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Biomedical subjects

L Lao

Publications and source records attributed to L Lao.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Acupuncture for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), a disorder of altered bowel habits associated with abdominal pain or discomfort. The pain, discomfort, and impairment from IBS often lead to healthcare medical consultation (Talley 1997) and workplace absenteeism, and associated economic costs (Leong 2003). A recent randomized controlled trial shows variable results but no clear evidence in support of acupuncture as an effective treatment for IBS (Fireman 2001). OBJECTIVES: The objective of this systematic review is to determine whether acupuncture is more effective than no treatment, more effective than 'sham' (placebo) acupuncture, and as effective as other interventions used to treat irritable bowel syndrome. Adverse events associated with acupuncture were also assessed. SEARCH STRATEGY: The following electronic bibliographic databases were searched irrespective of language, date of publication, and publication status: MEDLINE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) on The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, the Chinese Biomedical Database, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL), and the Allied and Complementary Medicine Database (AMED). References in relevant reviews and RCTs were screened by hand. The last date for searching for studies was 7 February 2006. SELECTION CRITERIA: Published reports of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-randomised trials of acupuncture therapy for IBS. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: All eligible records identified were dually evaluated for eligibility and dually abstracted. Methodological quality was assessed using the Jadad scale and the Linde Internal Validity Scale. Data from individual trials were combined for meta-analysis when the interventions were sufficiently similar. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I squared statistic. MAIN RESULTS: Six trials were included. The proportion of responders, as assessed by either the global symptom score or the patient-determined treatment success rate, did not show a significant difference between the acupuncture and the sham acupuncture group with a pooled relative risk of 1.28 (95% CI 0.83 to 1.98; n=109). Acupuncture treatment was also not significantly more effective than sham acupuncture for overall general well-being, individual symptoms (e.g., abdominal pain, defecation difficulties, diarrhea, and bloating), the number of improved patients assessed by blinded clinician, or the EuroQol score. For two of the studies without a sham control, acupuncture was more effective than control treatment for the improvement of symptoms: acupuncture versus herbal medication with a RR of 1.14(95% CI 1.00 to 1.31; n=132); acupuncture plus psychotherapy versus psychotherapy alone with a RR of 1.20 (95% CI 1.03 to 1.39; n=100). When the effect of ear acupuncture treatment was compared to an unclearly specified combination of one or more of the drugs diazepam, perphenazine or domperidone, the difference was not statistically significant with a RR of 1.49(95% CI 0.94 to 2.34; n=48). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Most of the trials included in this review were of poor quality and were heterogeneous in terms of interventions, controls, and outcomes measured. With the exception of one outcome in common between two trials, data were not combined. Therefore, it is still inconclusive whether acupuncture is more effective than sham acupuncture or other interventions for treating IBS.

Acupuncture Therapy↗
PubMed2006

Acupuncture-point stimulation for chemotherapy-induced nausea or vomiting.

BACKGROUND: There have been recent advances in chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting using 5-HT(3) inhibitors and dexamethasone. However, many still experience these symptoms, and expert panels encourage additional methods to reduce these symptoms. OBJECTIVES: The objective was to assess the effectiveness of acupuncture-point stimulation on acute and delayed chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in cancer patients. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycLIT, MANTIS, Science Citation Index, CCTR (Cochrane Controlled Trials Registry), Cochrane Complementary Medicine Field Trials Register, Cochrane Pain, Palliative Care and Supportive Care Specialized Register, Cochrane Cancer Specialized Register, and conference abstracts. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized trials of acupuncture-point stimulation by any method (needles, electrical stimulation, magnets, or acupressure) and assessing chemotherapy-induced nausea or vomiting, or both. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data were provided by investigators of the original trials and pooled using a fixed effect model. Relative risks were calculated on dichotomous data. Standardized mean differences were calculated for nausea severity. Weighted mean differences were calculated for number of emetic episodes. MAIN RESULTS: Eleven trials (N = 1247) were pooled. Overall, acupuncture-point stimulation of all methods combined reduced the incidence of acute vomiting (RR = 0.82; 95% confidence interval 0.69 to 0.99; P = 0.04), but not acute or delayed nausea severity compared to control. By modality, stimulation with needles reduced proportion of acute vomiting (RR = 0.74; 95% confidence interval 0.58 to 0.94; P = 0.01), but not acute nausea severity. Electroacupuncture reduced the proportion of acute vomiting (RR = 0.76; 95% confidence interval 0.60 to 0.97; P = 0.02), but manual acupuncture did not; delayed symptoms for acupuncture were not reported. Acupressure reduced mean acute nausea severity (SMD = -0.19; 95% confidence interval -0.37 to -0.01; P = 0.04) but not acute vomiting or delayed symptoms. Noninvasive electrostimulation showed no benefit for any outcome. All trials used concomitant pharmacologic antiemetics, and all, except electroacupuncture trials, used state-of-the-art antiemetics. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: This review complements data on post-operative nausea and vomiting suggesting a biologic effect of acupuncture-point stimulation. Electroacupuncture has demonstrated benefit for chemotherapy-induced acute vomiting, but studies combining electroacupuncture with state-of-the-art antiemetics and in patients with refractory symptoms are needed to determine clinical relevance. Self-administered acupressure appears to have a protective effect for acute nausea and can readily be taught to patients though studies did not involve placebo control. Noninvasive electrostimulation appears unlikely to have a clinically relevant impact when patients are given state-of-the-art pharmacologic antiemetic therapy.

Acupuncture Points↗
PubMed2005

Effects of an acetone extract of Boswellia carterii Birdw. (Burseraceae) gum resin on adjuvant-induced arthritis in lewis rats.

Ruxiang (Gummi olibanum), the dried gum resin of Boswellia carterii (BC), has been used in traditional Chinese medicine to alleviate pain and inflammation for thousands of years. In this random, blinded study, the anti-arthritic effects of a BC extract were observed and compared to vehicle control in a Lewis rat adjuvant arthritis model (n=8/group). Arthritis was induced by injecting CFA subcutaneously into the base of the tail, and the extract was administered orally (i.g.) for 10 consecutive days beginning on day 16 after the injection. Arthritic scores, paw edema, and the local tissue pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) were assessed. Toxicity and adverse effects of the extract were evaluated. At 0.90 g/kg per day, BC significantly decreased arthritic scores between days 20 and 25 (p<0.05) and reduced paw edema on days 18, 20 and 22 compared to control (p<0.05). It also significantly suppressed local tissue TNF-alpha and IL-1beta (p<0.05). No major adverse effects were observed in animals during the repeated-dose treatment profile although mild fur discoloration was noted. The data show that BC extract has significant anti-arthritic and anti-inflammation effects and suggest that these effects may be mediated via the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Acupuncture and dry-needling for low back pain.

BACKGROUND: Although low-back pain is usually a self-limiting and benign disease that tends to improve spontaneously over time, a large variety of therapeutic interventions are available for its treatment. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of acupuncture for the treatment of non-specific low-back pain and dry-needling for myofascial pain syndrome in the low-back region. SEARCH STRATEGY: We updated the searches from 1996 to February 2003 in CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and EMBASE. We also searched the Chinese Cochrane Centre database of clinical trials and Japanese databases to February 2003. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized trials of acupuncture (that involves needling) for adults with non-specific (sub)acute or chronic low-back pain, or dry-needling for myofascial pain syndrome in the low-back region. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently assessed methodological quality (using the criteria recommended by the Cochrane Back Review Group) and extracted data. The trials were combined using meta-analyses methods or levels of evidence when the data reported did not allow statistical pooling. MAIN RESULTS: Thirty-five RCTs were included; 20 were published in English, seven in Japanese, five in Chinese and one each in Norwegian, Polish and German. There were only three trials of acupuncture for acute low-back pain. They did not justify firm conclusions, because of small sample sizes and low methodological quality of the studies. For chronic low-back pain there is evidence of pain relief and functional improvement for acupuncture, compared to no treatment or sham therapy. These effects were only observed immediately after the end of the sessions and at short-term follow-up. There is evidence that acupuncture, added to other conventional therapies, relieves pain and improves function better than the conventional therapies alone. However, effects are only small. Dry-needling appears to be a useful adjunct to other therapies for chronic low-back pain. No clear recommendations could be made about the most effective acupuncture technique. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The data do not allow firm conclusions about the effectiveness of acupuncture for acute low-back pain. For chronic low-back pain, acupuncture is more effective for pain relief and functional improvement than no treatment or sham treatment immediately after treatment and in the short-term only. Acupuncture is not more effective than other conventional and "alternative" treatments. The data suggest that acupuncture and dry-needling may be useful adjuncts to other therapies for chronic low-back pain. Because most of the studies were of lower methodological quality, there certainly is a further need for higher quality trials in this area.

Acupuncture Therapy↗
PubMed2005

GABA(A) receptor facilitation of neurokinin release from primary afferent terminals in the rat spinal cord.

Our goal was to test the following hypotheses: 1) GABA(A) receptors facilitate neurokinin release from primary afferent terminals; 2) they do this by suppressing an inhibitory effect of GABA(B) receptors; 3) the activation of these two receptors is controlled by the firing frequency of primary afferents. We evoked neurokinin release by stimulating the dorsal root attached to spinal cord slices, and measured it using neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) internalization. Internalization evoked by root stimulation at 1 Hz (but not at 100 Hz) was increased by the GABA(A) receptor agonists muscimol (effective concentration of drug for 50% of the increase [EC50] 3 microM) and isoguvacine (EC50 4.5 microM). Internalization evoked by root stimulation at 100 Hz was inhibited by the GABA(A) receptor antagonists bicuculline (effective concentration of drug for 50% of the inhibition [IC50] 2 microM) and picrotoxin (IC50 243 nM). Internalization evoked by incubating the root with capsaicin (to selectively recruit nociceptive fibers) was increased by isoguvacine and abolished by picrotoxin. Therefore, GABA(A) receptors facilitate neurokinin release. Isoguvacine-facilitated neurokinin release was inhibited by picrotoxin, low Cl-, low Ca2+, Ca2+ channel blockers and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists. Bumetanide, an inhibitor of the Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl- cotransporter, inhibited isoguvacine-facilitated neurokinin release, but this could be attributed to a direct inhibition of GABA(A) receptors. The GABA(B) agonist baclofen inhibited NK1R internalization evoked by 100 Hz root stimulation (IC50 1.5 microM), whereas the GABA(B) receptor antagonist (2S)-3-[[(1S)-1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]amino-2-hydroxypropyl](phenylmethyl) phosphinic acid (CGP-55845) increased NK1R internalization evoked by 1 Hz root stimulation (EC50 21 nM). Importantly, baclofen inhibited isoguvacine-facilitated neurokinin release, and CGP-55845 reversed the inhibition of neurokinin release by bicuculline. In conclusion, 1) GABA(B) receptors located presynaptically in primary afferent terminals inhibit neurokinin release; 2) GABA(A) receptors located in GABAergic interneurons facilitate neurokinin release by suppressing GABA release onto these GABA(B) receptors; 3) high frequency firing of C-fibers stimulates neurokinin release by activating GABA(A) receptors and inhibiting GABA(B) receptors, whereas low frequency firing inhibits neurokinin release by the converse mechanisms.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2004

Agreements among traditional Chinese medicine practitioners in the diagnosis and treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Traditional Chinese Medicine was frequently used by patients with irritable bowel syndrome. AIM: To evaluate the agreement on diagnoses and prescription of irritable bowel syndrome among Traditional Chinese Medicine practitioners. METHODS: Consecutive irritable bowel syndrome patients were interviewed independently by four Traditional Chinese Medicine practitioners. The study was divided into three phases: (i) blinded individual assessment, (ii) discussion to achieve consensus on diagnosis and treatment, (iii) individual assessment based on consensual diagnostic criteria. Patients with other causes of diarrhoea were recruited as controls in phase (iii). Percentage agreement and kappa-value in diagnosis, treatment principle and regime were determined. RESULTS: Thirty-nine irritable bowel syndrome patients were assessed in phase (i) whereas 65 irritable bowel syndrome patients and 17 non-irritable bowel syndrome controls were studied in phase (iii). The mean agreement rates in diagnosis, treatment principle and regimen were: 57, 58 and 52% for phase (i) and 80, 81 and 80% for phase (iii) (P = 0.002). Accordingly, there was significant improvement in the mean kappa-values in diagnosis (0.11-0.34, P = 0.015) and treatment principle (0.16-0.37, P = 0.002) but not in treatment regime. CONCLUSIONS: Variations in diagnosis and treatment principles do exist among Traditional Chinese Medicine practitioners. Concordant diagnosis can be reached by mutual understanding and converging opinion among Traditional Chinese Medicine practitioners.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Acupuncture for chronic low back pain in older patients: a randomized, controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if acupuncture is an effective, safe adjunctive treatment to standard therapy for chronic low back pain (LBP) in older patients. METHODS: The inclusion criteria for subjects were: (i) LBP > or =12 weeks and (ii) age > or =60 yr; the exclusion criteria were (i) spinal tumour, infection or fracture and (ii) associated neurological symptoms. The subjects were randomized to two groups. The control group of subjects continued their usual care as directed by their physicians, i.e. NSAIDs, muscle relaxants, paracetamol and back exercises. Subjects in the acupuncture group in addition received biweekly acupuncture with electrical stimulation for 5 weeks. Outcome was measured by the modified Roland Disability Questionnaire (RDQ) at weeks 0, 2, 6 and 9. The primary outcome measure was change in RDQ score between weeks 0 and 6. RESULTS: Fifty-five patients were enrolled, with eight drop-outs. Twenty-four subjects were randomized to the acupuncture group and 23 were randomized to the control group. Acupuncture subjects had a significant decrease in RDQ score of 4.1 +/- 3.9 at week 6, compared with a mean decrease of 0.7 +/- 2.8 in the control group (P = 0.001). This effect was maintained for up to 4 weeks after treatment at week 9, with a decrease in RDQ of 3.5 +/- 4.4 from baseline, compared with 0.43 +/- 2.7 in the control group (P = 0.007). The mean global transition score was higher in the acupuncture group, 3.7 +/- 1.2, indicating greater improvement, compared with the score in the control group, 2.5 +/- 0.9 (P < 0.001). Fewer acupuncture subjects had medication-related side-effects compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Acupuncture is an effective, safe adjunctive treatment for chronic LBP in older patients.

Acupuncture Analgesia↗
PubMed2001

Acupuncture for osteoarthritis of the knee: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate trials of acupuncture for osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee, to assess the methodologic quality of the trials and determine whether low-quality trials are associated with positive outcomes, to document adverse effects, to identify patient or treatment characteristics associated with positive response, and to identify areas of future research. METHODS: Eight databases and 62 conference abstract series were searched. Randomized or quasi-randomized trials of all languages were included and evaluated for methodologic quality using the Jadad scale. Outcomes were pain, function, global improvement, and imaging. Data could not be pooled; therefore, a best-evidence synthesis was performed to determine the strength of evidence by control group. The adequacy of the acupuncture procedure was assessed by 2 acupuncturists trained in treating OA and blinded to study results. RESULTS: Seven trials representing 393 patients with knee OA were identified. For pain and function, there was limited evidence that acupuncture is more effective than being on a waiting list for treatment or having treatment as usual. For pain, there was strong evidence that real acupuncture is more effective than sham acupuncture; however, for function, there was inconclusive evidence that real acupuncture is more effective than sham acupuncture. There was insufficient evidence to determine whether the efficacy of acupuncture is similar to that of other treatments. CONCLUSION: The existing evidence suggests that acupuncture may play a role in the treatment of knee OA. Future research should define an optimal acupuncture treatment, measure quality of life, and assess acupuncture combined with other modalities.

Acupuncture Analgesia↗
PubMed2001

Electro-acupuncture attenuates behavioral hyperalgesia and selectively reduces spinal Fos protein expression in rats with persistent inflammation.

This study examined the effect of electro-acupuncture (EA) on persistent inflammatory hyperalgesia in a rat model. Inflammation and hyperalgesia were induced by injecting complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into one hindpaw of the rat. Hyperalgesia was determined by a decrease in paw withdrawal latencies (PWL) to a noxious thermal stimulus. EA was applied bilaterally at the acupuncture point Huantiao (G30) at the rat's hindlimbs. EA-treated rats (n = 11) had significantly longer PWLs as compared with placebo control rats (n = 7) in the inflamed paw at 2.5 hours and 5 days after injection of CFA (P <.05) and longer PWLs as compared to sham control rats (n = 9) at 2.5 hours (P >.05). Paw edema was significantly reduced in EA-treated rats versus placebo controls at 24 hours after inflammation (P <.01). Inflammation-induced spinal Fos expression in the medial half of laminae I-II in EA-treated rats versus placebo rats (n = 5 per group) was significantly reduced (P <.01). These data showed that EA delayed the onset and facilitated the recovery of inflammatory hyperalgesia and suppressed the inflammation-induced spinal Fos expression in neurons (laminae I-II) involved in receiving noxious stimulation. This rat model of persistent pain and inflammation seems to be an ideal animal model for studying the effect of acupuncture.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Acupuncture for low back pain.

BACKGROUND: Although low back pain is usually a self-limiting and benign disease that tends to improve spontaneously over time, a large variety of therapeutic interventions are available for the treatment of low back pain. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this review was to assess the effects of acupuncture for the treatment of non-specific low back pain. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Complementary Medicine Field trials register, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (1997, issue 1), Medline (1966 - 1996), Embase (1988 - 1996), Science Citation Index and reference lists of articles. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised trials of all types of acupuncture treatment that involves needling for subjects with non-specific low back pain. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers blinded with respect to authors, institution and journal independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. MAIN RESULTS: Eleven trials were included. The methodological quality was low. Only two trials were of high quality. Three trials compared acupuncture to no treatment, which were of low methodological quality and provide conflicting evidence. There was moderate evidence from two trials that acupuncture is not more effective than trigger point injection or transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). There was limited evidence from eight trials that acupuncture is not more effective than placebo or sham acupuncture for the treatment of chronic low back pain. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: The evidence summarised in this systematic review does not indicate that acupuncture is effective for the treatment of back pain.

Acupuncture Therapy↗
PubMed1999

The effectiveness of acupuncture in the management of acute and chronic low back pain. A systematic review within the framework of the Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group.

STUDY DESIGN: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy and effectiveness of acupuncture for the management of nonspecific low back pain. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Acupuncture is one of the oldest forms of therapy, but little is known about the effectiveness of acupuncture for low back pain. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials were done to assess the effectiveness of all types of acupuncture treatment, which involves needling for subjects with nonspecific low back pain. Two reviewers blinded with respect to authors, institution, and journal independently assessed the methodologic quality of the studies. Because data were statistically and clinically too heterogeneous, a qualitative review was performed. The evidence was classified into four levels: strong, moderate, limited, or no evidence. RESULTS: Eleven randomized controlled trials were included. Overall, the methodologic quality was low. Only two studies met the preset "high quality" level for this review. No study clearly evaluated acupuncture for acute low back pain. The results indicate that there was no evidence showing acupuncture to be more effective than no treatment. There was moderate evidence indicating that acupuncture is not more effective than trigger-point injection or transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, and there was limited evidence that acupuncture is not more effective than placebo or sham acupuncture for the management of chronic low back pain. CONCLUSIONS: Because this systematic review did not clearly indicate that acupuncture is effective in the management of back pain, the authors would not recommend acupuncture as a regular treatment for patients with low back pain. There clearly is a need for more high-quality randomized controlled trials.

Acupuncture Analgesia↗
PubMed1999

Evaluation of acupuncture for pain control after oral surgery: a placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Acupuncture is increasingly being used by the general population and investigated by conventional medicine; however, studies of its effects on pain still lack adequate control procedures. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the (1) efficacy of Chinese acupuncture in treating postoperative oral surgery pain, (2) validity of a placebo-controlled procedure, and (3) effects of psychological factors on outcomes. DESIGN: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. SETTING: Dental School Outpatient Clinic, University of Maryland at Baltimore. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-nine healthy subjects, aged 18 to 40 years, assigned to treatment (n=19) and control (n=20) groups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Patients' self-reports of time until moderate pain, time until medication use, total pain relief, pain half gone, and total pain medication consumption. RESULTS: Mean pain-free postoperative time was significantly longer in the acupuncture group (172.9 minutes) than in the placebo group (93.8 minutes) (P=.01), as was time until moderate pain (P=.008). Mean number of minutes before requesting pain rescue medication was significantly longer in the treatment group (242.1 minutes) than in the placebo group (166.2 minutes) (P=.01), as was time until medication use (P=.01). Average pain medication consumption was significantly less in the treatment group (1.1 tablets) than in the placebo group (1.65 tablets) (P=.05). There were no significant between-groups differences on total-pain-relief scores or pain-half-gone scores (P>.05). Nearly half or more of all patients were uncertain of or incorrect about their group assignment. Outcomes were not associated with psychological factors in multivariate models. CONCLUSIONS: Acupuncture is superior to the placebo in preventing postoperative dental pain; noninsertion placebo procedure is valid as a control.

Acupuncture Therapy↗
PubMed1999

A randomized trial of acupuncture as an adjunctive therapy in osteoarthritis of the knee.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of acupuncture as an adjunctive therapy to standard care for the relief of pain and dysfunction in elderly patients with osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. METHODS: Seventy-three patients with symptomatic OA of the knee were randomly assigned to treatment (acupuncture) or standard care (control). Analysis was performed on last score carried forward to account for patients who dropped out before completion. Patients self-scored Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and Lequesne indices at baseline and at 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Patients in the control group were offered acupuncture treatment after 12 weeks. The data for these patients are pooled with those from the original acupuncture group for within-group analysis. RESULTS: Patients randomized to acupuncture improved on both WOMAC and Lequesne indices compared to those who received standard treatment alone. Significant differences on total WOMAC Scale were seen at 4 and 8 weeks. There appears to be a slight decline in effect at 4 weeks after cessation of treatment (12 weeks after first treatment). No adverse effects of acupuncture were reported. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that acupuncture is an effective and safe adjunctive therapy to conventional care for patients with OA of the knee.

Acupuncture Analgesia↗
PubMed1998

Clinical care of osteoarthritic knee with knee orthoses.

We reviewed the efficiency of knee orthosis wearing of 11 patients suffering from knee osteoarthritis (OA). The authors found that knee orthoses could increase mechanical stability of the OA knee joints and relieve pain subjectively, which improved patients' daily lives, particularly for those patients under low physiologic knee loading conditions.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Biphasic emetic response of cyclophosphamide in the ferret.

Cyclophosphamide (177 mg/kg, IV: n = 8) produced a biphasic emetic response in the ferret with a mean +/- SE of 23.3 +/- 4.0 emetic episodes during a 4-h observation period. The emetic profile of cyclophosphamide showed a first phase with 18.6 +/- 3.9 episodes and a second phase with 4.7 +/- 1.2 episodes. Ondansetron (0.07 and 0.13 mg/kg, IV) and droperidol (0.25 and 0.79 mg/kg, IV) significantly reduced the number of emetic episodes in the first phase. Metoclopramide (2.24, 4.08, and 7.07 mg/kg, IV) also significantly reduced the number of emetic episodes in the first phase, and the dose of 7.07 mg/kg completely prevented emetic episodes in the second phase. In addition, ondansetron-treated ferrets (0.04, 0.07, and 0.13 mg/kg, IV) had a significant increase in the number of emetic episodes in the second phase.

Animals↗