of sexual abuse in adulthood among housed mothers. However, 89% of the total sample reported experiencing some form of abuse in their lifetimes. The unexpected lack of differential and the high prevalence rates are discussed in terms of service delivery and social policy implications.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Eliminating afferent impulse activity does not alter the dendritic branching of the amphibian Mauthner cell.

In the developing amphibian, the formation of extra vestibular contacts on the Mauthner cell (M-cell) enhances dendritic branching, while deprivation reduces it (Goodman and Model, 1988a). The mechanism underlying the interaction between afferent fibers and developing dendritic branches is not known; neural activity may be an essential component of the stimulating effect. We examined the role of afferent impulse activity in the regulation of M-cell dendritic branching in the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) embryo. M-cells occur as a pair of large, uniquely identifiable neurons in the axolotl medulla. Synapses from the ipsilateral vestibular nerve (nVIII) are restricted to a highly branched region of the M-cell lateral dendrite. We varied the amount of nVIII innervation and eliminated neural activity. First, unilateral transplantation of a vestibular primordium deprived some M-cells of nVIII innervation and superinnervated others. Second, surgical fusion of axolotls to TTX-harboring California newt (Taricha torosa) embryos paralyzed the Ambystoma twin: voltage-sensitive Na+ channel blockade by TTX eliminated action potential propagation. Reconstruction of M-cells in 18 mm larvae revealed that dendritic growth was influenced by in-growing axons even in the absence of incoming impulses: impulse blockade had no effect on the stimulation of dendritic growth by the afferent fibers.

Action Potentials↗

PubMed1988

Superinnervation enhances the dendritic branching pattern of the Mauthner cell in the developing axolotl.

Mauthner cells (M-cells) occur as a pair of large, uniquely identifiable neurons at ear level in the hindbrain of premetamorphic amphibians. Each receives synapses from the ipsilateral vestibular nerve (nVIII); these morphologically distinctive terminals, or club endings, are confined to the proximoventral surface and branches of the M-cell lateral dendrite. We have superinnervated this portion of the M-cell to examine the extent to which forming afferent contacts regulate the growth and branching of the lateral dendrite. Superinnervation was brought about in the developing axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) by unilaterally implanting an extra vestibular primordium rostral to the in situ one. The contralateral side served as control. When the larvae reached 21 mm in length, the ectopic nerve was labeled with HRP. Subsequent microscopic examination revealed that the grafts developed into anatomically normal ears. The HRP-labeled ectopic axons entered the medulla at the level of nV and confined to the nVIII tract, coursed caudad toward the ipsilateral M-cell. Electron microscopic analysis demonstrated labeled club endings on the appropriate region of the M-cell lateral dendrite. The number of club endings on experimental M-cells was significantly greater than that on the contralateral controls, and the extra terminals appeared to be distributed randomly among unlabeled ones. Comparison of reconstructed experimental and control M-cells revealed that superinnervation produced a localized enhancement of dendritic branching in the region receiving the extra nVIII synapses. In the donor embryos (those from which the vestibular primordium was removed), M-cells were unilaterally deprived of nVIII afferents. Comparison of reconstructed experimental and control M-cells in 21 mm donor larvae demonstrated that deprivation produced a localized decrease of dendritic surface in the region that normally receives nVIII synapses. Together, these data show that ingrowing axons stimulate dendritic growth and thus regulate the development of a normal dendritic branching pattern on target neurons.

Ambystoma↗

PubMed1988

Regenerating afferent fibers stimulate the recovery of mauthner cell dendritic branching in the axolotl.

In the medulla of the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), Mauthner cells (M-cells) occur as a pair of large identifiable neurons at the level of entry of the vestibular nerve (nVIII). Each receives synapses from the ipsilateral nVIII; the terminals can be identified as club endings and are restricted to a specific set of M-cell dendritic branches. We have examined these branches for morphologic changes following long-term deafferentation in the presence and absence of nerve regeneration. Deafferentation was brought about in a group of young larvae by unilaterally severing nVIII. The nerve was allowed to regenerate in half of the larvae. In those remaining, the nVIII ganglion was damaged to preclude or limit nerve regeneration. The contralateral side served as control. After 3 months survival, the larvae were killed and the medullae prepared for microscopy. To estimate the extent of nerve regeneration, axons in the experimental nVIII tract were counted and compared with the number in the control. The mean number of axons in the nVIII tract ipsilateral to intact ganglia indicated that 69% of the fibers had regenerated. In contrast, only 31% regenerated in larvae with damaged ganglia. Electron microscopic analysis of selected sections revealed that the mean number of nVIII terminals per section through M-cells ipsilateral to destroyed ganglia was significantly less than the mean number in analogous sections through either control cells or cells ipsilateral to intact ganglia. Control and experimental M-cells were reconstructed from serial sections. Deprived M-cells had significantly reduced dendritic branching patterns in the region that normally receives nVIII input. On the other hand, the extent of branching on cells receiving regenerated afferents from intact ganglia was like that of their contralateral controls. The distribution of dendritic branches on many reinnervated M-cells, however, was broader than that on control cells. Electron microscopic examination of the displaced dendritic branches (those extending into adjacent tracts) revealed that they received vestibular synapses. Thus, in some animals, regenerated vestibular fibers were not restricted to the nVIII tract. Deafferentation of the M-cells results in a reduction of dendritic branches in the region deprived of vestibular contacts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Afferent Pathways↗

PubMed1987

A 6-month, double-blind study comparing nabumetone to naproxen in the treatment of osteoarthritis.

A 6-month, double-blind, controlled, randomized, parallel study was performed to compare the efficacy and tolerance of nabumetone (1000 mg at bedtime) with naproxen (250 mg twice daily) in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Five efficacy parameters were evaluated: patient's assessment of overall osteoarthritis activity and pain, physician's assessment of overall osteoarthritis activity and pain, and physician's assessment of pain with respect to a defined activity. All 40 patients entered (20 in each group) were available for evaluation of tolerance and 36 patients for efficacy analysis (18 in each group). The efficacy results revealed significant improvement in all five parameters for each medication except measurement of pain with respect to a defined activity for naproxen (p less than 0.07). The frequency of possible or probable drug-related adverse experiences was high for both drugs. However, only 1 patient left the study because of a probable drug-related adverse experience (abdominal pain in a nabumetone patient). Six nabumetone and 4 naproxen patients dropped out of the study because of lack of efficacy. The results indicate that nabumetone and naproxen have comparable efficacy and tolerance at the dosage used, and suggest that a single night-time dosage of nabumetone may be a convenient and useful treatment for osteoarthritis.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Analysis of combined rheumatoid factor determinations by the rheumatoid arthritis latex and sheep cell agglutination tests and the American Rheumatism Association criteria for rheumatoid arthritis.

The clinical records of randomly selected patients receiving both the sheep cell agglutination test (SCAT) and the latex agglutination test (RA latex) for rheumatoid factor (RF) were analyzed for the presence of American Rheumatism Association (ARA) criteria for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). When both tests were positive there was a 3-fold increase compared to only one test positive in the relative risk that a patient met ARA criteria for RA, and there was a 2-fold increase in the probability that a patient with 2 positive tests had classical RA compared to only a positive RA latex. The occurrence of RF reactive with both human and rabbit IgG identifies a population of patients likely to have more ARA criteria for RA and classical disease.

Agglutination Tests↗

PubMed1987

The effect of the ergoline derivative, CU 32-085, on prolactin secretion in hyperprolactinemic women.

Twelve hyperprolactinemic women were administered the alpha aminoergoline derivative, CU 32-085 (Sandoz, Inc., East Hanover, NJ), in order to determine its effect on prolactin (PRL) secretion. The mean pretreatment serum PRL level was 145.0 +/- 11.5 ng/ml. Significant declines of serum PRL occurred with total daily doses of CU 32-085 of 0.1 to 0.5 mg (P less than 0.001). The magnitude of response to therapy was dose-related. In six patients, PRL levels were reduced to less than 25 ng/ml; this effect lasted at least 24 hours after intake of a single dose. In the other six patients, the response was less dramatic. No subjects developed adverse cardiovascular side effects. The results of this study demonstrate that CU 32-085 exhibits a clinically significant dopaminomimetic action on PRL secretion in hyperprolactinemic women.

Adenoma↗

PubMed1984

Pregnancy after bromocriptine-induced reduction of an extrasellar prolactin-secreting pituitary macroadenoma.

In patients with a large prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma, a marked reduction in tumor size may be achieved with bromocriptine therapy. However, before consideration of pregnancy, surgical removal of the lesion usually is advised. A 36-year-old woman with a large extrasellar pituitary macroadenoma was treated with bromocriptine, 10 mg/day, which resulted in dramatic reduction of the tumor mass. Subsequently, she became pregnant and drug therapy was maintained throughout gestation. This case illustrates the use of bromocriptine in the management of large prolactin-secreting pituitary tumors and the necessity for adequate radiologic follow-up.

Adenoma↗

PubMed1983

The analysis of dependence in cross-classifications having ordered categories, using log-linear models for frequencies and log-linear models for odds.

To analyse the dependence of a qualitative (dichotomous or polytomous) response variable upon one or more qualitative explanatory variables, log-linear models for frequencies are compared with log-linear models for odds, when the categories of the response variable are ordered and the categories of each explanatory variable may be either ordered or unordered. The log-linear models for odds express the odds (or log odds) pertaining to adjacent response categories in terms of appropriate multiplicative (or additive) factors. These models include the 'null log-odds model', the 'uniform log-odds model', the 'parallel log-odds model', and other log-linear models for the odds. With these models, the dependence of the response variable (with ordered categories) can be analyzed in a manner analogous to the usual multiple regression analysis and related analysis of variance and analysis of covariance. Application of log-linear models for the odds sheds light on earlier applications of log-linear models for the frequencies in contingency tables with ordered categories.

Biometry↗

PubMed1979