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Biomedical subjects

L A Gottschalk

Publications and source records attributed to L A Gottschalk.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Anxiety levels in dreams: relation to localized cerebral glucose metabolic rate.

Ten normal male subjects were injected with D-[18F]deoxyglucose during REM sleep, and 32-45 min later they were aroused and reported their dreams as well as free associations to these dreams. Nonparametric correlations between the anxiety scores derived from the typescripts of these verbal reports by the Gottschalk-Gleser content analysis method and localized cerebral glucose metabolic rates obtained from PET scans revealed significant positive correlations in lateral parietal and medial frontal cortex and negative correlations in adjacent white matter.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1991

Comparative neurobiological and neuropsychological deficits in adolescent and adult schizophrenic and nonschizophrenic patients.

A group of 24 adolescents and young adults were classified according to four measures using Research Diagnostic Criteria on the dimension of the severity of their schizophrenic syndrome. Independent assessments by the Gottschalk-Gleser Social Alienation-Personal Disorganization Scale and the Abrams-Taylor Emotional Blunting Scale corroborated that the definite schizophrenic group (n = 7) was significantly more schizophrenic than the not schizophrenic group (n = 12), but not more so than the probably schizophrenic group (n = 5). The Halstead-Reitan Category Test and Rhythm Test significantly differentiated the definite schizophrenic group from the not schizophrenic group with respect to cognitive impairment. The Gottschalk-Gleser Cognitive Impairment Scale did not indicate a significant difference in cognitive function between these patient groups. The computerized EEG revealed a significantly higher percent of EEG abnormalities among the definite and probably schizophrenic groups than the not schizophrenic group of patients. These findings are analyzed and discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Positron-emission tomographic studies of the relationship of cerebral glucose metabolism and the magnitude of anxiety and hostility experienced during dreaming and waking.

The authors examined correlations between anxiety and hostility levels experienced during wakefulness, rapid eye movement (REM) dreaming, nonrapid eye movement (NREM) mentation (as assessed by the Gottschalk-Gleser Content Analysis Scales), and cerebral glucose metabolism as measured by positron-emission tomography (PET) in 30 normal volunteers. Different cerebral areas showed significant correlations for anxiety and six anxiety subscales, hostility outward, hostility inward, and ambivalent hostility, as assessed by the patterns of significant positive or negative correlations found with the activation of these emotions. Significant correlations occurred more often in waking and REM dreaming subjects than NREM subjects and were more common in the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes than in the occipital lobe. Correlations tended to be positive for waking subjects and negative for REM subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Emotional effects of physical or mental injury on Hispanic people living in the U.S.A. as adjudged from the content of their speech.

Twenty Hispanic patients, who sustained a work-related physical injury or emotional stress, were compared with 20 Hispanic control subjects, who had not experienced such a recent injurious event, with regard to their anxiety and hostility scores derived from the content analysis of 5-minute speech samples using the Gottschalk-Gleser scales. The patient group had significantly elevated total anxiety scores compared to the control group.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1990

Platelet monoamine oxidase activity and evoked response as predictors of anxiety and depression derived from the content analysis of speech.

Platelet MAO activity has been reported by several investigators to differentiate schizophrenia, schizophrenia related depressive disorders, alcoholism, unipolar and bipolar depression from normal controls. Evoked potentials likewise have differentiated schizophrenic and affective patients. However, the precise relationship between MAO activity, evoked potentials (EP), and psychiatric illness has not been clarified. A possible association between psychopathology and high MAO activity/EP reducing and low MAO activity/EP augmenting has been reported. Such a bidirectionality further confounds results. This study was undertaken to determine the association of psychopathological dimensions found in a group of subjects whose platelet MAO activity and evoked responses were obtained two years earlier. Utilizing the Gottschalk-Gleser verbal behavior scales of Anxiety, Depression, Social Alienation-Personal Disorganization and Cognitive Impairment a significant correlation was revealed between low platelet MAO activity and high Total Anxiety scale and Shame Anxiety subscale scores. Additionally, a significant correlation was demonstrated between reducing evoked potentials and elevated Death Anxiety, Somatic Concerns, and Total Death and Mutilation Depression subscales scores, combined and separately. Furthermore, a significant positive correlation was found between augmenting evoked potentials and Overt Hostility Outward scores. No significant correlations were demonstrated between platelet MAO activity or evoked potentials and Social Alienation-Personal Disorganization or Cognitive Impairment scores. These findings lend support to the position that biological markers may predict predispositions to anxiety and depression.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The psychotherapies in the context of new developments in the neurosciences and biological psychiatry.

We are in an era when the common denominators accounting for the major favorable effects of the different psychotherapies merit further clarification. At the same time, definite progress has been made in determining those specific psychotherapeutic techniques and methods that produce the desired results most efficiently with particular types of patients with specific types of problems. Continuing psychotherapy research will be required, and such research will need to be linked and co-ordinated with the new scientific progress being made in biological psychiatry and the neurosciences.

Humans↗
PubMed1988

The prediction of relapse of schizophrenic patients using emotional data obtained from their relatives.

The capacity of anxiety and hostility outward scores derived from the content analysis of 5-minute speech samples from the relatives of patients to predict relapse or nonrelapse was tested in three distinct groups of schizophrenic patients. Significantly correct predictions were made which compared favorably to the predictive capacity of ratings obtained by means of the Camberwell Family Interview. The latter requires 1 to 2 hours to administer and about 1 hour to score, whereas the former method requires a tape-recorded 5-minute speech sample and up to 0.5 hour to score.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1988

Neuropsychological performance and treatment outcome in male alcoholics.

Commonly used neuropsychological tests were administered to 91 detoxified alcoholics at the beginning of treatment. Statistically significant relationships were observed between test scores and post-treatment consumption determined 8 months after completing treatment for 72 patients. The results varied depending upon the particular measure of posttreatment consumption evaluated and the type of statistical analysis used. The most consistent relationships were often counter to the notion that increased neuropsychological performance is correlated with a more favorable treatment outcome. Neuropsychological evaluation is of limited clinical utility in predicting posttreatment alcohol consumption.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Narcissism: its normal evolution and development and the treatment of its disorders.

Narcissism has become a construct attracting increasing attention in mental health. Its precise definition, its normal and abnormal developmental features, its assessment, the pathogenesis of its aberrations, and the treatability of its pathological manifestations merit continuing study and clarification. This overview outlines these relevant issues, and summarizes psychoanalytic psychotherapeutic investigations involving the detection and modification of narcissism as well as the limitations of this approach.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

A depression scale applicable to verbal samples.

A depression scale scored through the content analysis of verbal samples is described. A classification is provided of the type of content analysis used in the development of this scale. The rationale for various mathematical transformations used in deriving the scores is given. The construct of depression is discussed, and measurement problems occurring in its assessment are outlined. The content analysis approach to measurement of psychological and behavioral dimensions is seen as a combination of self-report and independent observer rating scale methods. The place of normative scores with such measurement tools is explained. Reliability of scoring and construct validation data using the depression scale are presented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

The emotional impact of mastectomy.

To learn about the effects of unilateral mastectomy, the emotional responses of four groups of women were compared 1-3 and 10-12 months after surgery: (1) mastectomy group (n = 125)--women who had a unilateral mastectomy for stage I or II breast cancer; (2) biopsy group (n = 65)--women who had a biopsy revealing benign breast disease; (3) cholecystectomy group (n = 75)--women who had a cholecystectomy; (4) healthy group (n = 84)--women who had not had a major surgical intervention. Measures of emotions were: (1) the SCL-90 Analogue; (2) the Global Assessment Scale (GAS); and (3) the Gottschalk-Gleser Content Analysis Scale. The mastectomy group had significantly higher mean Gottschalk-Gleser scores for total anxiety, death and mutilation anxiety, ambivalent hostility, total denial and anxiety denial, and hopefulness. Significant reductions were found in mean total anxiety, mutilation, and shame anxiety in the mastectomy group and in total, death, and mutilation anxiety in the cholecystectomy group between the two postsurgical assessments. The mastectomy group had a significantly higher mean anxiety and depression score than the healthy group on the SCL-90 at both time points. The mastectomy and cholecystectomy groups had lower emotional well-being scores on the GAS than the healthy group over both testing periods. The groups also differed in their amount of change on the GAS over time. All measures, especially the Gottschalk-Gleser scales, showed significantly more psychopathological emotional responses in the mastectomy group, somewhat less in the cholecystectomy group, and the least in the biopsy group.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1986

Clinical relevance of the bioavailability/bioequivalence controversy.

A generic drug containing the same active ingredient as a brand name drug may not show identical clinical efficacy. There is increasing evidence that substitution of a generic for a brand name (or vice versa) drug with the expectation of similar results is problematic and that improper treatment may result. Clinical trials are needed to test generic psychoactive drugs. This paper provides guidelines for clinical situations in which problems relating to bioavailability and bioequivalence may arise, for example, in patients taking concomitant medication(s) or in chronically ill or elderly patients. In addition, the importance of knowing which assay methods are used to measure psychoactive drug blood levels in considering drug efficacy is stressed.

Biological Availability↗
PubMed1985

Hope and other deterrents to illness.

Animal and human research have demonstrated that events during early development influence vulnerability to physical and mental illness. In addition, the effectiveness of the coping methods used to deal with the problems of living can affect susceptibility to illness. The intervening mechanisms between stressful life experiences and illness appear to involve physiological homeostasis and immune competence.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

The pharmacokinetics of some psychoactive drugs and relationships to clinical response.

Over the past decade a variety of studies have been carried out in the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior at the University of California, Irvine, investigating the pharmacokinetics of some psychoactive pharmacological agents and the relationships of these pharmacokinetics to certain clinical responses. This report summarizes and provides an overview of these studies.

Humans↗
PubMed1984

Measurement of mood and affect in cancer patients.

Measurement instruments applicable to the assessment of affect and mood in cancer research are described, and their inherent advantages and sources of error are summarized. These instruments are comprised of three types: (1) self-report scales; (2) psychiatric rating scales; and (3) scales derived from the content analysis of verbal behavior, which are based on a combination of the self-report and rating scale methods. A review of the content analysis method is provided, including an illustration of its application to a verbal sample.

Affect↗
PubMed1984

Effects of abstinence on the ability of clinical laboratory tests to identify male alcoholics.

Quadratic discriminant analysis of 25 commonly ordered clinical laboratory tests resulted in correct classification of 100% of nonalcoholic inpatients (n = 41), 100% of medical ward alcoholics as alcoholic (n = 63), and 95% of alcoholism treatment program participants as alcoholic (n = 274). Admission laboratory values for a random sample of 138 additional alcoholism treatment program participants were used to correctly classify 96% of them as alcoholics. Repeat analysis of these same laboratory tests after some 27 days of hospitalization resulted in 94% of the 138 patients still being classified as alcoholic, even though significant improvements in individual hepatic and hematologic laboratory values were noted. Classification was not changed with reanalysis after long-term abstinence (7 or 24 months), suggesting widespread and persistent alcohol-related alterations in organ system functioning with chronic alcohol abuse. Quadratic discriminant analysis of laboratory tests is an effective means of identifying people with present or past alcohol abuse but is not yet of value in detecting compliance with a treatment goal of abstinence.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Hyperactive children: a study of the content analysis of their speech.

A group of hyperactive boys with attention deficit disorder (DSM-III) (n = 13) was compared to a group of normative, nonhyperactive boys (n = 16) with respect to Gottschalk-Gleser scores derived from 5-min speech samples they produced in response to standardized and purposely ambiguous instructions. The hyperactive boys had significantly higher mean scores than the normative boys for cognitive impairment, social alienation-personal disorganization, and total depression. Of the eight depression subscales, the hyperactive boys had significantly elevated scores on hopelessness, self-accusation (a cluster composed of shame, guilt, and hostility inwards), and psychomotor retardation. Problems with the classification of the hyperactive syndrome, which is equated with the attention deficit disorder, are briefly discussed. The present study gives some support to the concept, as adjudged from the content analysis of verbal behavior, that hyperactivity, at least in boys, may be associated with cognitive impairment, increased general psychiatric morbidity, and depression. Whether single or multiple etiological factors are involved in this disorder cannot be ascertained from this study.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗