Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to L E McCutcheon.
For a sample of 307 British participants a secondary analysis showed no significant correlations between scores on subscales or total attitude toward celebrities with those on authoritarianism for either sex.
Several studies have not replicated Rauscher, Shaw, and Ky's 1993 finding that 10 minutes of exposure to Mozart piano music temporarily enhanced performance on three spatial reasoning tasks. Later Rauscher and Shaw argued that enhanced performance is unlikely unless three conditions are met. The present study was designed to meet those three conditions. 36 adults were exposed to one of six listening orders and one of six test orders. Listening and test orders had no systematic effect on spatial reasoning performance. A one-factor, repeated-measures analysis of variance yielded no significant difference on spatial reasoning performance after listening to classical music, jazz, or silence. A reanalysis, using only those items most likely to tap spatial reasoning, fell short of significance, and mean scores were in the direction opposite to that hypothesized. These results were inconsistent with studies that have supported a Mozart effect.
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The Self-defeating Personality Scale and a modified version of the Miller Social Intimacy Scale were given to 98 men (M(age) = 40.3) and 104 (M(age) = 40.0) women to validate criterion seven (rejects people who consistently treat him/her well) of the former. Both the correlation between the full scale scores and those for the Miller scale and the correlation between Miller scores and scores on criterion seven of the Self-defeating Scale were nonsignificant. Cronbach alpha was .51.
The present study showed for 98 adult men and 104 adult women that those who described their adult romantic attachments as secure were significantly less likely to have characteristics of the self-defeating personality than those who described their adult attachments as avoidant (p < 0.001) or anxious-ambivalent. The present results were consistent with those of two earlier studies with college-age subjects.
Objective momentum scoring systems for basketball, football, and wrestling were designed and applied to data from these sports to assess whether establishing momentum was followed by consistent improvement in performance either immediately after momentum was established or throughout the remainder of the contest. In a relatively consistent way across all three sports little evidence was found that establishing momentum according to the present scoring systems is followed by better performance, especially when teams were equated for ability. Momentum as defined here does not appear to be a very useful explanatory concept.
An experiment was conducted in which 104 subjects were given a simple circle-marking task in competition with a same-sex opponent (52 pairs). False feedback established perception of momentum without the confounding effects of differences in skill. Perceived momentum did not predict scores.
Scores on the Bem Sex-role Inventory and the Study of Values were compared for 66 female nurses and 56 male nurses in central Florida. The men were frequently categorized as sex-typed and rarely as cross-typed. On the Study of Values the over-all pattern of values for male nurses was very similar to that of the average male nonnurse and significantly different from that of female nurses on the theoretical and aesthetic scales. Nursing experience, age, and highest degree earned in nursing were not correlated with Bem scores or Study of Values scores. No support was found for the idea that nursing feminizes male nurses. Implications of these results for the recruitment of male nursing students were discussed.
In a sample of 51 women and 35 men those who scored higher on the Self-defeating Personality Scale reported having "dropped out" of useful activities more often and scored as less assertive on the Assertiveness Self-report Inventory. Women were more likely than men to report having experienced at least one self-defeating relationship. Attempts to replicate gender differences reported earlier were partially successful. The results provide additional validation for the Self-defeating Personality Scale.
In Exp. 1 50 subjects were randomly assigned to one of two videotape conditions. The experimental group watched a TV news program designed to expose some myths about the not-guilty-by-reason-of-insanity plea (NGRI) while controls watched a neutral program. A seven-item test designed to measure knowledge about each myth was administered before and twice after exposure to the videotapes. Analysis showed no significant difference for any exposure. Exps. 2 and 3 showed that reading a brief factual report about NGRI significantly reduced the belief in these myths as compared to beliefs of groups who watched a TV news program.
Two groups of 60 students each were selected from introductory college psychology classes. One consisted of high academic achievers, the other of average achievers. They were given the McCutcheon Test of Misconceptions, a 65-item, multiple-choice test designed to measure common misconceptions about psychology. Subsequently, they were also given the Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal. Both groups made many errors on the McCutcheon test, but high academic achievers made significantly fewer errors on both the McCutcheon test and the Watson-Glaser than average achievers. A stepwise multiple regression consisting of Watson-Glaser subscales 1 (the ability to draw valid inferences) and 4 (ability to weigh and interpret evidence) and GPA successfully predicted McCutcheon test scores (R = .43). This suggests that even beginning students with high grades and good critical thinking skills are likely to harbor many misconceptions about psychology.
The Self-Motivation Inventory (SMI) and four subscales from the Philosophies of Human Nature were given to 50 male ultramarathoners who were matched for age and sex with runners who had never raced any distance longer than 10 miles, and with a group of nonrunners. No significant personality differences were obtained among the three groups. Experienced ultramarathoners were Significantly. more skeptical about the goodness of human nature than inexperienced ones.
The revised Philosophies of Human Nature scale was presented to 94 females and 94 males to develop normative data. There were no significant sex differences in the norms. A questionnaire about sports was presented at the same time to determine relationships between the two scales. Females who claimed frequent sports participation were less likely to have an internal locus of control and were less likely to believe that human beings are complex than females who claimed infrequent participation. A comparison of those who like and dislike sports gave no significant difference for either sex on the sub-scales of Philosophies of Human Nature. The findings are consistent with previous research which generally shows little or no effect of interest or participation in sports on personality traits.
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Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.