Biomedical subjects

L Fish

Publications and source records attributed to L Fish.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2003

Proteolytic enzyme activity and attenuation of virulence in Theileria annulata schizont-infected cells.

A field isolate of Theileria annulata (Uzbek strain) was obtained from calves infected by Hyalomma anatolicum ticks collected from an endemic region in Uzbekistan. Schizont-infected bovine cells that had been established and propagated in cell culture were examined for attenuation both in vivo, by inoculating cells from various passages into calves, and in vitro for metalloproteinase activity. During serial subcultivation a gradual reduction in virulence and in enzyme activity in cells infected with the Uzbek strain were observed. Complete attenuation of the Uzbek isolate was obtained at about passage 80, and only traces of proteolysis were detected in gelatin substrate gels. In contrast, there was no direct correlation between virulence and enzyme levels in an Israeli strain. While schizonts of the Israeli strain were completely attenuated at passage 80, proteolysis in the substrate gels was detected up to passage 197. Solid immunity was observed in calves immunized with attenuated T. annulata schizonts of the Uzbek strain upon challenge with the homologous H. excavatum sporozoites. For a strain to be used for vaccine production, it appears that animal inoculation still remains the most reliable method to assess the degree of attenuation and protection.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Detection of the Anaplasma centralevaccine strain and specific differentiation from Anaplasma marginale in vaccinated and infected cattle.

Bovine anaplasmosis caused by the intraerythrocytic rickettsia Anaplasma marginale is the most prevalent tick-borne disease of cattle worldwide. The most efficient method to control anaplasmosis is by vaccination using live Anaplasma centrale, a closely related species or subspecies of low pathogenicity that is capable of inducing significant protection against the more virulent A. marginale. In the present study, we applied PCR assays to detect and discriminate field infection with A. marginale from A. centrale persistently infected vaccinates. Direct and one-stage nested PCR were based on A. centrale mbp58 specific sequence, with the assay sensitivity level of 0.00001% for nested PCR performed in a single amplification step. Size polymorphism in the A. marginale msp1 alpha gene among strains was used to design a PCR capable of discriminating between the Israel T and NT strains of A. marginale and the encoded MSP1a size polymorphism was confirmed by immunoprecipitation. The detection of A. centrale in 72% of vaccinated field-grazing cattle clearly indicated that the majority of vaccinated cattle remain carriers. A. marginalewas detected in 64% of these vaccinated cattle, demonstrating that, as expected, natural transmission occurs within the endemic region. The lack of severe A. marginaleoutbreaks in this region, despite ongoing transmission, is consistent with protection being provided by widespread vaccination with A. centrale.

Anaplasma↗

PubMed2002

Babesia bovis and B. bigemina: Persistence of infection in friesian cows following vaccination with live antibabesial vaccines.

The persistence of Babesia bovis and B. bigemina infection in Friesian cows, following vaccination with attenuated live vaccines, was assessed by subinoculation of blood into splenectomized calves. Subinoculation tests showed that B. bigemina persisted in two out of 20 cows vaccinated 10 and 46 months previously, and that B. bovis persisted in 11 out of 22 cows vaccinated 10 to 47 months previously. Antibody was detected in five B. bigemina - and 15B. bovis -vaccinated cows. Parasites of both species persisted among the serologically negative cows, whereas blood obtained from serologically positive cows failed to transmit infection. It is concluded that in the absence of reinfection Friesian cattle may spontaneously eliminate B. bigemina and B. bovis infection after various periods following vaccination.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Ineffective use of condoms among young women in managed care.

Condoms must be used effectively in order to prevent pregnancy and the spread of HIV/STD. This study investigated two types of ineffective condom use, delayed condom use (initiated after penetration has occurred) and condom slippage and/or breakage. We estimated prevalence and identified predictors of ineffective condom use among young women at risk of STDs. The study used baseline survey data from a randomized trial of women 18-24 years old at two managed care sites; 779 participants who were recent condom users were included in this analysis. Forty-four per cent of the sample reported delayed condom use in the past three months and 19% reported condom slippage and/or breakage. In multivariate logistic regression, younger age, primary partner, lack of partner support, multiple recent sexual partners and using condoms for contraception were positively associated with delayed condom use. Correlates of condom slippage and/or breakage were non-white race/ethnicity and history of any STD. Greater frequency of condom use independently predicted both outcomes. Ineffective condom use was common in this sample of experienced condom users and predictors were different for each outcome. HIV/STD prevention interventions must address more specific aspects of condom use than have previously been their focus, especially when condom use is already high.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Susceptibility of Psammomys obesus and Meriones tristrami to tachyzoites of Neospora caninum.

The susceptibility of Psammomys obesus (sand rat) and Meriones tristrami (Tristram's jird) to Neospora caninum was investigated by subcutaneous (s.c.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) inoculation of 10-fold doses of culture-derived tachyzoites. Groups of 5 animals were inoculated with doses of 10-10(7) parasites via each route of inoculation. All but 2 of the sand rats inoculated with doses of 10-10(4) parasites succumbed to the infection by 7-18 days postinfection. All jirds inoculated with 10(7) tachyzoites succumbed by 5-16 days postinfection and those inoculated with 10(6) tachyzoites by 9-25 days. A considerable proportion of the jirds inoculated with 10-10(5) tachyzoites survived. Fibrinous peritonitis with ascites containing numerous tachyzoites was observed in the i.p.-inoculated sand rats and jirds that succumbed to the infection. In the jirds, tachyzoites were also found in pleural exudate. A considerable number (42.8%) of the jirds inoculated s.c. or i.p. exhibited neuromuscular symptoms, expressed in ataxia, head tilt, circling movement, and posterior paralysis. Seven successive passage of tachyzoites were achieved in sand rats with doses of 10(5) parasites and in jirds with doses of 10(7) parasites. All surviving jirds became seroconverted and were immune to lethal challenge.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Prevention of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: experience in a managed care setting.

BACKGROUND: Treatment with glucocorticoids is the leading cause of drug-induced osteoporosis. Currently available guidelines indicate that patients receiving long-term glucocorticoid therapy should receive measures to prevent osteoporosis. OBJECTIVES: To examine whether patients receiving long-term glucocorticoid therapy in a managed care setting received preventive therapy or prescribed medications for osteoporosis and to identify patient and provider characteristics associated with treatment. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A cohort of 224 health plan enrollees 20 years and older who were dispensed at least 1 oral glucocorticoid prescription per quarter during the period October 1997 through September 1998 was identified from administrative data. Medical charts and administrative data were reviewed to determine use of preventive therapy and prescribed medications for osteoporosis. RESULTS: Of the 224 patients, 62% had at least 1 documented intervention aimed at osteoporosis prevention (counseling about calcium or vitamin D or weight-bearing exercise; prescription for estrogen, calcitonin, or bisphosphonate; or a bone mineral density study). Women were more likely than men to receive intervention (76% vs 44%; prevalence odds ratio, 4.41; 95% confidence interval, 2.17-9.10). Patients receiving a mean daily prednisone dose of 10 mg or more or 5 to less than 10 mg were no more likely to receive intervention than those receiving 5 mg or less prednisone daily. Sixty-two (90%) of 69 patients who were prescribed glucocorticoid therapy by rheumatologists had at least 1 intervention documented compared with 29 (48%) of 60 for internists, 26 (55%) of 47 for pulmonologists, and 22 (46%) of 48 for all other physicians. In a multiple logistic regression model, including patient age, sex, mean daily glucocorticoid dose, and physician specialty, women and patients prescribed glucocorticoids by a rheumatologist were significantly more likely to receive intervention aimed at osteoporosis prevention. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial proportion of patients receiving long-term glucocorticoid therapy do not receive preventive therapy for osteoporosis. Efforts should be made to reduce barriers to such treatment and increase the proportion of patients given preventive therapy.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2001

Adherence to asthma therapy.

OBJECTIVE: This article presents information on the important impact the lack of adherence to prescribed treatments has on the morbidity and mortality of asthma. After reading this article, readers should have an understanding of the significant role clinicians, as well as patients and their families, play in promoting adherence. DATA SOURCES: A detailed literature search was conducted. Relevant studies were used. Only literature in the English language was reviewed. STUDY SELECTION: Material was taken from academic/scholarly publications, appropriate reviews, and published abstracts. RESULTS: Over the last decade, many researchers have examined ways to improve adherence to asthma therapy, including improving clinician-patient communication, educating the patient, and simplifying the treatment regimen. Nonadherence is a problem in pediatric and adolescent patients, whose needs are different from those of adult patients. Because proper technique is essential with metered-dose inhalers and peak flow meters, special efforts are required by clinicians to promote adherence to these devices. CONCLUSIONS: Promoting adherence involves a good clinician-patient relationship, as well as provision of personalized, practical, and repeated education.

Asthma↗

PubMed2000

Risk factors for acquisition of vancomycin-resistant enterococci among patients on a renal ward during a community hospital outbreak.

BACKGROUND: During an outbreak of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal (VRE) infection and colonization at a community hospital in Indianapolis, Indiana, we performed a case-control study of patients on the hospital's renal unit to determine risk factors for acquisition of VRE among this potentially high-risk patient population. METHODS: Twenty-four renal patients with VRE colonization/infection (ie, case-patients) were compared by univariate and multivariate analyses with 29 renal patients with nosocomially acquired vancomycin-susceptible enterococcal infection and colonization (ie, controls). RESULTS: Age and length of hospitalization were similar between the VRE case-patients and the vancomycin-susceptible enterococcal control-patients, but case-patients had higher Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores and received significantly greater numbers of antimicrobials and significantly more days of antimicrobials during the 60 days preceding the first positive enterococcal culture. In an assessment of the appropriateness of vancomycin use, one third of vancomycin orders were found to be inappropriate in both patient groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that among renal patients, those who are severely ill and receive multiple and prolonged courses of antimicrobials are at greatest risk for acquiring VRE infection or colonization. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that hospitals develop a comprehensive plan to prevent and control infection and colonization of patients with VRE. This plan should include prompt identification of affected patients, initiation of isolation precautions to prevent patient-to-patient transmission of VRE, and prudent use of antimicrobials, including vancomycin.

APACHE↗

PubMed2000

Cancer Prevention and Control Training Program at the University of Alabama at Birmingham.

The pre- and postdoctoral Cancer Prevention and Control Training Program (CPCTP) at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) has attracted high-quality trainees from all over the United States. The trainees have pursued courses of study in epidemiology, nutrition sciences, health behavior, environmental health sciences, biostatistics, or public health nutrition; and research projects in cessation of tobacco use, cancer screening, cancer epidemiology, diet modification, nutrient-cancer relationships, statistical modeling of carcinogenesis, medical-nutrition education, and obesity, in precise alignment with NCI cancer control objectives. Both courses and research projects have been interdisciplinary, taking advantage of the strong interdepartmental collaborative atmosphere at UAB. Former trainees have been successfully placed in academic, administrative, and practice positions in which they can strategically apply their cancer prevention and control expertise.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

An interdisciplinary training program in nutrition sciences and cancer.

To address the shortage of health care professionals trained in the nutritional aspects of cancer prevention, the University of Alabama at Birmingham in 1988 initiated the Cancer Prevention and Control Training Program (CPCTP), with R25 grant support from the NIH/NCI. The CPCTP has enrolled 11 predoctoral and 12 postdoctoral trainees, of whom 18 have completed training and five remain in the program. The curriculum and other program elements are described, and the trainees' academic achievements and ultimate careers are reported. The CPCTP has become a significant resource for training cancer nutrition professionals.

Curriculum↗

PubMed2000

Physical characterization of the homoeologous group 5 chromosomes of wheat in terms of rice linkage blocks, and physical mapping of some important genes.

The wheat homoeologous Group 5 chromosomes were characterized physically in terms of rice linkage blocks using a deletion mapping approach. All three chromosomes, 5A, 5B, and 5D, were shown to have a similar structure, apart from the 4A-5A translocation on the distal end of chromosome arm 5AL. The physical mapping of rice markers on the deletion lines revealed that the whole of rice chromosome 9 is syntenous to a large block, proximal to the centromere, on the long arm. Likewise, a small segment of the distal end of the long arm showed conserved synteny with the distal one-third end of the long arm of rice chromosome 3. In between those conserved regions, there is a region on the long arm of the Group 5 chromosomes which shows broken synteny. The proximal part of the short arms of the Group 5 chromosomes showed conserved synteny with a segment of the short arm of rice chromosome 11 and the distal ends showed conserved synteny with a segment of rice chromosome 12. The physical locations of flowering time genes (Vrn and earliness per se) and the gene for grain hardness (Ha) on the Group 5 chromosomes were determined. These results indicate that comparative mapping using the deletion mapping approach is useful in the study of genome relationships, the physical location of genes, and can determine the appropriate gene cloning strategy.

Chromosome Mapping↗

PubMed1999

Control of vancomycin-resistant enterococci at a community hospital: efficacy of patient and staff cohorting.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of patient and staff cohorting to control vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) at an Indianapolis community hospital. DESIGN: To interrupt transmission of VRE, a VRE point-prevalence survey of hospital inpatients was conducted, and VRE-infected or -colonized patients were cohorted on a single ward with dedicated nursing staff and patient-care equipment. To assess the impact of the intervention, staff compliance with contact isolation procedures was observed, and the VRE point-prevalence survey was repeated 2 months after the cohort ward was established. RESULTS: Following the establishment of the cohort ward, VRE prevalence among all hospitalized inpatients decreased from 8.1% to 4.7% (25 positive cultures among 310 patients compared to 13 positive cultures among 276 patients, P=.14); VRE prevalence among patients whose VRE status was unknown before cultures were obtained decreased from 5.9% to 0.8% (18 positive cultures among 303 patients compared to 2 positive cultures among 262 patients, P=.002); and observed staff-patient interactions compliant with published isolation recommendations increased (5 [22%] of 23 interactions compared to 36 [88%] of 41 interactions, P<.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that, in hospitals with endemic VRE or continued VRE transmission despite implementation of contact isolation measures, establishing a VRE cohort ward may be a practical and effective method to improve compliance with infection control measures and thereby to control epidemic or endemic VRE transmission.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Quorum sensing-dependent regulation and blockade of exoprotease production in Aeromonas hydrophila.

In Aeromonas hydrophila, the ahyI gene encodes a protein responsible for the synthesis of the quorum sensing signal N-butanoyl-L-homoserine lactone (C4-HSL). Inactivation of the ahyI gene on the A. hydrophila chromosome abolishes C4-HSL production. The exoprotease activity of A. hydrophila consists of both serine protease and metalloprotease activities; in the ahyI-negative strain, both are substantially reduced but can be restored by the addition of exogenous C4-HSL. In contrast, mutation of the LuxR homolog AhyR results in the loss of both exoprotease activities, which cannot be restored by exogenous C4-HSL. Furthermore, a substantial reduction in the production of exoprotease by the ahyI+ parent strain is obtained by the addition of N-acylhomoserine lactone analogs that have acyl side chains of 10, 12, or 14 carbons. The inclusion of N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone or N-(3-oxotetradecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone at 10 microM in overnight cultures of A. hydrophila abolishes exoprotease production in azocasein assays and reduces the activity of all the exoprotease species seen in zymograms.

4-Butyrolactone↗

PubMed1998

Construction and analysis of luxCDABE-based plasmid sensors for investigating N-acyl homoserine lactone-mediated quorum sensing.

Plasmid reporter vectors have been constructed which respond to activation of LuxR and its homologues LasR and RhlR (VsmR) by N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs). The expression of luxCDABE from transcriptional fusions to PluxI, PlasI and PrhlI respectively, occurs in the presence of activating AHLs. A profile of structure/activity relationships is seen where the natural ligand is most potent. The characterisation of individual LuxR homologue/AHL combinations allows a comprehensive evaluation of quorum sensing signals from a test organism.

4-Butyrolactone↗

PubMed1998

A controlled trial of twice daily triamcinolone oral inhaler in patients with mild-to-moderate asthma.

BACKGROUND: National and international guidelines recommend inhaled anti-inflammatory medications for patients with all but the mildest forms of asthma. Patients may also be more compliant with twice daily dosing. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of triamcinolone acetonide (triamcinolone acetonide), 400 microg bid, in mild-to-moderate asthma patients. METHODS: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with a 7- to 21-day baseline and 6-week treatment period. Adult mild-to-moderate asthma patients poorly controlled by beta2-agonists alone were randomized to receive placebo (48) or triamcinolone acetonide (53). Patients recorded daytime and nighttime asthma symptoms, albuterol use, and morning and evening peak expiratory flow (PEF) rates on diary cards. Clinic spirometry measures included FEV1, FEF25-75%, FVC, FEV1/FVC, and PEF. RESULTS: Triamcinolone acetonide treatment resulted in improvement from baseline of 17% for FEV1 (P < .0001); 44% for albuterol use (P = .0009); 9% for FVC (P = .0185); 19% for PEF (P = .0011); 42% for FEF25-75% (P < .0001); 8% for FEV1/FVC (P = .0016); 36% for daytime, 39% for nighttime, and 38% for total asthma symptoms (P < or = .0001); and 12% for morning, and 10% for evening PEF (P < or = .001). These changes were highly significant when compared with placebo (P < or = .0185). Significant improvement for all variables was demonstrated within 1 to 2 weeks of active treatment, and maintained for most variables over the 6-week treatment phase. Both treatments were well tolerated. Respiratory adverse events occurred more frequently with placebo; pharyngitis was reported more frequently with triamcinolone acetonide. CONCLUSIONS: Triamcinolone acetonide, administered twice daily, can effectively and safely treat patients with milder forms of asthma. In these patients, triamcinolone acetonide improves asthma symptoms and decreases the need for as-needed beta2-agonists.

Administration, Inhalation↗

PubMed1997

Quorum sensing in Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas salmonicida: identification of the LuxRI homologs AhyRI and AsaRI and their cognate N-acylhomoserine lactone signal molecules.

Spent culture supernatants from both Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas salmonicida activate a range of biosensors responsive to N-acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs). The genes for a quorum sensing signal generator and a response regulator were cloned from each Aeromonas species and termed ahyRI and asaRI, respectively. Protein sequence homology analysis places the gene products within the growing family of LuxRI homologs. ahyR and asaR are transcribed divergently from ahyI and asaI, respectively, and in both Aeromonas species, the genes downstream have been identified by DNA sequence and PCR analysis. Downstream of both ahyI and asaI is a gene with close homology to iciA, an inhibitor of chromosome replication in Escherichia coli, a finding which implies that in Aeromonas, cell division may be linked to quorum sensing. The major signal molecule synthesized via both AhyI and AsaI was purified from spent culture supernatants and identified as N-(butanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (BHL) by thin-layer chromatography, high-pressure liquid chromatography analysis, and mass spectrometry. In addition, a second, minor AHL, N-hexanoyl-L-homoserine lactone, was identified. Transcriptional reporter studies with ahyI::luxCDABE fusions indicate that AhyR and BHL are both required for ahyI transcription. For A. salmonicida, although the addition of exogenous BHL gives only a small stimulation of the production of serine protease with comparison to the control culture, the incorporation of a longer-chain AHL, N-(3-oxodecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone, reduced the final level (by approximately 50%) and delayed the appearance (from an A650 of 0.9 in the control to an A650 of 1.2 in the test) of protease in the culture supernatant. These data add A. hydrophila and A. salmonicida to the growing family of gram-negative bacteria now known to control gene expression through quorum sensing.

4-Butyrolactone↗

PubMed1996

Theileria annulata: in vitro cultivation of schizont-infected bovine lymphocytes.

Experimental parameters of optimization of the in vitro growth conditions for Theileria annulata schizont-infected bovine lymphoid cells are presented. Of the nine different media tested in the course of 14 successive passages, Leibovitz L-15 (L-15) and a combination of McCoy and Leibovitz L-15 (ML) were preferable to McCoy, Dulbecco (DMEM), RPMI 1640 or Eagles's minimum essential medium (MEM) based on either Hank's or Earle's salts. The lowest multiplication rate was obtained with M-199 medium based on Hank's or Earle's salts. The highest yield of cells was obtained when L-15 was supplemented with 20% newborn bovine serum, while lowering the serum concentration by half resulted in a 25% decrease in cell yield. There was no effect on multiplication rate observed during ten passages when 2-mercaptoethanol and a mixture of oxaloacetate, sodium pyruvate and insulin were added to the growth medium. On substitution of conditioned medium for 20 or 50% of the growth medium, the yield of cells decreased by 12 or 20%, respectively, a factor which might be considered in calculations of the cost of anti-T. annulata vaccine production. When cells were grown in stationary cultures in Roux bottles for 7 days without change of medium, the highest yield resulted from seeding at 10(7) cells per vessel (100 ml) in L-15 supplemented with 20% serum. In Roller bottles, with the same type and volume of medium and cultivation for 7 days without medium change, best yield resulted from seeding with the highest inoculum size of 4 x 10(7) cells per vessel.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

An education program for parents of children with asthma: differences in attendance between smoking and nonsmoking parents.

We studied smoking status in relation to parental attendance at an asthma education program for child patients of a health maintenance organization. Nonattendance rates were 24%, 42%, and 78% in nonsmoking, one-smoker, and two-or-more-smoker families, respectively, and 33% overall. Only the number of smokers (odds ratio [OR] = 3.1; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.8, 5.3) and perceived adverse impact of asthma on the family (OR = 0.4; 95% CI = 0.2, 0.9) were retained in a multivariate model that correctly classified 73% of families; demographic characteristics, frequency of asthma symptoms, and health care use were rejected. There was a tendency for smoking parents to deny that their child had asthma (17% among families with two or more smokers; 9% among nonsmoking families). Asthma education programs may fail to involve parents who smoke.

Adult↗