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Biomedical subjects

L Adair

Publications and source records attributed to L Adair.

17 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

How does maturity adjustment influence the estimates of overweight prevalence in adolescents from different countries using an international reference?

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of adjusting for differences in timing of maturation when assessing overweight prevalence among adolescents in different populations by using an international reference recommended by the WHO. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, comparative study in three large samples from China, Russia and the United States. SUBJECTS: A total of 2014 American, 1316 Chinese and 744 Russian non-pregnant adolescent girls aged 10-18 y. MEASUREMENTS: Data on body weight, height, menarcheal status and age at menarche (AAM) were collected. Overweight was defined as age-sex-specific body mass index (BMI) greater than the 85th percentiles from the US NHANES I data (collected in 1971-1974), which is recommended by the WHO for international use. Maturity adjustments were made using population differences in median age at menarche (MAM), calculated using the status quo method. MAM was 12.8 in the WHO reference population, 13.7 in China, 13.2 in Russia, and 12.6 in the US (NHANES III data). Maturation age-matched BMI cut-offs were used to compute the adjusted prevalence. We also compared population-adjusted results with individually adjusted results in post-menarcheal American girls (based on each girl's AAM) and in pre-menarcheal girls (based on breast stage). RESULTS: Maturity adjustment increased the estimated prevalence of overweight in China and Russia where girls mature later than the reference population, and decreased it in the NHANES III sample. The unadjusted and adjusted prevalence was 3.5 vs 4.9% in the China sample, 8.3 vs 9.7% in Russia, and 29.2 vs 28.0% in the US. The adjustment had a greater effect in younger adolescent girls (10-13 y) than in older girls (14-18 y). In general, we found a good agreement between the population and individual adjustments. Viewing the individual adjustment as a 'gold standard', the population method has a high sensitivity and specificity. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to assess WHO recommendations for maturation adjustment when estimating overweight prevalence in different countries. While the overall effects of adjustment are small, maturation status should be considered, particularly when assessing young adolescents, and populations with markedly different timing of maturation relative to the international reference. Population-based adjustment is useful and practical in situations where individual maturity data are not available.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Patterns of long-term change in body composition are associated with diet, activity, income and urban residence among older adults in China.

Studies describing patterns of long-term change in body composition are lacking. Using longitudinal data on 608 healthy, nonobese Chinese (aged 50-70 y) from the 1993 and 1997 China Health and Nutrition Surveys, this article describes the prevalence, sociodemographic and lifestyle correlates of patterns of long-term change in midarm muscle area (MAMA) and body fat (waist circumference). All patterns of change (loss, maintenance [Delta < 1.3 cm(2)], or gain of MAMA with concurrent loss, maintenance [Delta < 2 cm(2)] or gain of body fat), were observed for this sample. After controlling for sex, baseline age, urban residence, height, weight, income, MAMA, waist circumference, smoking status, activity level, mean daily energy and protein intakes (from three 24-h recalls), and change in height, it was determined that subjects who lost both arm muscle and body fat were distinguished from subjects who lost arm muscle but gained body fat by lower income and energy intake at baseline. Although protein intakes at baseline did not differ between the groups that lost arm muscle, protein intakes were significantly higher for subjects who gained both muscle and fat. Patterns of change involving gains in arm muscle were associated with increased protein intake, urban residence, as well as moderate or heavy levels of physical activity at baseline. Variation in protein intake, physical activity, and urban residence also differentiated between the groups that gained fat. Patterns of age-related change in body composition appear associated with modifiable variables, including income, urban residence, activity and protein and energy intake.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Chromosome abnormalities in malignant melanoma: clinical significance of nonrandom chromosome abnormalities in 206 cases.

We report the cytogenetic abnormalities from a series of 206 primary malignant melanoma specimens referred to a single institution. A total of 169 out of 206 unique cases had chromosome breakpoints. A previously described statistical method was used to detect nonrandom distribution of chromosome breakpoints at the level of chromosome regions. Nonrandom occurrence of chromosome breakpoints (indicating that the observed number of breaks significantly exceeded the expected number of breaks) was detected in 28 regions, suggesting a hierarchy of genetic abnormalities in melanoma. Clinical variables and tumor characteristics were analyzed for associations with the presence of any nonrandom chromosome breakpoints; with individual, nonrandomly involved chromosome regions; and with paired, nonrandomly involved chromosome regions. No nonrandomly involved chromosome regions or pairs of regions appeared to significantly affect survival. These results identify recurring, nonrandom chromosome abnormalities in malignant melanoma. These results suggest that recurring, nonrandom chromosome alterations play a key role in the etiology and/or progression of malignant melanoma and identify targets within the genome for molecular genetic studies.

Chromosome Aberrations↗
PubMed1999

Chromosome abnormalities in ovarian adenocarcinoma: I. Nonrandom chromosome abnormalities from 244 cases.

Cytogenetics provides important insights into the molecular pathogenesis of human cancers. Although extensive data exist on recurring cytogenetic abnormalities in hematologic cancers, data on individual solid tumor types remain limited. Previous studies of ovarian carcinoma indicated the presence of multiple, complex clonal chromosome abnormalities. Cytogenetics remains one of a few techniques capable of detecting these multiple, simultaneously occurring genetic abnormalities. We describe cytogenetic abnormalities from a series of 244 primary ovarian cancer specimens referred to a single institution. A total of 201/244 cases had fully characterized clonal chromosome abnormalities, of which 134 showed clonal chromosome breakpoints. We used a novel statistical technique to detect nonrandom chromosome breakpoints at the level of chromosome regions. Nonrandom occurrence of chromosome breakpoints was detected at regions 1p1*, 1q1*, 1p2*, 1q2*, 1p3*, 1q3, 3p1*, 1q4*, 6q1*, 6p2, 6q2, 7p1*, 7q1, 7p2*, 11p1*, 11q1, 11q2*, 12p1, 12q2*, 13p1, and 19q1. Simultaneous occurrence of multiple abnormalities was common. However, 120/134 cases had breakpoints at one or more of 13 commonly involved regions (*), suggesting a hierarchy of genetic abnormalities. Among clinical and tumor variables that predict patient survival, tumor grade was significantly associated with the presence of chromosome breakpoints. In additional studies, we show that nonrandom chromosome abnormalities are associated with impaired survival in ovarian cancer and that specific, nonrandomly involved chromosome regions retain significant effects on survival when analyses are controlled for important clinical variables. Additional specific chromosome abnormalities in this series are described, including chromosome gains and losses in near-diploid cases and homogeneously staining regions. These results suggest that recurring, nonrandom chromosome abnormalities are important in the pathogenesis and/or progression of ovarian cancers, and target areas of the genome for molecular genetic studies.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1997

Mobile carers.

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Ambulances↗
PubMed1996

Amplification of 19q13.1-q13.2 sequences in ovarian cancer. G-band, FISH, and molecular studies.

In this study of ovarian carcinoma, we extended previous findings by performing FISH using chromosome 19 paint and microFISH probes and patient samples with and without abnormalities of chromosome 19 identified by G-banding. Karyotype interpretations of der(19) were confirmed, while additional 19 translocations were also detected by FISH with 19WCP in some cases. Similar FISH studies of ovarian carcinoma cell lines found chromosome 19 abnormalities even after extensive in vitro culture. MicroFISH probes were generated by chromosome microdissection from two cases with hsr(19) and mapped to 19q13.2 and 19q13.1-.2, respectively. FISH with these microFISH probes alone or in combination with a 19WCP probe to four patient samples and seven cell lines showed that 65% of chromosome 19 structural abnormalities contained 19q13.1-q13.2 sequences, sometimes as large hsrs. Ovarian cancer cell lines showed amplification and overexpression of the AKT2 putative oncogene, but not the ERCC-2 DNA repair gene in this chromosomal region. In addition to AKT2, amplification and overexpression of other yet-unidentified genes in the 19q13.1-q13.2 region may contribute to ovarian carcinoma pathogenesis or progression.

Chromosome Aberrations↗
PubMed1996

Clinical implications of cytogenetic abnormalities in melanoma.

Unlike leukemia, in which specific reciprocal translocations are frequently observed, melanomas involve complex recurring chromosome anomalies. Analysis of the constituted genome of melanoma patients should identify cancer susceptibility genes and at-risk individuals in families with a history of melanoma. The first of these genes to be cloned is the cell cycle regulatory protein inhibitor--the p16 gene-- and a second gene locus for melanoma predisposition has been linked to the chromosome 1p36 band region. Detection of the most common somatic genetic alterations in melanoma enhances our understanding of molecular mechanisms of melanoma development and may lead to genetic markers in melanoma. Some alterations may be used to identify interesting subpopulations. Others may be of prognostic value when they are considered in tandem with clinical data.

Apc6 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome↗
PubMed1993

Growth dynamics during the first two years of life: a prospective study in the Philippines.

This study examines determinants of growth from birth to 24 months in a sample of approximately 3000 urban and rural Filipino children. Individual, household, and community data were collected bimonthly during the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey. Separate longitudinal, multivariate models were used to identify determinants of weight in children from birth to 6 months and 6-24 months of age. Previous weight, male gender, mother's height, and season of the year showed significant positive associations with weight in all models. Full and mixed breast-feeding significantly increased weight, but the effects of breast-feeding declined as children got older. Breast-feeding had a direct growth-enhancing effect in addition to its indirect effect through the prevention of diarrheal morbidity. Detrimental effects of recent diarrheal morbidity were particularly important in the older age group, but these effects were mitigated by breast-feeding. Since infant feeding variables are included in the models, the results strongly suggest an effect of diarrheal morbidity on growth independent of its known effects on infant feeding and dietary intake. Febrile respiratory infections had important detrimental effects on weight in both age groups.

Body Height↗
PubMed1991

Influences on the extent of breast-feeding: a prospective study in the Philippines.

There has been much controversy about the impact of the health sector and the infant food industry on breast-feeding behavior. This study links causal factors to breast-feeding decisions, using a longitudinal survey of more than 3,000 Filipino mother-infant pairs. Most factors decreasing the likelihood that mothers will breast-feed seem to be related to family economics. Delivery in a private hospital, urban residence, high income, absence of spouse, and having worked for wages affect adversely the initiation of breast-feeding. Formula advertising and distribution of samples appear to have relatively little impact on feeding decisions.

Advertising↗
PubMed1990

Breast-feeding and diarrheal morbidity.

This study used a unique longitudinal survey of more than 3000 mother-infant pairs observed from pregnancy through infancy. The sample is representative of infants from the Cebu region of the Philippines. The sequencing of breast-feeding and diarrheal morbidity events was carefully examined in a longitudinal analysis which allowed for the examination of age-specific effects of feeding patterns. Because the work controlled for a wide range of environmental causes of diarrhea, the results can be generalized to other populations with some confidence. The addition to the breast-milk diet of even water, teas, and other nonnutritive liquids doubled or tripled the likelihood of diarrhea. Supplementation of breast-feeding with additional nutritive foods or liquids further increased significantly the risk of diarrhea; most benefits of breast-feeding alone or in combination with nutritive foods/liquids became small during the second half of infancy. Benefits of breast-feeding were slightly greater in urban environments.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1975

Influence of antrectomy on gastrin release and gastric secretion in conscious monkeys.

The plasma-gastrin response to feeding and to insulin stimulation was determined before and after precise antrectomy in conscious rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Feeding resulted in a significant increase above basal gastrin levels (107 plus or minus 13 to 276 plus or minus 22 pg. per milliliter), as did stimulation with insulin (93 plus or minus 8 to 182 plus or minus 23 pg. per milliliter). Antrectomy reduced basal gastrin concentrations and abolished the gastrin response to both feeding and insulin. Antrectomy abolished the acid secretory response to histamine and insulin. In order to eliminate the problems of reflux gastritis and to study the time course of reduced acid secretory capacity, three monkeys were antrectomized and maintained by duodenal feedings. The histamine acid secretory response virtually was abolished within 24 hours and was not recovered over a 4 week period. Parietal cell architecture remained intact. In the monkey a major portion of basal circulating gastrin is antral in origin and the gastrin response to feeding and insulin is from the antrum exclusively. Loss of antral gastrin results in a virtual abolition of the acid secretory response to insulin and histamine. This decline is immediate in onset and is not related to parietal cell atrophy.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The patient's agenda.

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Hospital Units↗