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L Brydak

Publications and source records attributed to L Brydak.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

A new European perspective of influenza pandemic planning with a particular focus on the role of mammalian cell culture vaccines.

Sixteen EU scientists and doctors were interviewed about pandemic planning using psychometric methods applied to a scientific problem for the first time. Criticism was aimed at countries which have no plan whatsoever, the majority of nations. Many such countries have not invested in scientific infrastructure and public health. Amongst the 15 or so published pandemic plans a lack of detail was identified. Of particular need was investment into avian virus vaccine stocks (H1-15), prepared licenses of vaccine and pre purchase and agreed distribution, investment into stocks of antivirals, antibiotics and masks. Most but not all members of the group predicted a global outbreak within 5 years, most probably starting in SE Asia. However it was recognised that a pandemic could start anywhere in the world which had juxtaposition of young people, chickens, ducks and pigs. Mammalian cell culture production using wild type virus with the production factory at category III levels of security was exemplified. Antivirals would be essential to ameliorate the first wave of infection although significant quantities of cell grown vaccine could be produced if, as in 1918, 1957 and 1968 there is a long period between the first virus isolation and person to person spread. The wider scientific community is more energised than previously for very serious preparations to be in place way before the outbreak begins as this is a major public health problem, completely dwarfing concerns about bioterrorism.

Animals↗

The epidemiology and history of influenza.

Disease caused by influenza virus has been known from ancient times. However, in spite of the progress in pharmacology and vaccinology, this pathogen still affects morbidity and mortality in all age groups all over the world. This article gives some essential information on the history of influenza, its pandemics and main features of influenza viruses. Data on the epidemiologic situation of influenza in Poland in the period 1946-1999 are presented. Influenza surveillance issues and particularly prevention of influenza by vaccinations are discussed.

Humans↗

[Influenza in 1998].

In Poland in 1998 total number of 825,345 cases of influenza were noted. It meant decrease in half (47.7%) of the number of cases registered in 1997. Cumulative incidence was 2134.5 per 100,000. It was 449,592 cases in children up to 14 years old. 489 persons were hospitalized which was 0.06% of reported cases. Percentage of hospitalizations decreased almost in half. Number of case fatalities due to influenza was 63. In January 1998 there were isolated four variants of Influenza virus of subtype A(H3N2). They were related to the variant included in the influenza vaccine used in epidemic season 1997/1998 (results of antigenic analysis was confirmed by WHO Collaborating Centre for Influenza Reference and Research, London).

Adolescent↗

[Influenza in 1997].

The number of cases of influenza and influenza-like illness registered in Poland in 1997 amounted to 1,578,494. This number of cases is 41.8% lower when compared with the previous year 1996. The incidence of influenza amounted to 4,084 per 100,000 inhabitants. The number of influenza cases registered in children aged up to 14 years was 557,033. This is 35.6% of total number of cases. The incidence of influenza in this group amounted to 6,828.7 per 100,000 and was 67% higher than total incidence. In the beginning of January 1997 six strains of A (H3N2) influenza virus were isolated in the National Influenza Center WHO, Dept. of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene. These isolates were similar to A/Wuhan/359/95 and A/Johannesburg/33/94 strains and were obtained from patients aged 5, 6, 45, 50, 75 and 85 living in Warsaw. In February 1997 next six strains A (H3N2) similar to A/Wuhan/359/95 were isolated. Four of them were obtained from patients aged 9, 10, 11 and 14 living in Lublin. One strain was isolated from patient aged 14 living in Kielce and the last one was obtained from patient aged 70 from Warsaw. In general, ten strains isolated in 1997 were similar to the vaccine strain A/Wuhan/359/95 recommended for the epidemic season 1996/97, while two isolates were antigenically similar to the strain included in the vaccine in the previous epidemic season, i.e. 1995/96.

Adolescent↗

Influence of some immune factors on the IL-6 and soluble IL-2 receptors in haemodialysed patients.

In respect to the immune deficiency state of long-term haemodialysed patients, both cytokines and their receptor disturbances have been taken into consideration. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the effect of uraemic and haemodialysis factors on the interleukin-6 and interleukin-2 soluble receptor levels and the reactivity after influenza vaccination. We have found that IL-6 and IL-2 receptor levels were statistically significantly elevated (98.8 +/- 39 pg/ml and 1557 +/- 544 U/ml, respectively) in serum of haemodialysed patients. The fact that increased immune complexes statistically correlated with soluble IL-2 receptor levels (p < 0.01) was very interesting for us. In order to study the immunological response after vaccination, 10 patients have been investigated after influenza vaccination. Plasma samples were collected before, as well as 1 and 4 weeks after vaccine administration. Antibody titres measured by haemagglutinin inhibition showed decreased antibody levels in haemodialysed patients. We conclude that the interleukin disturbance and the elevated interleukin-2 receptor levels together with the presence of circulating immune complexes can influence in some way the immune response of haemodialysed patients.

Adult↗

[Vaccination against influenza in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia].

In November and December 1993, 49 children, ages 4 to 20, suffering from acute lymphoblastic leukemia, were vaccinated against influenza in the Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Medical Academy in Warsaw. These patients were vaccinated either in the course of maintenance treatment or after treatment. Each dose of Wyeth USA subunit trivalent influenza vaccine contained 15 micrograms of hemagglutinin of strains recommended for that season. The level of antibody production was determined in pre- and post vaccination sera in the group of children with leukemia and the control group. It was determined that in the investigated group, the GMT increased more than four times for hemagglutinins H1N1 and H3N2. A somewhat lower increase was observed in case of hemagglutinin HB. The proportion of subjects protected after vaccination was 35% for hemagglutinin H1N1, 76% for H3N2 and 100% for HB. The response rate was 33% for hemagglutinin H1N1, 47% for H3N2 and 45% for HB. In the control group the proportion of subjects protected and the response rate were very low. The results show the significant immunological efficacy of the vaccine used in the vaccination against influenza in high risk groups.

Adolescent↗

[The use of dot blot method for the estimation of IgG antibodies among persons vaccinated against influenza].

The level of IgG antibodies before and post influenza vaccination for 6 strains of influenza A virus (4 representative for pandemics and 2 vaccine strains) was tested by dot blot method. Examinations was performed with 4 age groups (20 persons each), selected on the base of strain which probably caused primary infection in given group. No differences in answer to particular influenza A virus strains consistent with "original antigenic sin" were observed. High sensitivity of dot blot method was confirmed.

Adult↗

[Influenza vaccination of children with hemophilia].

51 haemophilic children aged from 7 to 16 years was vaccinated against influenza in Paediatric Department of Haematology and Oncology in November and December of 1993. Each dose of subunit vaccine manufactured by Wyeth-USA, contained 15 micrograms of each haemagglutinin strains as recommended for the season. The antibody level was studied before and after influenza vaccination in vaccinated and control group as well. 5-time rise of geometric mean antibody titre was found for H1N1 and H3N2 antigens after vaccination of the children group. Slightly lower, 2.7-time rise of GMT was showed for HB haemagglutinin of influenza virus. There was no significant rise of GMT for any among three studied virus haemagglutinin.

Adolescent↗

Studies on the adaptation of influenza virus replicated at low temperature. V. Isoelectric focusing studies.

Cold adapted variants of influenza viruses replicated at 30 degrees C and 37 degrees C were tested for isoelectric points (pl's) before and after passages in susceptible animals to check the stability of this marker. No differences were found in pI's for 3 strains--A/Pol/L/71, A/Phil/2/82 and A/Pol/79/85 which are really cold adapted viruses. On the other hand some differences in pI's for other strains were observed.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

[Etiology of influenza in Poland during the epidemiologic season 1991-1992].

Between October and April 1992 about 260,000 influenza cases were registered in Poland. This figure was much lower than in the previous season (2,000,000 cases). Most of the cases were registered in February 1992. The total mortality was 0.11 per 100,000 persons. Nine strains were isolated: eight strains A (H3N2) and one strain B. Analysis proved: eight strains A (H3N2) were related to strain A/England/261/91, A/England/427/88 and A/Beijing/352/89. One strain B was similar to strain B/Panama/45/90.

Humans↗

[Incidence of circulating antibodies against hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of influenza viruses in the epidemic season 1991/92 in Poland].

The levels of antibodies were tested in 9 groups from 6 months up to over 65 years for HA and NA of influenza A (H1N1), A (H3N2) and B in epidemic season 1991/92 in Poland. HI and NI tests were performed with viruses A/Taiwan/1/86, A/Beijing/353/89 and B/Panama/45/90, these were recommended by WHO for this season. The highest GMT were found for hemagglutinin H3 and HB, much lower for H1. For H3 much higher GMT were found in groups 3-8 and over 65 years. The GMT for HB were almost the same in all age groups, but the highest in 3-8 years. In case of neuraminidases the highest GMT were found for NB in group 51-64, other groups were much different. GMT for N2 were different but in 41-50 and over 65 years they were highest. For N1 the highest GMT was found over 65 years.

Adolescent↗