Chinese health beliefs: a survey of illness prevention and treatments.
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Adolescent↗
Biomedical subjects
L F Lee
Publications and source records attributed to L F Lee.
Clinical panel assessment of photodamaged skin treated with isotretinoin using photographs.
BACKGROUND AND DESIGN: Evaluation of the treatment of photodamaged skin requires adequate efficacy criteria. This study tested the ability of five independent dermatologists to distinguish the effect of topical treatment with isotretinoin cream (0.05% for 3 months, then 0.1% for 6 months) in 326 patients compared with vehicle for 9 months in 325 patients using high-quality, reproducible photographic slides. Panelists were blinded to the patient's identity, treatment group, and time of the photograph (baseline or end of treatment). A computer randomly projected the baseline photograph to one side of a split screen and the end-of-treatment photograph to the other. OBSERVATIONS: Isotretinoin was significantly better than vehicle for overall appearance, fine wrinkles, and discrete pigmentation by multivariate analysis of the combined results for all panelists. Univariate analysis for each panelist also indicated statistically significant superiority of isotretinoin over vehicle for overall appearance (four panelists), fine wrinkles (five panelists), and discrete pigmentation (three panelists). CONCLUSION: The clinical panel detected significantly better improvement in photodamaged-skin treated with isotretinoin than in such skin treated with vehicle. The panel provided an independent assessment of the effects of treatment uninfluenced by physical findings during treatment or information provided by the patients treated.
Humans↗
Structural analysis and transcriptional mapping of the Marek's disease virus gene encoding pp38, an antigen associated with transformed cells.
The gene encoding a Marek's disease virus (MDV) pp38 phosphoprotein has been identified, sequenced, and localized to the BamHI H fragment to the left of the putative MDV origin of replication. The open reading frame was defined by sequencing of a lacZ-pp38 fusion protein gene from a lambda gt11 expression library. The entire open reading frame is 290 amino acids long and codes for a protein with a calculated molecular weight of 31,169, compared with the size of 38 kDa of the phosphorylated form estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. S1 nuclease protection analysis showed that the pp38 gene is transcribed leftward as an unspliced mRNA. On the basis of transcriptional mapping studies, the pp38 transcript is predicted to be about 1.8 kb in length without a poly(A) sequence. Its promoter-enhancer region overlaps that of the major rightward BamHI H 1.8-kb transcript implicated in tumor induction. This region contains Oct-1, Sp1, and CCAAT motifs as well as the putative origin of replication. The pp38 protein is the only presently known antigen that is consistently associated with the transformation state. It may play a significant role in MDV transformation.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Marek's disease virus gene clones encoding virus-specific phosphorylated polypeptides and serological characterization of fusion proteins.
Marek's disease virus (MDV) gene clones, RA2 and GA8, constructed in E. coli bacteriophage lambda-gt11 (gt11) were identified by a monoclonal antibody (MAb), H19.47, against a putative transformation-related viral antigen consisting of a complex of three phosphorylated polypeptides, pp41, pp38, and pp24. Both recombinants have a MDV-DNA insert of about 0.5 kb and are mapped to the region of BamHI-H or EcoRI-X fragments of the MDV genome by Southern blot hybridization. Immunoblot and immunoprecipitation with H19.47 identified a recombinant beta-galactosidase-MDV 140-kD fusion protein for RA2 and a 127-kD fusion protein for GA8. Immunoprecipitation of 35S-methionine-labeled, MDV-infected chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF) with antisera against RA2 and GA8 fusion proteins recognized five polypeptides, of which three (p41, p38, and p24) are specified by H19.47 and the remaining two, p135 and p20, have not been previously identified. Immunoprecipitation of 32P-phosphate-labeled or 3H-glucosamine-labeled, GA-MDV-infected CEF with the antiserum against RA2 fusion protein identified a phosphorylated polypeptide of 38 kD and two glycoproteins of 60 and 49 kD, respectively. The antisera against recombinant fusion proteins thus revealed the existence of epitopes common to the phosphorylated polypeptides and other MDV-specific polypeptides. Sera from chickens or mice hyperimmunized with the purified fusion proteins reacted with serotype 1, MDV-infected CEF in the fluorescent antibody (FA) test to significant titers. These immune sera did not react with either serotype II or III, indicating the serotype specificity of the phosphorylated polypeptides.
Animals↗
Effect of cimetidine on the disposition of rimantadine in healthy subjects.
Twenty-three healthy male and female subjects received single 100-mg oral doses of rimantadine hydrochloride on two occasions in an open-label, sequential design with a 6-day washout between doses. The first dose of rimantadine was administered alone, and the second dose was administered concomitantly with cimetidine (300 mg four times a day for 6 days). Blood and urine samples were collected, and rimantadine concentrations were determined by a gas-chromatographic--mass-spectrometric method. There were no changes in the rate of absorption and the renal clearance of rimantadine when it was administered with cimetidine. Both parametric and nonparametric tests showed significant differences in the area under the concentration-time curve, apparent total clearance, and elimination rate constant between the treatments (P less than 0.01). The apparent total clearance was reduced by 18%, resulting in higher values for the area under the concentration-time curve in the presence of cimetidine. However, the wide therapeutic index of rimantadine renders these changes of little, if any, clinical consequence.
Adamantane↗
Synthesis and processing of the Marek's disease herpesvirus B antigen glycoprotein complex.
The Marek's disease herpesvirus B antigen (MDHV-B) complex was previously immunologically identified and molecularly characterized as a set of three glycoproteins designated gp100, gp60, and gp49 on the basis of apparent molecular weight and immunoprecipitation with both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. Immunoprecipitation analysis, previously with polyclonal and more recently with monoclonal antibodies, of infected cell lysates labeled with [35S]methionine in the presence of tunicamycin, an inhibitor of N-linked glycosylation, revealed two putative precursor molecules of 88,000 daltons (pr88) and 44,000 daltons (pr44). High-resolution pulse-chase studies revealed that gp100 was a glycosylated intermediate which was processed to yield gp60 and gp49. This cleavage was inhibited by monensin, an inhibitor of glycoprotein processing. Endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidases F and H (endo-F, endo-H) reduced gp100 to pr88, indicating that the latter is an intermediate in the biosynthetic pathway. These same enzymes reduced gp49, and to a lesser extent gp60, to pr44, suggesting that pr44 is their polypeptide backbone. Significant support for this concept is the fact that the same monoclonal antibody recognized all three molecules, gp60, gp49, and pr44. In the presence of monensin, terminal addition of complex sugars was also prevented, since gp60 was replaced by a slightly faster migrating component which was insensitive to both endo-F and endo-H. Cell-free translation of infected-cell mRNA, followed by immunoprecipitation analysis with either polyclonal or monoclonal antibody, resulted in detection of a putative unglycosylated precursor polypeptide of 44,000 daltons. Since pr88 was not the initial precursor polypeptide of the MDHV-B complex, its existence may have resulted from dimerization of pr44. Again, detection of both pr88 and pr44 with the same monoclonal antibody is consistent with this interpretation. These collective data obtained from the cell-free and in vivo studies with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies reactive with MDHV-B are consistent with the concept that pr44, the initial gene product, dimerizes to form pr88 and demonstrate that pr88 is actually a processing intermediate glycosylated to gp100, another processing intermediate, which is then processed to gp60 and gp49.
Acetylglucosaminidase↗
Serologic differences among nondefective reticuloendotheliosis viruses.
Antigenic relationships among 26 isolates of reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) obtained from several avian species were compared by cross neutralization tests with polyclonal chicken sera and by immunofluorescent assays with monoclonal antibodies to REV strain T. The isolates were all strongly related by neutralization assays and thus probably constitute a single serotype. However, 3 antigenic subtypes were suggested by minor but distinct differences in neutralization titers. The validity of these 3 subtype designations was confirmed by differential reactivity of viral isolates to selected monoclonal antibodies. Subtype-associated differences in serum antibody titers were noted following the inoculation of chickens with the REV isolates.
Animals↗
Expression of a putative tumor-associated surface antigen on normal versus Marek's disease virus-transformed lymphocytes.
Various avian tumor cell lines and normal spleen cells from 3 genetic strains of specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens were examined for expression of Marek's disease (MD) tumor-associated surface antigen (MATSA). Two anti-MATSA monoclonal antibodies (RPH 6 and EB 29) and a rabbit anti-MATSA antiserum were used in indirect fluorescent antibody tests, and cells were examined by fluorescence microscopy and with a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS). Less than 5% MATSA-positive cells were observed in 2 non-MD tumor cell lines (LSCC-RP 9 and RECC-CU 60) with RPH 6, but 7-82% positive cells were observed with EB 29 or the rabbit antiserum. Five MD tumor cell lines (MDCC-CU 2, -CU 14, -CU 25, -CU 32, and -CU 41) had 12-72% positive cells detected with one or both monoclonals and 31-99% positive cells detected with the rabbit antiserum. Over 90% of cells in all MD lines were la and T3 positive, while values for the same parameters in LSCC-RP 9 were 100 and 3% and for RECC-CU 60, 48 and 51%, respectively. Evidence for cell-cycle-dependent expression of MATSA on MDCC-CU 2 was obtained from cell sorting experiments with the FACS and from examination of the MATSA-staining characteristics of 3 clones derived from the parent culture. Less than 5% MATSA-positive cells were observed in uncultured spleen cells from SPF chickens or in spleen cells stimulated for 48 hours with concanavalin A or phytohemagglutinin-M. However, with one exception, 10-53% of normal spleen cells were MATSA positive with RPH 6, after stimulation by mitogen for 24 or 48 hours followed by maintenance in conditioned medium (CM) for various times or after culture directly in CM for 3 days. More limited experiments with rabbit anti-MATSA antiserum yielded 55-85% MATSA-positive cells. From 60 to 97% of these MD virus-free, MATSA-positive cells were la-positive; and, in 2 cases, 89 and 90% were T3 positive.
Animals↗
Monoclonal antibodies against avian reticuloendotheliosis virus: identification of strain-specific and strain-common epitopes.
We report the generation and partial characterization of a panel of 11 monoclonal antibodies (MCA) made against the nondefective strain T reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV). In an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), nine MCA cross-reacted with both homologous strain T and heterologous strain chick syncytial virus (CS), whereas two MCA were strain specific and reacted with strain T but not with CS. Competitive antibody inhibitory ELISA tests demonstrated that the nine MCA recognized at least two distinct type-common epitopes. By using MCA-mediated immunoprecipitation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis, we identified a 62,000 dalton glycoprotein that may contain both type-common epitopes and a 21,000 dalton glycoprotein that contains one of these epitopes. The competitive antibody inhibitory ELISA tests confirmed that the remaining two MCA recognize a strain T-specific epitope. We identified a 54,000 to 72,000 dalton glycoprotein that contains the type-specific epitope. All of the MCA reacted in an ELISA assay with cell-free virus preparations, suggesting that the polypeptides we identified are virion envelope glycoproteins. To identify the nonglycosylated precursor proteins, we treated infected cells with tunicamycin. We found a 48,000 polypeptide that was the nonglycosylated precursor to the 54,000 to 72,000 glycoprotein, and 48,000 and 20,000 dalton proteins that were the nonglycosylated precursors to the 62,000 and 21,000 dalton glycoproteins, respectively. These MCA may be of value in the field. They were able to distinguish in preliminary tests in ELISA between strains T and CS, which were otherwise undistinguishable in assays that made use of conventional polyvalent serum.
Animals↗
Monoclonal antibody-mediated immunoprecipitation of proteins from cells infected with Marek's disease virus or turkey herpesvirus.
The major immunogenic viral proteins of Marek's disease virus (MDV) and turkey herpesvirus (HVT) share antigenic determinants. The polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis pattern of five viral polypeptides immunoprecipitated with homologous convalescent chicken plasma was identical with the pattern obtained after immunoprecipitation with heterologous convalescent chicken plasma. A panel of monoclonal antibodies was used to identify MDV and HVT polypeptides. Sixteen monoclonal antibodies were positive in an immunofluorescence assay. However, only eight monoclonal antibodies immunoprecipitated a total of seven distinct viral proteins from MDV- and HVT-infected cells. Six of these monoclonals immunoprecipitated multiple viral proteins. None of the monoclonal antibodies recognized the common A antigen of MDV or HVT. Monoclonal antibodies immunoprecipitated three glycoproteins (100,000, 60,000, and 49,000 Da) that comigrate in polyacrylamide gels with three of the five common polypeptides obtained with the convalescent chicken plasma. In addition, a 79,000-Da protein was common to all MDV- and HVT-infected cells. Competition immunoprecipitation and peptide mapping by limited proteolysis confirmed that the three glycoproteins and the 79,000-Da protein contain MDV-HVT common epitopes. MDV-specific antigenic determinants were detected on the three remaining viral proteins (41,000, 38,000, and 24,000 Da).
Animals↗
Comparative viral, immunologic, and pathologic responses of chickens inoculated with herpesvirus of turkeys as embryos or at hatch.
Chickens were vaccinated with the herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) at embryonation day 17 or 18 or at hatch and various responses of the 2 vaccinated groups were compared. In embryo-vaccinated chickens, HVT titers were high in the lungs before HVT could be isolated from other tissues. Seemingly, embryos acquired infection via the respiratory tract. In hatch-vaccinated chickens, HVT was first isolated from spleen and then from other tissues. Titers of recoverable HVT in tissues of embryo-vaccinated chickens were higher than in those of hatch-vaccinated chickens, particularly during the 1st week of age. Anti-HVT antibodies and natural killer cell reactivity in spleen effector cells were comparably increased in both vaccinated groups. Embryo vaccination with HVT did not cause progressive lesions, reduction in body weight gain, or impairment of humoral and cellular immune functions. Seemingly, HVT can be used safely as an embryonal vaccine in chickens.
Animals↗
Parameters influencing chicken T-cell response to mitogens.
Several factors significantly influenced lymphocyte response to PHA stimulation in standard cell culture systems. Optimal response was obtained with the lymphocyte concentration at about 1.5 X 10(6) cells. Cultures with or without serum did not differ greatly in PHA response at lower lymphocyte concentrations. However, serum was inhibitory at higher lymphocyte concentrations. Addition of erythrocytes (1-10 X 10(6)) was beneficial for lower cell concentrations but deleterious for higher concentrations. The temperature of incubation giving optimal PHA response was 41 degrees C.
Animals↗
Proliferative response of chicken T- and B-lymphocytes to mitogens.
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Animals↗
Development and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to Marek's disease tumor-associated surface antigen.
Four monoclonal antibodies, A35, B94, EB29, and G152, against Marek's disease tumor-associated surface antigen have been developed and their specificities studied against a panel of Marek's disease and lymphoid leukosis primary tumors; Marek's disease, and lymphoid leukosis, and reticuloendotheliosis lymphoblastoid cell lines; and normal chicken cells. A35 and G152 are of the immunoglobulin M class, and B94 and EB29 are of the immunoglobulin G1 subclass.
Animals↗
Effect of infectious bursal disease on natural killer cell activity and mitogenic response of chicken lymphoid cells: role of adherent cells in cellular immune suppression.
A pathogenic isolate of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) caused persistent and extensive lesions in the bursa but mild and transient lesions in the thymuses of chickens of lines 63 and P. The effect of IBDV on two cellular immune functions, namely, natural killer cell cytotoxicity and mitogenic response, was studied. The natural killer cell activity was not consistently influenced, but the virus, during the first 2 weeks of infection, caused transient depression of the blastogenic response of spleen cells to phytohemagglutinin. Studies on mitogenic hyporesponsiveness revealed that the functional impairment was mediated by a suppressor cell that shared several characteristics with macrophages; i.e., the suppressor cell was adherent to plastic, was phagocytic, and resisted treatment with antithymocyte and antibursa cell sera. Removal of suppressor cells from the spleens of virus-infected chickens resulted in restoration of the mitogenic response of cells. Further, in mixing experiments, the suppressor cell isolated from the spleens of virus-infected chickens also inhibited the mitogenic response of normal spleen cells. We concluded that reduced mitogenic response of lymphocytes in IBDV-infected chickens was not due to a lack of functional T-cells, as suggested previously by others, but was due to macrophage-like suppressor cells. The suppressor cells, although present in certain normal chickens, became activated during early stages of IBDV infection.
Animals↗
Ontogeny and line differences in the mitogenic response of chicken lymphocytes.
Ontogeny of mitogen response was studied using Regional Poultry Research Laboratory lines 6 and 7 and Cornell lines JM-N and -P chickens over a 30-week experimental period. Purified lymphocyte assay and sequential monitoring with whole-blood assay show lines 6 and N to be low responders compared to lines 7 and P, respectively. The difference in phytohemagglutinin (PHA) response between lines 6 and 7 increased with age, whereas that between lines N and P remained consistent for all ages. An association seems to exist between the low PHA responsiveness of lines 6 and N and resistance to Marek's disease (MD), a lymphoproliferative disease caused by MD virus in susceptible chickens. The fact that lines 6 and 7 have the same B2-haplotype but differ in PHA response seems to substantiate the evidence by others that the genetic control of PHA response is not linked to the Ea-B locus of the MHC complex. This does not preclude, however, the possibility that the response of lines N and P is MHC-linked.
Aging↗
Establishment of lymphoblastoid cell lines from Marek's disease primary tumors.
Seven lymphoblastoid cell lines were developed from 15 Marek's disease primary lymphomas treated to remove adherent cells (46.7% success rate) and 1 cell line was developed from 15 untreated lymphomas (6.7% success rate). These cell lines are designated as MDCC-RP22 through MDCC-RP29. Tumor materials were from 151(5) x 7(1) chickens infected with either JM-111S clone or the GA-22 clone of Marek's disease virus. Factors contributing to the establishment of cell lines include, in addition to the removal of adherent cells at the initial stage of culture, the periodic adjustment and the concentration of viable cells, including the removal of dead cells. The cell lines bear T-cell surface markers and Marek's disease tumor associated surface antigen (MATSA). MDCC-RP22 and MDCC-RP23 are high virus producers.
Animals↗
Monoclonal antibodies with specificity for three different serotypes of Marek's disease viruses in chickens.
A total of 50 antibody-secreting hybridoma cells against Marek's disease virus (MDV) and turkey herpesvirus (HVT) have been produced. Eleven hybridomas were used for serotyping a panel of 15 pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains of MDV and HVT, representing three serotypes. The antibodies from the culture medium have fluorescence antibody (FA) titers of up to 100 and those from mouse ascitic fluid have titers ranging from 10(4) to 10(6). Monoclonal antibody T81 is type-common, i.e., it reacts at equal titer with all MDV and HVT tested. Of the remaining 10 antibodies, eight react only with pathogenic and attenuated strains of MDV (presumably serotype 1), one reacts only with nonpathogenic MDV (presumably) serotype 2), and one reacts only with strains of HVT (presumably serotype 3). Two hybridomas belong to IgG2a and IgG2b subclasses, respectively, and the remaining nine belong to IgG1 subclass. None of the antibodies specific for MDV strains reacted with homologous viruses in serum neutralization (SN), agar gel precipitin (AGP), or membrane immunofluorescence tests. Antibody L78, which is specific for HVT, was reactive with its homologous virus in the SN test; antibody from the culture medium showed an SN titer of 10 and that from mouse ascites a titer of 10,000. None of the antibodies specific for MDV or HVT reacted with other avian or mammalian herpesviruses, avian leukosis viruses (ALV), reticuloendotheliosis viruses (REV), or Marek's disease tumor-associated surface antigen (MATSA) expressed in a lymphoblastoid cell line, MDCC-MSB-1.
Animals↗