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L J Anooshian

Publications and source records attributed to L J Anooshian.

8 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1996

Conscious and unconscious retrieval in picture recognition: a framework for exploring gender differences.

The authors explored gender differences by examining 2 distinct memory processes involved in recognizing pictures that were scenes captured from videotapes. For Study 1, the authors used a process dissociation procedure (L.J. Anooshian & P.S. Seibert, 1995; L.L. Jacoby, 1991) to obtain separate estimates of the contributions of recollection (conscious retrieval) and sense of familiarity (unconscious retrieval) in recognizing scenes along previously viewed routes of travel. Women obtained higher familiarity scores than did men, whereas no gender difference emerged for conscious recollection. In Study 2, the authors tested both preschool children and adults and found results similar to those in Study 1 for a task with pictures captured from children's cartoons, regardless of age. The results from these studies illustrate the need for greater attention to diverse memory processes when investigating individual differences, including gender differences, in diverse task domains.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Adult age differences in knowledge of retrieval processes.

We assessed knowledge of retrieval processes in young (25-35 years) and old adults (70-85 years). Both feeling-of-knowing judgments and retrieval monitoring were examined with a set of questions about recent news events. For answers that participants initially failed to recall, they rated their feeling-of-knowing as well as made predictions regarding the likelihood of recalling the answer with the aid of a specified type of retrieval cue (retrieval monitoring). Accuracy was evaluated in the context of later recall or recognition performance. We found age group differences in the accuracy of retrieval monitoring, free recall, and recall aided by phonological cues. Using a separate inventory, we found no evidence for age group differences in participants' knowledge of general retrieval principles.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Developmental trends for auditory selective attention: dependence on central-incidental word relations.

Using the central-incidental learning task, we examined central task scores and numbers of correctly recognized incidental words for 48 children each from the first, fourth, and seventh grades, and for 48 adults. Differences in developmental trends were observed for subjects who heard related pairs of central and incidental words (compound words), unrelated word pairs, and central words only (control condition). In experiment 2, when incidental words were rhymes or synonyms of central words, fourth graders performed as well as did adults in the central phase of the task. Also, fourth graders were as likely to recognize incidental words which had rhymed as those that had been synonyms of central words; adults recognized more synonyms than rhymes. The results of both experiments confirmed that researchers must assess the nature of the task demands, as well as differentiate between valiables affecting central versus incidental learning scores, in deriving estimates of selectivity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

The effects of early auditory deprivation on temporal perceptions: a comparison of hearing and hearing-impaired children on temporal pattern matching tasks.

This study was designed to test the hypothesis that hearing children, but not children deprived of early auditory experiences, would use an auditory frame of reference, or auditory encoding, for temporal perceptions. Two age groups (8 and 11 years of age) of hearing and hearing-impaired children were tested in two sessions; tasks required each child to decide whether two temporal patterns (sequences of lights, sounds or both) were the same or different. Specific trial-types were designed to reveal different patterns of performances (across trial-types) for children who differed in terms of whether an auditory frame of reference was used. The results suggested that all children used similar temporal frames of reference, but that hearing-impaired children demonstrated developmental lags.

Auditory Perception↗
PubMed1977

Distance distortions in memory for spatial locations.

The present study examined developmental differences in the effect of route extensity on the memory for the locations of objects in a spatial array. Kindergarten and adult subjects were trained to remember the locations of 4 objects. During this training, objects were either connected by a combination of indirect, looped train tracks and direct train tracks (experimental subjects) or connected by entirely direct train-track routes (control subjects). Analyses of actual interobject distances, from subjects' reproductions of object locations on a response board (without train tracks), revealed that children, but not adults, distort distance in terms of the nature of travel observed between objects. Further testing revealed that differences in the amount of time taken for travel could not account for the results obtained with children.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Measures of visual-auditory integration and their relations to reading achievement in early grades.

Several tests of visual-auditory integration were designed to represent the various tasks that have been found to correlate with reading achievement in the early grades. The battery of tests was administered to about 100 first, 84 second, and 110 third graders. Several questions were posed: (1) Do the various tests of integration measure the same underlying ability or are there separate abilities that are tapped by the various tests? (2) Are the various tests correlated with reading because they tap a common integrative ability that is related to reading or are there several abilities, each related to reading independently to the others? (3) To what extent are the relationships between the integrative abilities and reading separate from the relationship between reading and IQ? Results indicated that there are separate integrative abilities, and multiple regression analyses showed that several of the integrative measures were correlated with reading independently of the other measures. Further, several of the integrative measures accounted for significant reading variance beyond that accounted for by IQ tests. The results were discussed in the context of the need to differentiate adequately between various patterns of perceptual weakness in the diagnosis and remediation of perceptually based reading difficulties.

Achievement↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Age differences in processing: assessments of depth, elaboration and encoding-retrieval compatibility with multidimensional scaling.

Young, middle-age, and old adults ranked similarities of word pairs in a conditional rank-ordering task. Multidimensional scaling analyses of those similarity judgments provided measures of depth of processing (the kind of attribute dimensions considered in ranking similarities) and elaboration (the number of dimensions considered). Analyses of variance revealed an age-related decline in semantic processing but no such decline for elaboration. In recalling the words after the rank-ordering task, old adults' retrieval was less compatible with initial processing than was the case for younger adults, i.e., there was less correspondence between inter-word distances in recall and in the scaling solutions. The results confirmed the feasibility of multidimensional scaling methods for evaluating levels-of-processing issues.

Adolescent↗