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L Galbraith

Publications and source records attributed to L Galbraith.

18 recordsLinked to original sources

Structures of the O21 and O25 antigens of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.

The O-specific side-chain polymers from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia serogroups O21 and O25 were isolated from the lipopolysaccharides of the reference strains. The O21 polymer contained D-arabinose, 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose and 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactose in equal proportions. Methylation analysis and NMR spectroscopy showed that the polysaccharide is based on a branched trisaccharide repeating unit of the structure shown below. The O25 polymer is linear with a disaccharide repeating unit identical to that forming the backbone of the O21 polymer.

Carbohydrate Sequence↗

Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide for Acinetobacter baumannii serogroup O1.

A polymeric fraction containing D-galactose, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine was isolated from the lipopolysaccharide produced by the reference strain for Acinetobacter baumannii serogroup O1. By means of NMR spectroscopy, methylation analysis, and chemical degradation, the repeating unit of the polymer was identified as a branched trisaccharide of the following structure. [formula: see text].

Acinetobacter↗

Structural characterisation of a rhamnan and a fucorhamnan, both present in the lipopolysaccharide of Burkholderia vietnamiensis strain LMG 10926.

The polymeric fraction isolated after mild acid hydrolysis of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Burkholderia vietnamiensis strain LMG 10926 contained L-rhamnose (Rha) and D-fucose (Fuc). From NMR studies supported by the results of methylation analysis and Smith degradation, it could be inferred that the material was probably a mixture of two glycans. One component was a linear rhamnan with a trisaccharide repeating unit (1); the other was a branched fucorhamnan with a tetrasaccharide repeating unit (2). The presence of two distinct polymeric fractions in LPS is a common feature for Burkholderia species. [structures: see text]

Burkholderia↗

Structural studies of the O-specific side-chain of lipopolysaccharide from Burkholderia gladioli pv. gladioli strain NCPPB 1891.

A polymeric fraction (the O-antigenic side-chain) has been isolated from the lipopolysaccharide of Burkholderia gladioli pv. gladioli strain NCPPB 1891 after mild acid hydrolysis. The components of the polymer and their molar proportions were L-Rha (1), D-Gal (1), D-Man (1), and O-acetyl (1). By means of chemical degradations and NMR studies, the repeating unit of the polymer was shown to be a linear trisaccharide of the structure shown. [formula: see text]

Burkholderia↗

Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide from Burkholderia pickettii strain NCTC 11149.

A polymeric fraction (the putative O antigen) has been isolated from the lipopolysaccharide of the type strain of Burkholderia pickettii. The components of the polymer and their molar proportions were: L-rhamnose (3), 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose (1), and O-acetyl (1). By means of NMR studies and chemical degradations, the basic repeating-unit of the polymer was identified as a linear tetrasaccharide of the structure shown. The O-acetyl group is probably located at position 2 of the 3-substituted alpha-L-Rha p. Similar polymers constitute O antigens in the related species Burkholderia solanacearum.

Acetylglucosamine↗

Structural and serological studies of lipopolysaccharides from proposed new serotypes (O25 and O26) of Serratia marcescens.

The surface polysaccharides of the two most recently proposed O-serotype strains of Serratia marcescens, O25 and O26, were characterised in terms of their chemical structure and immunological reactions. No polymer was isolated from O25, which was shown to lack both capsular K-antigen and smooth, O-antigenic lipopolysaccharide. A neutral polysaccharide was isolated from O26 and shown to be a polymer of rhamnose and N-acetylgalactosamine of the type previously found in the O9 and O15 reference strains. Serological cross-reactions among all three strains were demonstrated by using both whole-cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblotting of lipopolysaccharide resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. No acidic polysaccharide was found in O26 and this was consistent with the absence of an immunogenic capsule. Thus, neither strain qualifies for inclusion as a new serotype in either an O-typing or a K-typing scheme.

Lipopolysaccharides↗

Structure of a surface polysaccharide from Acinetobacter baumannii strain 214.

A polysaccharide containing D-galactose, D-glucose, and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose was obtained from an aqueous phenol extract of isolated cell walls from Acinetobacter baumannii strain 214. By means of NMR studies and chemical degradations, the repeating unit of the polymer was identified as a branched trisaccharide of the structure shown. [formula: see text]

Acinetobacter↗

Structure of the O19 antigen of Xanthomonas maltophilia.

The O-specific polymer from a strain of Xanthomonas maltophilia O19 contains D-glucose, L-rhamnose, and D-fucose. By means of chemical degradations and NMR studies, the repeating unit of the polymer was determined to be a branched tetrasaccharide of the structure shown. [formula: see text]

Base Sequence↗

Human immunodeficiency resulting from a maturational arrest of germinal center B cells.

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVI) is an acquired human disorder involving a striking and heterogeneous maturational defect of B lymphocytes. In this study, we used a recently developed VH gene utilization assay to analyze the abundance of developmentally restricted and unrestricted V genes in blood B cells from nine CVI patients. Unrestricted clones (bearing rearranged VH5, VH4, or VH6 genes) were present in normal abundance in this group of CVI patients. However, clones bearing VH3L, a subgroup of the VH3 family normally abundant in blood B cells but absent in B cells at the germinal center stage, were deficient in seven of nine CVI patients. Based on these findings and a reconsideration of previously reported B cell features in CVI, we propose that the disorder represents in most cases a maturational arrest of B cells at the germinal center stage.

Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte↗

Staphylococcal slime: a cautionary tale.

Slime production by Staphylococcus epidermidis may be important in the adherence to and colonization of biomedical devices, and slime has been proposed to have various effects on the immune system. Attempts were made to isolate, purify, and chemically characterize slime from S. epidermidis cultivated under fluid on tryptic soy broth-agar medium. "Crude slime" from slime-producing strain RP-12 was characterized by a high galactose content. Similar materials in similar yields were isolated from slime-producing strain Kaplan, a non-slime-producing mutant, Kaplan-6A, and sterile medium controls, suggesting that crude slime was derived mainly from the medium. The occurrence of D- and L-galactose and pyruvate and sulfate residues and methylation analysis of these crude slime preparations, monitored by gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, showed that the agar was the main source of crude slime, suggesting that the preparation was largely an artifact of the growth and isolation procedures. Similar high-galactose-content preparations from both S. epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus, assumed to be bacterial products and with a variety of biological activities, have been described by other investigators. Growth attached to a solid surface appears to be important for slime production. An accumulation of turned-over cell surface molecules and released macromolecules such as DNA may contribute to slime production. Avoidance of agar and development of a chemically defined medium for slime production are recommended for further studies.

Culture Media↗

Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide from Enterobacter cloacae strain N.C.T.C. 11579 (serogroup O10).

The O-specific polysaccharide from the reference strain (N.C.T.C. 11579) for Enterobacter cloacae serogroup O10 has been isolated and characterised. By means of n.m.r. spectroscopy and methylation analysis, and by studies of the products obtained by Smith degradation or by N-deacetylation-deamination, the repeating unit of the polysaccharide could be allocated the structure shown. The polysaccharides from two cross-reacting serogroups (O9 and O11) have the same monosaccharide composition. (Formula: see text)

Antigens, Bacterial↗

Lipopolysaccharides from Pseudomonas maltophilia: composition of the lipopolysaccharide and structure of the side-chain polysaccharide from strain N.C.I.B. 9204.

Lipopolysaccharide was extracted from defatted cell-walls of Pseudomonas maltophilia N.C.I.B. 9204. The major fatty acid components were 9-methyldecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-9-methyldecanoic acid, 3-hydroxy-9-methyldecanoic acid, 3-hydroxy-dodecanoic acid, and 3-hydroxy-11-methyldodecanoic acid. Monosaccharide components of the phosphorylated core-oligosaccharide were D-glucose, D-mannose, D-galacturonic acid, 2-amino-2-deoxyglucose, and a 3-deoxyoctulosonic acid. The putative O-specific polysaccharide was composed mainly of 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose, D-arabinose, and 6-deoxy-L-talose, but also contained an O-acetyl group and small proportions of rhamnose and 6-deoxy-3-O-methyltalose. Degradative and n.m.r. (1H and 13C) studies showed that the polymer had a branched trisaccharide repeating-unit with the following structure; the O-acetyl group was tentatively assigned to C-2 of the 6-deoxytalopyranosyl residue. (Formula: see text).

Carbohydrate Conformation↗

Polar lipids of Pseudomonas vesicularis. Presence of a heptosyldiacylglycerol.

The individual polar lipids produced by Psuedomonas vesicularis NCTC 10 900 during surface culture have been isolated. The major lipids are phosphatidylglycerol, a phosphatidyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyldiacylglycerol, 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosylglycerol. 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-alpha-D-glucopyranuronosylglycerol, and 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 yields 4)-alpha-D-glucopyranuronosyl]glycerol. These are also the major polar lipids of Pseudomonas diminuta. Additional lipids present in P. vesicularis are unidentified carotenoids and a novel lipid characterised as 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-alpha-D-glycero-D-glucoheptopyranosylglycerol. A cis-octadecenoic acid and hexadecanoic acid are the major fatty acids: C15 and C17 acids are significant minor components. The fatty methyl ester fractions derived from three of the lipids (most notably the glucosyldiacylglycerol) contained substantial amounts of a compound with chromatographic properties resembling those of an octadecenoic ester: the identity and origin or this compound remained uncertain.

Diglycerides↗

Structural alterations in the envelope of a gentamicin-resistant rough mutant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Comparative studies of a gentamicin-sensitive strain (P28-0) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and a gentamicin-resistant mutant (P23-800) have been carried out. No aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes were detected in extracts of the mutant. Electron microscopy of thin sections and the loss of O-antigenicity suggested that resistance of the mutant to gentamicin was related to an alteration in the outer membrane. Analysis of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) components of the cell walls revealed significant differences. The LPS from strain P28-0 was typical of wild-type P. aeruginosa strains of Habs serotype O6, with quinovosamine and aminogalacturonic acid as O-specific aminocomponents. The LPS from the resistant mutant lacked the O-specific polymer, but had a core oligosaccharide similar to that of the parent strain. Both LPS were rich in phosphorus, part of which was present in triphosphate residues. Although the 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the LPS differed in some respects, these differences did not seem to correlate with the disparity in sensitivity to gentamicin of the two organisms.

Cell Wall↗

Postnatal classes on prevention of sleeplessness in young children.

Parents of young babies attended evening classes on prevention of sleeping problems in pre-school children. The aim was to test the consumer-appeal of this preventative approach. Content focused on individual behavioural differences in babies as well as adaptation of parenting strategies to avoid some of the common pitfalls in the management of sleep-related behaviours. Parents' views were obtained and were favourable. Results are discussed in terms of the timing and format of similar prevention programmes.

Consumer Behavior↗