First description of blaCTX-M-1-carrying Escherichia coli isolates in Danish primary food production.
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Animals↗
Biomedical subjects
L B Jensen
Publications and source records attributed to L B Jensen.
Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxin esters in Danish blue mussels and surf clams.
Until recently, little focus was given to the presence of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxin esters in seafood products. However, during the last few years, the occurrence of a high percentage of esters of the total amount of DSP toxins present in some seafood products has been observed. Samples of Danish surf clams (Spisola spp.) and blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) from 1999-2004 were analysed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) for the presence of DSP toxin esters. The samples contained only okadaic acid and esters of okadaic acid. The level of total okadaic acid equivalents ranged from 224 to 2516 microg kg-1 in surf clams. The percentage of okadaic acid esters of the total okadaic acid equivalents ranged from 83 to 98%, mean 95%. The level of total okadaic acid equivalents ranged from 43 to 1631 microg kg-1 in blue mussels. The percentage of okadaic acid esters of the total okadaic acid equivalents ranged from 21 to 86%, mean 59%. The probability of a high percentage of okadaic acid esters seems to increase with higher amounts of total okadaic acid equivalents in the bivalves. The large prevalence of DSP toxin esters are of particular importance because of the increased use of chemical methods instead of mouse bioassay for the detection of DSP toxicity.
Animals↗
Response rates to oestrogen treatment in perimenopausal women: 5-year data from the Danish Osteoporosis Prevention Study (DOPS).
OBJECTIVE: To characterise women with no response or with a good response to hormone replacement therapy (HRT), evaluated by change in bone mineral density (BMD). DESIGN: Nested case-control study within a comprehensive cohort study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In the Danish Osteoporosis Prevention Study (DOPS), perimenopausal women were allocated to either HRT or no HRT. In the present study, we included 466 women who had been treated with HRT for 5 years and 466 untreated women from the same cohort. Non-responders were women in the treatment group, who decreased in BMD more than the mean decrease observed in the untreated group. Good responders were women with a larger increase in BMD than the upper 95% percentile of untreated women. Baseline characteristics were evaluated as predictors of response to HRT. RESULTS: 8.4 and 5.6% were classified as non-responders, whereas 25 and 57% were good responders according to changes in BMD of the femoral neck and lumbar spine, respectively. Combining measuring sites, 2.6% were non-responders and 20% were good responders. Non-responders at the femoral neck were more often smokers and had a lower spine BMD. Good responders were older, had a higher body weight, and higher alcohol consumption. In addition, good responders at both measurements sites had a lower BMD at the total hip. CONCLUSION: A favourable BMD response to HRT can be expected in most post-menopausal women especially if they are non-smokers with a moderate--as opposed to low--alcohol intake, a high body mass and a low initial hip BMD.
Absorptiometry, Photon↗
Reactions of [NH3+*, H2O] with carbonyl compounds: a McLafferty rearrangement within a complex?
The reactions of the water solvated ammonia radical cation [NH(3)(+*), H(2)O] with a variety of aldehydes and ketones were investigated. The reactions observed differ from those of low energy aldehydes and ketones radical cations, although electron transfer from the keto compound to ionized ammonia is thermodynamically allowed within the terbody complexes initially formed. The main process yields an ammonia solvated enol with loss of water and an alkene. This process corresponds formally to a McLafferty fragmentation within a complex. With aldehydes, another reaction can take place, namely the transfer of the hydrogen from the CHO group to ammonia, leading to the proton bound dimer of ammonia and water, and to the NH(4)(+) cation. Comparison between the available experimental results leads to the conclusion that the McLafferty fragmentation occurs within the terbody complex initially formed, with no prior ligand exchange, the water molecule acting as a spectator partner.
Journal Article↗
Distribution of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins in consignments of blue mussel.
Data describing the distribution of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins in 13 consignments of Danish-produced blue mussels are reported. The content of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins was measured by a liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry detection method, and mean levels in the 13 consignments varied from 58 to 243 microg kg(-1). The distributions of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins in the consignments were relatively homogeneous as the relative standard deviation of the content varied from 7 to 19%. The results are discussed in relation to food safety, the uncertainty of sampling and analysis, and the newly introduced European Union maximum levels of marine biotoxins in seafood products.
Animals↗
Long term prognosis of fatty liver: risk of chronic liver disease and death.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Fatty liver is a common histological finding in human liver biopsy specimens. It affects 10-24% of the general population and is believed to be a marker of risk of later chronic liver disease. The present study examined the risk of development of cirrhotic liver disease and the risk of death in a cohort diagnosed with pure fatty liver without inflammation. METHODS: A total of 215 patients who had a liver biopsy performed during the period 1976-1987 were included in the study. The population consisted of 109 non-alcoholic and 106 alcoholic fatty liver patients. Median follow up time was 16.7 (0.2-21.9) years in the non-alcoholic and 9.2 (0.6-23.1) years in the alcoholic group. Systematic data collection was carried out by review of all medical records. All members of the study cohort were linked through their unique personal identification number to the National Registry of Patients and the nationwide Registry of Causes of Death, and all admissions, discharge diagnoses, and causes of death were obtained. RESULTS: In the non-alcoholic fatty liver group, one patient developed cirrhosis during the follow up period compared with 22 patients in the alcoholic group. Survival estimates were significantly (p<0.01) different between the two groups, for men as well as for women, with a higher death rate in the alcoholic fatty liver group. Survival estimates in the non-alcoholic fatty liver group were not different from the Danish population. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that patients with type 1 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease have a benign clinical course without excess mortality.
Adult↗
Reduced antimicrobial potencies of oxytetracycline, tylosin, sulfadiazin, streptomycin, ciprofloxacin, and olaquindox due to environmental processes.
The stability of oxytetracycline (OTC), tylosin (TYL), sulfadiazin (SDZ), streptomycin (ST), ciprofloxacin (CF) and olaquindox (O) was examined in environmentally relevant matrices, such as soil interstitial water and sewage sludge water. Compounds were assessed in both aerobic (OTC, TYL, SDZ, ST, and CF) and anaerobic experiments (OTC, TYL, and O) using analytical measurements (UV spectrophotometry or HPLC) combined with a growth inhibition pour plate assay using activated sludge bacteria. (OTC was additionally assessed using a soil bacterial assay.) This combination of results enabled the assessment of whether a loss in antibacterial potency was reflected in a similar reduction of substance concentration. If a potency reduction is not reflected in a decreased substance concentration, the results may indicate the formation of less potent degradation products possessing the same chromophoric system (same UV absorbance maximum) as the parent compound. With the exception of ST and CF, the antimicrobial agents generally lost a considerable amount of their antimicrobial potency in aerobic experiments. In the anaerobic experiments having either an experimental duration of 21 or 100 days only OTC retained potency. These results correspond well with the fact that several degradation products were encountered in the study for this compound
Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
Hormone replacement therapy dissociates fat mass and bone mass, and tends to reduce weight gain in early postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled 5-year clinical trial of the Danish Osteoporosis Prevention Study.
The aim of this study was to study the influence of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on weight changes, body composition, and bone mass in early postmenopausal women in a partly randomized comprehensive cohort study design. A total of 2016 women ages 45-58 years from 3 months to 2 years past last menstrual bleeding were included. One thousand were randomly assigned to HRT or no HRT in an open trial, whereas the others were allocated according to their preferences. All were followed for 5 years for body weight, bone mass, and body composition measurements. Body weight increased less over the 5 years in women randomized to HRT (1.94 +/- 4.86 kg) than in women randomized to no HRT (2.57 +/- 4.63, p = 0.046). A similar pattern was seen in the group receiving HRT or not by their own choice. The smaller weight gain in women on HRT was almost entirely caused by a lesser gain in fat. The main determinant of the weight gain was a decline in physical fitness. Women opting for HRT had a significantly lower body weight at inclusion than the other participants, but the results in the self-selected part of the study followed the pattern found in the randomized part. The change in fat mass was the strongest predictor of bone changes in untreated women, whereas the change in lean body mass was the strongest predictor when HRT was given. Body weight increases after the menopause. The gain in weight is related to a decrease in working capacity. HRT is associated with a smaller increase in fat mass after menopause. Fat gain protects against bone loss in untreated women but not in HRT-treated women. The data suggest that women's attitudes to HRT are more positive if they have low body weight, but there is no evidence that the conclusions in this study are skewed by selection bias.
Age Factors↗
The pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and tolerability of NN2211, a new long-acting GLP-1 derivative, in healthy men.
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), a polypeptide hormone secreted by the l-cells in the gastrointestinal tract, has shown promising effects as a new treatment modality for patients with Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. However, the pharmacokinetic profile of native GLP-1 with a rapid elimination has limited its therapeutic potential. NN2211 is a fatty acid derivative of GLP-1, which pre-clinically has shown a protracted pharmacokinetic profile, while maintaining its biological activity. This study aimed to investigate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of NN2211 in healthy male subjects following seven days treatment. METHODS: In a double-blind, randomized, dose escalation, placebo controlled study, healthy male subjects were enrolled at five consecutive dose levels of NN2211 (1.25, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5 microg/kg). Six subjects were allocated at random at each dose level to active or placebo treatment with a ratio of 2:1. Dosing with NN2211 was performed on day 1, and days 5-11. The 84-h pharmacokinetics and 24-h glucose and insulin profiles were assessed on day 1 and day 11. RESULTS: Following s. c. administration the half-life of NN2211 was found to be 12.6 +/- 1.1 h, with a subsequent accumulation index after a daily dose for seven days of 1.4-1.5. There were dose-proportional increases in exposure (AUC and C(max)) with increasing doses. Overall, there were no statistically significant differences from placebo in the 24-h glucose and insulin profiles. In subjects treated with NN2211 rather than placebo, there was a higher incidence of adverse events, most notably dizziness and adverse events related to the gastrointestinal system. There were no serious adverse events but three subjects were nonetheless withdrawn because of dizziness, fever and nausea. There were no clinically relevant changes in vital signs, ECG parameters, physical examination or safety laboratory parameters. A significantly lower diuresis was observed in the actively treated subjects, without a clinically relevant change in packed cell volume. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: This study shows NN2211 has a pharmacokinetic profile supporting a daily dose in human beings, but also that subjects treated with NN2211 rather than placebo, had a higher incidence of adverse events, most notably dizziness and adverse events related to the gastrointestinal system.
Adolescent↗
Persistence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in broiler houses after the avoparcin ban.
The glycopeptide growth promoter avoparcin was banned from animal production in the EU in 1997 due to concern for the spread of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) from food animals to humans. In recent Norwegian and Danish studies, extensive occurrence of VRE on broiler farms and in broiler flocks after the avoparcin ban has been reported. The present study was undertaken to investigate the epidemiology of VRE on broiler farms in the absence of the selective pressure exerted by avoparcin. Environmental samples were obtained from five broiler houses after depopulation, cleaning, and disinfection of the houses between rotations, and two consecutive broiler flocks from each house were sampled by taking cloacal swabs from the broilers at the time of slaughter. A total of 69 vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolates obtained from broiler flocks and broiler houses were subjected to molecular typing by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Forty-one PFGE-profiles were observed. VRE with indistinguishable or highly similar PFGE profiles were isolated from consecutive broiler flocks and from environmental samples from the houses in which the flocks were reared, whereas VRE-isolates from different broiler houses and from flocks reared in different houses appeared to be genetically unrelated. These findings indicated that VRE was transmitted between consecutive broiler flocks by clones of resistant bacteria surviving in the broiler houses despite cleaning and disinfection between rotations. Thus, the extensive occurrence of VRE in broiler flocks after the avoparcin ban may be explained by persistence of VRE in the broiler house environment.
Animal Feed↗
Evaluation of methods for prediction of bone mineral density by clinical and biochemical variables in perimenopausal women.
OBJECTIVES: to predict spinal and femoral bone mineral density (BMD) in perimenopausal women from simple clinical and biochemical variables. METHODS: 2016 women 3-24 months past last menstrual bleeding. Mean age 50.1+/-2.8 years. Age, height, weight, number of full term pregnancies, weekly hours of physical activity, sunbathing habits, use of sun bed, daily intake of calcium and vitamin D, smoking habits, consumption of alcohol, coffee, and tea, history of forearm or femoral neck fractures among the parents, serum osteocalcin (S-OC), serum bone specific isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (BSAP), and urine hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio (U-OHP) were used as predictors in three different mathematical models. Lumbar spine (L2-L4) and femoral neck BMD were measured by DEXA. Three mathematical models (multiple regression, logistic regression, and discriminant analysis) were applied. RESULTS: the multiple regression explained 19-21% of the total variation, and the logistic regression and discriminant function had a sensitivity between 53 and 67% with specificity ranging from 67 to 80%. Age, S-OC, serum bone specific alkaline phosphatase, and a maternal history of forearm or femoral neck fractures seemed to be reproducible risk factors for low bone mineral density irrespective of the mathematical model applied. When applied to a separate population, the models performed poorly. CONCLUSIONS: Simple clinical and biochemical variables are not useful to predict spinal and femoral BMD in the individual perimenopausal woman.
Alkaline Phosphatase↗
[Hormone replacement therapy reduces the risk of forearm fracture in postmenopausal women. Results of the Danish Osteoporosis Prevention Study].
In a prospective, controlled, comprehensive cohort trial of 2,016 healthy early postmenopausal women aged 45-58 years we studied fracture prevention through the use of oestrogen. There were two main study arms: a randomised arm (randomised to HRT [n = 502] or not [n = 504]) and a non-randomised arm (on HRT [n = 221] or not [n = 789] by own choice). After five years, an intention-to-treat analysis (n = 2,016) showed a reduction in the overall fracture risk (RR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.50-1.05) and in the forearm fracture risk (RR = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.22-0.90) with oestrogen. Restriction of the analysis to women who had adhered to their initial allocation of either oestrogen (n = 395) or no oestrogen (n = 977) showed a significant reduction in both the overall fracture risk (RR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.39-0.97) and the risk of forearm fractures (RR = 0.24, 95% CI: 0.09-0.69). We conclude that it is possible to reduce the number of forearm fractures in early postmenopausal women by the use of oestrogen as primary prevention.
Aged↗
Effect of pheromone induction on transfer of the Enterococcus faecalis plasmid pCF10 in intestinal mucus ex vivo.
The effect of synthetic sex pheromone on pheromone-inducible conjugation between the isogenic Enterococcus faecalis strains OG1RF and OG1SS was investigated in (i) Todd-Hewitt broth medium and (ii) intestinal mucus isolated from germ-free rats. In broth, the presence of synthetic pheromone cCF10 had no detectable effect on the transfer kinetics observed for the tetracycline resistance encoding plasmid pCF10. In mucus, presence of the same pheromone significantly increased the transfer efficiency observed during the first 2 h of conjugation, while the effect was less pronounced later in the experiment. We suggest that due to differences in diffusion rates and medium-binding of the pheromones, the effect of the synthetic cCF10 was immediately dominated by the effect of pheromones produced by the recipient E. faecalis strain in broth, while this happened later in mucus.
Cecum↗
[Long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) in chronic obstructive lung disease (COL)].
UNLABELLED: A substantive amendment to this systematic review was last made on 12 April 1999. Cochrane reviews are regularly checked and updated if necessary. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of domiciliary oxygen therapy on survival and quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. SEARCH STRATEGY: Randomised controlled trials (RTCs) were identified using the Cochrane Airways Group Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) register using the search terms: home or domiciliary and oxygen. SELECTION CRITERIA: Any randomised controlled trial in patients with hypoxia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease that compared long term domiciliary or home oxygen therapy with a control treatment. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data extraction was performed independently by two reviewers. MAIN RESULTS: Four randomised controlled trials were identified. Data from none of these trials could be aggrigated because of differences in trial design and patient selection. Trial 1, continuous oxygen therapy versus nocturnal oxygen therapy: there was a significant improvement in mortality after 24 months (Peto odds ratio 0.45, 95% confidence interval 0.25 to 0.81). Trial 2, oxygen versus no oxygen: there was a significant improvement over five years in mortality in the group receiving oxygen (Peto odds ratio 0.42, 95% confidence interval 0.18 to 0.98). Trial 3, nocturnal oxygen versus no oxygen in patients with arterial desaturation at night: there was no difference in mortality at 36 months. Trial 4, long term oxygen versus no oxygen in moderate hypoxaemia: there was no effect on survival for up to three years of follow up. REVIEWERS' CONCLUSION: Long term oxygen therapy improves survival in a selected group of COPD patients with severe hypoxaemia (arterial PO2 less than 8.0 kPa). Long term oxygen does not appear to improve survival in patients with moderate hypoxia or those who only have arterial desaturation at night.
Contraindications↗
Antimicrobial resistance among Pseudomonas spp. and the Bacillus cereus group isolated from Danish agricultural soil.
From four Danish pig farms, bacteria of Pseudomonas spp. and the Bacillus cereus group were isolated from soil and susceptibility towards selected antimicrobials was tested. From each farm, soil samples representing soil just before and after spread of animal waste and undisturbed agricultural soil, when possible, were collected. Soil from a well-characterized Danish farm soil (Højbakkegaard) was collected for comparison. The Pseudomonas spp. and B. cereus were chosen as representative for Gram-negative and Gram-positive indigenous soil bacteria to test the effect of spread of animal waste on selection of resistance among soil bacteria. No variations in resistance levels were observed between farms; but when the four differently treated soils were compared, resistance was seen for carbadox, chloramphenicol, nalidixan (nalidixic acid), nitrofurantoin, streptomycin and tetracycline for Pseudomonas spp., and for bacitracin, erythromycin, penicillin and streptomycin for the B. cereus group. Variations in resistance levels were observed when soil before and after spread of animal waste was compared, indicating an effect from spread of animal waste.
Agriculture↗
Macrolide resistance in Campylobacter coli of animal origin in Denmark.
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Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
Indication of transposition of a mobile DNA element containing the vat(D) and erm(B) genes in Enterococcus faecium.
The vat(D) and erm(B) genes encoding streptogramin resistance in Enterococcus faecium transferred together, and a direct physical link between erm(B) and vat(D) was detected. Both the vat(D) and erm(B) probes hybridized to fragments of different sizes in the donor and transconjugants, which indicated a transposition event.
Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
Identification of a Tn1546-like (type 2) element in vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolated from hospitalized patients in Japan.
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Animal Population Groups↗