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Biomedical subjects

L E Bland

Publications and source records attributed to L E Bland.

2 recordsLinked to original sources

Identifying communication disorders in children.

Development of communication skills is an essential component of human growth. The ability to express oneself is crucial for social, emotional, educational, and vocational success in society. A popular theory of language development suggests that humans are social creatures who crave contact with one another. In view of this need to communicate and interact, it is apparent that people without adequate communication skills may face obstacles in many areas of life. As children grow and develop, there is an expectation that they will learn to talk. Numerous factors, from hearing loss to developmental delays, contribute to communication impairment. When the expectation of normal speech and language is not met, social and emotional problems can result, in addition to the communication disorder. Many problems secondary to communication disorders, such as isolation, ridicule, and academic failure, can be prevented with early identification and intervention.

Child↗

Lack of plasma interleukin-1 beta or tumor necrosis factor-alpha elevation during unfavorable hemodialysis conditions.

Plasma interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were determined by ELISA in 17 healthy controls, 23 HD patients, 10 continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients, and 15 chronic renal failure patients, as well as in 2 HD patients experiencing pyrogenic reactions. Another group of 10 chronic HD patients were dialyzed for 2.5 h, 5 with first-use Cuprophan membranes and 5 with first-use high-flux cellulose triacetate membranes. The mean bacterial and endotoxin concentrations of the dialysate used for HD treatments during the study period were 18,440 +/- 530 CFU/mL (mean +/- SEM) and 976 +/- 205 pg/mL, respectively. Blood specimens were obtained intradialysis and postdialysis for cytokine assay and were incubated to augment cytokine production. There was no difference in plasma IL-1 beta or TNF-alpha concentrations among the healthy controls, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients, chronic renal failure patients, or HD patients. Neither cytokine increased significantly during or after HD. Two patients experiencing pyrogenic reactions had plasma TNF-alpha concentrations of 537 and 413 pg/mL, compared with matched controls of 6 and 0 pg/mL. Il-1 beta concentration did not differ from controls. We conclude that: (1) plasma IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha are not chronically elevated in chronic renal failure, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, or HD patients; (2) HD with new Cuprophan or cellulose triacetate membranes and high concentrations of dialysate endotoxin and bacteria does not cause elevation of circulating IL-1 beta or TNF-alpha; and (3) pyrogenic reactions might be mediated by TNF-alpha.

Female↗