Evaluation of upper urinary tract by CT scan and ultrasonography.
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Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to L Appel.
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As part of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997, Congress created the Medicare Rural Hospital Flexibility Program for limited-service hospitals. The program is intended to bolster fragile rural service through network development. As part of the program, states may create a program to convert hospitals to critical access hospital (CAH) status. CAH designation gives very small, rural hospitals staffing flexibility for providing emergency, outpatient, and short-stay inpatient services and Medicare reimbursement on a reasonable cost basis. Michigan now has 14 critical access hospitals.
Delivering health care in today's marketplace is a challenging proposition for most hospitals. Costs go up, but reimbursement doesn't. Rural hospitals face even more serious challenges than their urban counterparts. Fixed costs for pharmaceuticals and employees are about the same as those for hospitals in densely populated areas, but there are fewer patients with which to spread these costs, and rural reimbursement rates tend to be lower.
Recently Uwe Reinhart, the noted Princeton University health economist, speaking at the Michigan Health Policy Forum, pointed out that the health care system in the United States has always been managed; how it is managed and by whom is what changes. The demand continues for a mechanism to coordinate the delivery and control of health care costs. Managed care isn't dead, but it is likely to change significantly in the future from what we understand it to be today.
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