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Biomedical subjects

L I Goldstein

Publications and source records attributed to L I Goldstein.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1995

Biliary tract complications after orthotopic liver transplantation. Endoscopic approach to diagnosis and therapy.

This study was undertaken to further define the role of endoscopic methods in the evaluation and treatment of biliary tract complications after liver transplantation and to determine the efficacy and safety of this approach. Fifty liver transplant patients were referred for endoscopic evaluation of a suspected biliary tract complication. Two patient groups were identified based on the indication for the endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP): Group 1 was suspected of having biliary fistula and group 2 was suspected of having bile duct obstruction. Group 1 consisted of 35 patients who developed bile peritonitis after inadvertent migration of the T-tube or intentional T-tube removal. Group 2 consisted of 15 patients who developed cholestatic hepatic chemistries in the absence of allograft rejection on liver biopsy. ERCP identified a biliary fistula at the T-tube insertion site into the bile duct in 32 (91%) group 1 patients. Twenty-six of 26 treated with a nasobiliary tube had fistula closure at a mean 5.2 days. Five of 6 treated with a stent, with or without sphincterotomy, had no leak at the time of stent removal (mean, 45 days). ERCP identified a cause for the cholestatic hepatic chemistries in 11 (73.5%) group 2 patients, including bile duct stones (n = 4), anastomotic (n = 3) or intrahepatic (n = 2) strictures, bile duct necrosis (n = 1), and hemobilia (n = 1). Five of the 5 patients undergoing endoscopic therapy were treated successfully. The endoscopic complication rate was 4% and the 30-day mortality rate was 2%. During a mean follow-up of 15 months, 94% of the patients who were treated successfully had no recurrent biliary tract disease. The results of this study suggest that ERCP is an effective modality in the evaluation of patients with suspected biliary tract complications after liver transplantation. In selected patients, endoscopic therapy obviates the need for additional surgical or percutaneous intervention.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy on the recurrence rate and survival of patients after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Historically, liver transplantation for HCC has yielded poor long-term survival. Multimodality therapy has been initiated in an effort to improve survival statistics. METHODS: Twenty-five patients were placed on 6 months of intravenous fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and cisplatin after OLT. Risk factors, recurrence rates, and survival rates were analyzed and compared with historic controls. RESULTS: Overall long-term survival in the protocol patients was 46% at 3 years, improved over our historic controls of 5.8% at 3 years (p = 0.0001). Overall recurrence rate was 20% (n = 4). Possible risk factors, such as tumor size, vascular invasion, multifocality, capsular invasion, and tumor differentiation, were not found to be significantly predictive of survival. Three patients with long-term, disease-free survival had tumors > 5 cm. Side effects from chemotherapy were common, but rarely severe. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that adjuvant chemotherapy after transplantation for HCC can provide long-term cure and may improve survival, even in patients with stage III and IV disease.

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMed1994

One thousand liver transplants. The lessons learned.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the first 1000 liver transplants performed at UCLA Medical Center to determine factors responsible for improved results. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Liver transplant has evolved impressively since the first case was performed in 1963. The 1980s have highlighted this progress with the development of better organ preservation, standardization of operative procedure, improved immunosuppressive agents, and better understanding of patient selection. METHODS: The first 100 consecutive liver transplants (group 1) performed from February 1984 through October 1986 were compared with the last 200 (group 2) performed between September 1991 and June 1992. An analysis was made of donor use; changes in patient candidacy; patient care variables; morbidity and mortality; survival data; and hospital resource use. RESULTS: In group 1, 31% of donors were refused because of medical unsuitability compared with 4% in group 2 (p < 0.0001). In group 1, alcoholic patients comprised 1% of liver transplant candidates compared with 20% group 2 (p < 0.0001). High-risk patients (United Network for Organ Sharing criteria 4) only comprised 11% of patients in group 1 compared with 37% in group 2 (p < 0.0001). Operative time (7.6 hours compared with 5.4 hours), packed cell replacement (17 units compared with 9.5 units), intensive care unit stay (10 days compared with 5 days), and hospital stay (50 days compared with 31 days) were all significantly improved (p < 0.05). In group 1, the 1-year survival rate was 73% and improved to 88% in group 2 (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Despite unfavorable donor characteristics (obesity, cause of death, age, hypotension), most organs function well and should not be refused based on history alone. The older and high-risk patient (renal failure, ventilator dependence, portal vein pathology, and so on) is routinely transplanted with good success. Despite liberalization of both donor and recipient criteria, patient survival after liver transplant is improved, use of hospital resources is maximized, and cost reduction is achieved.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma to bone in a liver transplant patient. A case report.

Although previously unreported in the orthopaedic literature, hepatocellular carcinoma metastasizes to bone in 2 to 20% of cases. The poor prognosis associated with this tumor often results in patient demise before the need for orthopaedic intervention. A liver transplant recipient with no known history of hepatocellular carcinoma was diagnosed with this tumor when open reduction and internal fixation of an impending pathologic femoral fracture were performed. Metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a lytic osseous metastasis in appropriate patient populations.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Biliary strictures complicating liver transplantation. Incidence, pathogenesis, management, and outcome.

Six hundred sixty-six patients received 792 liver transplants between February 1, 1984 and September 30, 1991. Biliary reconstruction was by choledochocholedochostomy (CDCD) with T-tube (n = 509) or Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy (CDJ) (n = 283). Twenty-five patients (4%) developed biliary strictures. Anastomotic strictures were more common after CDJ (n = 10, 3.5%) than for CDCD (n = 3, 0.6%). Intrahepatic strictures developed in 12 patients. Six patients had occult hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT). The other six patients received grafts in which cold ischemia time exceeded 12 hours. Anastomotic strictures were successfully managed by percutaneous dilation (PD) in five patients (n = 10), operation in three (n = 6), with retransplantation required in two patients. Intrahepatic strictures were managed by PD in seven, retransplantation in one, and expectantly in four patients. Of 25 patients, 19 (76%) are alive with good graft function. In three of six deaths, the biliary stricture was a significant factor to the development of sepsis and allograft failure. The authors conclude that (1) anastomotic strictures are rare after LT; (2) the development of biliary strictures may signify occult HAT; (3) PD is effective for most strictures; and (4) extended cold graft ischemia (less than 12 hours) may be injurious to the biliary epithelium, resulting in intrahepatic stricture formation.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Association of primary sclerosing cholangitis with HLA-DRw52a.

We sought to determine whether there are specific HLA haplotypes in patients with either primary sclerosing cholangitis or primary biliary cirrhosis. Surprisingly, 100 percent of the 29 patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis had the HLA-DRw52a antigen, which is normally present in 35 percent of the population (relative risk, 109.5; P less than 0.00001). Fifteen of these patients had a single common haplotype: A1,B8,Cw7,DRw17,DQw2,DRw52a. In the remaining 17 patients there was a loss of at least one of these antigens. Of the 15 patients with the common haplotype, 12 also had ulcerative colitis, thereby linking the occurrence of ulcerative colitis in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis to the presence of this haplotype. Although there was no association in 35 patients between primary biliary cirrhosis and specific HLA haplotypes, there was a significant association of the disease with DRw8 (relative risk, 3.1; P = 0.02). We conclude that the development of primary sclerosing cholangitis involves a strong genetic predisposition. Since the association of primary sclerosing cholangitis with HLA-DRw52a appears to be total, HLA typing should be helpful in differentiating this disease from primary biliary cirrhosis.

Cholangitis, Sclerosing↗
PubMed1990

Is liver transplantation justified for the treatment of hepatic malignancies?

Twenty-eight patients received orthotopic liver transplants for malignant disease between February 1, 1984, and December 31, 1989. Preoperative diagnoses included hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 16), cholangiocarcinoma (n = 3), other primary hepatic tumors (n = 6), and metastatic diseases to the liver (n = 3). Overall actuarial survivals at 6 months, 1 year, and 5 years were 67.3%, 51%, and 31%, respectively. Long-term survival longer than 5 years was achieved in 3 patients. The recurrence rate in patients surviving longer than 3 months is 48% (median, 7 months). Hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma had the poorest survival and highest recurrence rates. Specific prognostic factors correlating with survival or recurrence could not be elucidated. These results indicate that orthotopic liver transplants can provide long-term cure and palliation for malignant disease; however, patient selection is extremely important in predicting outcome.

Adenoma, Bile Duct↗
PubMed1989

Absence of hyperparathyroidism in severe liver disease.

Elevated serum levels of intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) have been reported in severe versus mild biliary cirrhosis. The aim of this study was to determine whether hyperparathyroidism was present in severe liver disease on the basis of the inability of the liver to catabolize the hormone. Because biologic activity resides in the amino terminal, and amino terminal PTH determinations have not been routinely made in liver disease, it is possible that hyperparathyroidism was previously missed in these patients. Accordingly, we obtained fasting blood from 11 patients with severe liver disease and 8 age-matched controls. We measured intact, amino terminal, and mid-region PTH, vitamin D metabolites, bone gamma carboxyglutamic acid protein (BGP), ionized calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and liver function tests. Serum levels of PTH were normal with all assays and 1,25(OH)2D levels were not elevated. These findings argue against the possibility that hyperparathyroidism plays a role in the pathogenesis of hepatic osteodystrophy.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Randomized prospective trial of OKT3 for early prophylaxis of rejection after liver transplantation.

A group of 52 liver transplant patients was prospectively randomized to receive prophylactic immunosuppressive therapy consisting of either Orthoclone OKT3 for 14 days, azathioprine, and steroids (25 patients); or cyclosporine, azathioprine, and steroids (27 patients). The groups were similarly matched for age, diagnosis, and Child's classification. The patients were studied to determine the effect of these two regimens on the incidence of rejection, infection, renal dysfunction, and mortality. Seven rejection episodes, as determined by clinical and histological criteria, occurred in seven of 25 patients (28%) receiving OKT3 compared with 18 episodes in 27 patients (67%) receiving cyclosporine during the first 14 days after transplantation (P less than 0.02). In 20% of the OKT3 patients, CD3+ levels of greater than 10% developed during therapy, and 16% of the patients developed anti-OKT3 antibodies during OKT3 treatment. Five patients were retreated with OKT3 for steroid-resistant acute rejection episodes; all had resolution of the rejection episode. Infectious complications were similar in each group. Renal function, as measured by serum creatinine, was significantly better with OKT3 than with cyclosporine (P less than 0.003) at 14 days. We conclude that prophylactic OKT3 is effective in reducing the number of early rejection episodes after liver transplantation; after 14 days the incidence of rejection is similar; reuse of OKT3 has been successful in liver transplant patients; infectious complications are similar between OKT3 and cyclosporine; and OKT3 preserves renal function better than cyclosporine and is thus indicated in patients with compromised preoperative renal function.

Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic↗
PubMed1988

Infectious complications in liver transplantation.

Thirty-five patients received 42 liver homografts between February 1984 and August 1985. One or more infections developed in 23 patients (66%) some time after transplantation. An average of 2.5 infections per infected patient occurred. Of 37 bacterial infections, two thirds were either bacteremias or localized intra-abdominal infections. The median onset was 29 days after operation. Thirteen viral infections were identified, with a median onset of 18 days after operation. Nine fungal infections, six disseminated and three localized, were identified, with a median onset of nine days after operation. Infection was the primary cause of death in five (14%) of 35 patients. Fatal infections were evenly distributed among bacterial (two), fungal (three), and viral (two) pathogens. Despite advances in surgical techniques and the use of cyclosporine, infection after orthotopic liver transplantation is a serious problem. Certain patients can be identified as high risks for infection and require an aggressive diagnostic workup followed by early institution of antimicrobial therapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

The role of liver biopsy in evaluating acute allograft dysfunction following liver transplantation: a clinical histologic correlation of 34 liver transplants.

One hundred six liver biopsy specimens from 34 orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) patients were examined and the histologic findings correlated with the clinical course of the patients to determine if specific morphologic patterns were associated with specific causes of acute allograft dysfunction. The principle causes of allograft injury in these patients appeared to be acute rejection and ischemic injury, with rarer cases of viral infection and biliary obstruction. Graft rejection causing transient liver dysfunction was associated with a mixed inflammatory infiltrate in the portal tracts and involving the interlobular bile ducts. Rejection resulting in severe, persistent dysfunction was associated with destruction and loss of the interlobular bile ducts or portal inflammation, followed by acute centrilobular hepatocyte necrosis. Ischemic liver injury was characterized by hepatocyte ballooning and/or hepatocyte necrosis. Ischemic injury causing transient graft dysfunction demonstrated focal, limited areas of hepatocyte necrosis or transient centrilobular hepatocyte ballooning. Severe ischemic injury resulting in persistent dysfunction caused diffuse hepatocyte necrosis or centrilobular ballooning followed by centrilobular hepatocyte loss and severe cholestasis with evidence of bile duct epithelial injury. The histologic patterns observed were not pathognomonic; radiologic studies, bile cultures, and other laboratory tests were necessary to rule out biliary or vascular obstruction and bacterial cholangitis. However, liver biopsies, especially serial biopsies, were helpful in suggesting the probable cause of liver dysfunction and in predicting subsequent allograft recovery or failure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

A prospective study on the use of monoclonal anti-T3-cell antibody (OKT3) to treat steroid-resistant liver transplant rejection.

Conventional treatment of acute liver allograft rejection has included high doses of corticosteroids and antithymocyte globulin. Urgent retransplantation was the only option for patients who failed to respond. We report our initial experience with the use of monoclonal anti-T3-cell antibody (OKT3) in 25 patients with acute hepatic allograft rejection that was resistant to steroid and/or antithymocyte globulin therapy. Twenty-four of 25 patients had a response to OKT3, which was complete in 14 and partial in ten. With a mean follow-up of 8.2 months, allograft salvage has been 80% and patient survival 88%; two patients underwent successful retransplantation. Side effects have been mild and well tolerated. Repeated rejection has occurred in 40% of patients, but these episodes have responded to steroid therapy. We conclude that OKT3 is well tolerated and highly effective in reversing severe episodes of acute hepatic allograft rejection that is resistant to high-dose steroid therapy.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1987

The first 100 liver transplants at UCLA.

A clinical program in liver transplantation was begun at UCLA in 1984 after a period of laboratory investigation. The first 100 orthotopic liver transplants (OLT) were performed in 83 patients (43 adults and 40 children) between February 1, 1984 and November 1, 1986. Donors and recipients were matched only for size and ABO blood group compatibility, with OLT performed across blood groups in 28 patients. Standard operative techniques were used, including venous-venous bypass in adults. Arterial reconstruction was performed using an aortic Carrel patch or "branch patch" in 65% of cases and by end-to-end or aortic conduit techniques in the remainder. The hepatic artery thrombosis rate was 5%. Biliary reconstruction was choledochocholedochostomy in 67 OLT and Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy in 33 (complication rate of 24% and 24%, respectively). Average lengths and ranges of donor liver ischemia, operating time, and blood replacement were 4 hours (range: 1-10 hours), 7.6 hours (range: 4-15 hours), and 17 units packed cells (range: 2-220 units). Immunosuppressive regimen was cyclosporine-steroid combination, with monoclonal anti-T-cell antibody (OKT3) used for refractory rejection. All patients had one or more complications: pulmonary (78%), infectious (51%), renal dialysis (25%), neurologic (22%). All patients had at least one episode of acute rejection, and 3.6% had chronic rejection. Retransplantation was needed in nine patients once and in four patients twice. The overall retransplant survival rate was 54%, and two of four patients who received a second retransplant are alive. Sixty-three of the 83 patients (76%) are alive (adults 72%, children 80%). The 1- and 2-year actuarial survival rate is 73% (adults 68%, children 78%). Thirty-eight of 43 patients (88%) who had transplantation in the past year are alive. Of 14 perioperative variables assessed as predictors of early mortality, only postoperative dialysis (p less than 0.0005) and presence of severe rejection (p less than 0.01) had statistical significance. Seventy per cent of adults returned to work, and 84% of children had normal or accelerated growth. A new program in liver transplantation provides a dramatic option in patient care and an academic stimulus to the entire medical center.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Selective surgical therapy of the Budd-Chiari syndrome provides superior survivor rates than conservative medical management.

The Budd-Chiari syndrome is an unusual form of portal hypertension caused by hepatic vein occlusion, which results in centrilobular congestion and necrosis. Its overall mortality rate exceeds 50% at 2 years, and optimal treatment remains controversial. To determine optimal therapy on the basis of clinical and angiographic data, we retrospectively analyzed 30 patients with this disease treated at the University of California, Los Angeles or the University of Southern California School of Medicine between 1955 and 1985. Twelve patients were treated conservatively with diuretics, anticoagulants, paracentesis, and/or peritoneal-venous shunt. Eighteen patients were treated by definitive surgery: side-to-side portocaval shunt (four), mesocaval shunt (four), side-to-side splenorenal shunt (one), liver transplantation (two), transatrial membranotomy (TM) (two), TM followed by inferior vena cava reconstruction (IVCR) (one), TM followed by mesocaval shunt (one) simultaneous IVCR and side-to-side portocaval shunt (one), IVCR (one), and azygousatrial shunt followed 4 years later by a splenopulmonary shunt (one). Overall the surgical group had survival rates superior to the medical group, with a 2-year survival rate of 54% for the surgical group vs. 9% for the medical group (p less than 0.089). On the basis of these data we conclude that surgical therapy is superior to medical therapy for the Budd-Chiari syndrome. However, the operation must be tailored to treat the specific anatomic and clinical abnormality. Guidelines to select the proper surgical procedure are given.

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMed1987

Simultaneous retrohepatic inferior vena cavoplasty and side-to-side portacaval shunt for recurrent thrombosed mesoatrial shunt in the Budd-Chiari syndrome.

The Budd-Chiari syndrome is an unusual and often fatal form of portal hypertension caused by hepatic vein occlusion. It comprises less than 5% of surgically correctable causes of portal hypertension and can be one of the most difficult to treat. Recurrent Budd-Chiari syndrome associated with a thrombosed mesoatrial shunt can be an even more vexing problem because of the patient's debilitated condition, hypercoagulable state, and altered anatomy from the previous thoracic and abdominal operations. Although the literature describes numerous surgical methods of treating the Budd-Chiari syndrome, no report specifically addresses the reoperative management of a recurrent thrombosed mesoatrial shunt. We report a patient with a recurrent thrombosed mesoatrial shunt, tightly stenotic retrohepatic inferior vena cava, and occluded hepatic veins with severe portal hypertension. A simultaneous inferior vena cavoplasty and a side-to-side portacaval shunt have produced excellent results with 26-month follow-up. To the best of our knowledge, this method has not been previously described. Other reported surgical methods of treating the Budd-Chiari syndrome are discussed, with emphasis on their relative applicability to the reoperative management of this condition. We submit that this one-stage patch cavoplasty and side-to-side portacaval shunt are the best direct surgical methods to provide immediate and long-term benefit for patients with this most challenging problem.

Adult↗