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Biomedical subjects

L M Flint

Publications and source records attributed to L M Flint.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Decreased mesenteric blood flow in experimental multiple organ failure.

Disorders of mucosal blood flow may contribute to gut barrier dysfunction in multiple organ failure (MOF). We evaluated alterations of mesenteric microcirculation in a rat model of MOF. Male Wistar rats received 1 mg/g body weight of zymosan A in 4 ml of mineral oil by intraperitoneal injection and were studied on Days 1, 3, and 5 following injection. A control group received no zymosan. The experimental group also received a fluid resuscitation regimen of 0.9 N saline subcutaneously equal to 0.1 ml/g body weight on the day of zymosan injection and 0.05 ml/g body weight daily thereafter. Day 1 animals tended toward a statistically significantly lower mean arterial pressure versus controls (86.6 +/- 8 mm Hg versus 106 +/- 5 mm Hg, F = 0.09 by ANOVA). Significant arteriolar vasoconstriction occurred on Days 1 and 3 versus control (70 +/- 4 microns and 57 +/- 8 microns versus 96 +/- 3 microns, F = 0.0002). Laser doppler velocity, indicating red blood cell velocity, expressed as a percentage of control paralleled this vasoconstriction (70 +/- 9 and 72 +/- 7%, respectively). We conclude that mesenteric arteriolar vasoconstriction occurs accompanied by decreased red blood velocity. We believe that this is indicative of decreased mesenteric perfusion in this zymosan model of MOF and that survival to Day 5 is associated with a reversal of these microcirculatory changes.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Autotransfusion of potentially culture-positive blood (CPB) in abdominal trauma: preliminary data from a prospective study.

Increased use of autotransfusion for traumatic hemorrhage may reduce amounts of banked blood needed for severe injuries. Autotransfusion is standard for traumatic hemothorax, but has been limited for abdominal injuries. This prospective study used microbiologic data from 152 patients with intestinal injuries. Where anticipated blood loss was greater than 1,000 mL, blood from the peritoneal cavity was cultured, washed, concentrated, and recultured before reinfusion. Infection rates were stratified using the Penetrating Abdominal Trauma Index (PATI). Fifty patients with PATI greater than 20 who received banked blood (group I) (mean: 1,800 mL) were compared with 20 patients (group II) who received autotransfused, potentially culture-positive blood (CPB) (mean: 3,900 mL). Wound infection rates were identical in both groups (25%). No statistically significant increase was found in site-specific infection risk when severity of injury was stratified according to PATI. Bacteremias, pulmonary infections, and urinary infections were not caused by bacteria cultured from autotransfused blood. We conclude that washed CPB may be autotransfused without significantly increased risk of infection in patients with severe abdominal injuries.

Abdominal Injuries↗
PubMed1992

Blunt cardiac injury.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Abbreviated Injury Scale↗
PubMed1992

Single dose cephalosporin prophylaxis in high-risk patients undergoing surgical treatment of the biliary tract.

During June 1985 through October 1986, 292 patients considered to be at high risk for having postoperative complications develop underwent cholecystectomy and were evaluated in a multicenter, randomized, prospective, double-blind study. Risk factors included age greater than 70 years, acute cholecystitis within the previous six months, obstructive jaundice, obesity and diabetes mellitus. One gram of cefamandole was administered intravenously to 144 patients and 148 patients received 1 gram of cefotaxime intravenously 30 minutes prior to skin incision. Culture-proved bactibilia was found in 55 patients and 11 of the patients had choledocholithiasis. Of the risk factors considered to place patients at high risk for postoperative infectious complications, obesity and acute cholecystitis proved to be the more common. However, age greater than 70 years, diabetes mellitus and obstructive jaundice were more significant risk factors predisposing to bactibilia. The most common organisms isolated from the bile and gallbladder intraoperatively were Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Klebsiella species along with enterococcus, Escherichia coli and diphtheroids. Clinically significant postoperative infections occurred in eight patients, including six patients in the cefamandole group and two patients in the cefotaxime group. Antibiotic concentrations were measured in the serum, muscle, subcutaneous fat, gallbladder and bile, with cefamandole showing statistically significant greater concentrations in bile, gallbladder and muscle tissue. There was no statistical significance between the postoperative infection rates, total period of hospitalization or total hospital charges for each group. Therefore, there is no significant advantage between a single prophylactic dose of cefamandole versus cefotaxime for high-risk patients undergoing biliary tract operation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Pneumonia: incidence, risk factors, and outcome in injured patients.

One hundred thirty (44.2%) of 294 patients hospitalized for trauma and admitted to the Surgical Intensive Care Unit for mechanical ventilation developed hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia. The predominant pathogens isolated were gram-negative enteric bacilli (72%), but there was not an increase in mortality associated with gram-negative pneumonia compared with similar patients without pneumonia. Of the seven admission risk factors univariately associated with the development of acquired bacterial pneumonia, only emergent intubation (p less than 0.001), head injury (p less than 0.001), hypotension on admission (p less than 0.001), blunt trauma as the mechanism of injury (p less than 0.001), and Injury Severity Score (p less than 0.001) remained significant after stepwise logistic regression. Not surprisingly, as mechanical ventilation is continued, the probability of pneumonia emerging increases. The consequences of hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia are a significant seven-, five-, and two-fold increase in mechanically ventilated days, intensive care, and hospital stay, respectively. We conclude that the incidence of hospital-acquired pneumonia in injured patients admitted to the ICU for mechanical ventilation occurs in nearly half the patients, is associated with specific risk factors, and significantly increases morbidity but does not increase mortality.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Pancreaticoduodenectomy. University experience and resident education.

A radical pancreaticoduodenectomy offers the best chance for survival in patients with periampullary and pancreatic malignant neoplasms. A pancreaticoduodenectomy has educational value since complex pancreatic operations are demanding and important to the training of surgical residents. Increased pancreaticoduodenectomy experience (per surgeon) has been associated with improved outcomes. We examined the hypothesis that residents who are supervised by faculty surgeons can perform pancreaticoduodenectomies with acceptable outcomes. From 1976 to 1987, 127 pancreatic resections were performed by 81 residents who were supervised by 15 faculty surgeons in four teaching hospitals. A pancreaticoduodenectomy was performed on 61 patients. All residents served as an operating surgeon on a pancreatic resection, and 58 (82%) performed pancreaticoduodenectomies. The mortality for the pancreaticoduodenectomies was 8%, with a 36% major complication rate. A pancreaticoduodenectomy can be performed safely by residents under supervision. A review of the results identifies the means of improving outcomes. These results justify the preservation of a pancreaticoduodenectomy as an important experience for residents.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Surgical management of complications of endoscopic sphincterotomy with precut papillotomy.

We reviewed 574 endoscopic sphincterotomy procedures. Fifty-six precut papillotomies were performed. Presenting conditions included choledocholithiasis, cholangitis, benign and malignant papillary strictures, and stenosing papillitis. Complications were identified in 16 percent: perforation in 9 percent, pancreatitis in 5 percent, bleeding in 2 percent, and pancreatic abscess in 2 percent. One patient died. Six patients required operation for complications. Perforation of the duodenum or common bile duct seen within 8 hours was managed with drainage and closure of the perforation with minimal complications. Duodenal perforations operated on later than 8 hours required more extensive procedures. All these patients had significant post-operative complications. Three patients were managed nonoperatively. Precut papillotomy carries a significantly higher complication rate than conventional sphincterotomy. Our experience suggests that there is no place for conservative management of duodenal perforation.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Early tracheostomy for primary airway management in the surgical critical care setting.

During a 12-month period, 264 patients with multiple injuries who required mechanical ventilation were admitted to the surgical intensive care unit. One hundred twenty patients (46%) were disengaged from the ventilator, and 38 patients (14%) died. Of the remaining 106 patients (40%) 51 patients (group I) were to receive tracheostomy within 1 to 7 days, and 55 patients (group II) underwent late (8 or more days after admission) tracheostomy. Multiple variables in four categories (admission, operative, ventilatory, and outcome) were analyzed prospectively to define the impact that early tracheostomy had on duration of mechanical ventilation, intensive care stay, and hospital stay. Morbidity and mortality rates of the procedures were assessed. Early tracheostomy, in a homogeneous group of critically ill patients, is associated with a significant decrease in duration of mechanical ventilation, as well as shorter intensive care unit and hospital stays, compared with translaryngeal endotracheal intubation. There were no deaths attributable to tracheostomy, and overall morbidity of the procedures was 4%. We conclude that early tracheostomy has an overall risk equivalent to that of endotracheal intubation. Furthermore, early tracheostomy shortens days on the ventilator and intensive care unit and hospital days and should be considered for patients in the intensive care unit at risk for more than 7 days of intubation.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Indomethacin treatment of human adult respiratory distress syndrome.

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the magnitude and duration of changes in lung function and oxygen transport in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) receiving indomethacin. Ten patients with ARDS were randomized to receive intravenously either a single 50 mg dose of indomethacin or placebo. Comparing 1 hr postinfusion levels to baseline observations in the indomethacin group, PaO2 increased to 125 +/- 13 torr from 93 +/- 8 torr, PaO2/FIO2 ratio increased to 223 +/- 24 from 160 +/- 5, and Qs/Qt dropped to 0.20 +/- 0.03 from 0.27 +/- 0.03 (all P less than 0.05). These alterations in oxygenation gradually returned to baseline levels over the ensuing 8 hr. No such changes were noted in the placebo group.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

The role of pediatric surgery in the medical school curriculum.

In most medical schools, exposure to pediatric surgery is presented as a subspecialty elective. We have offered it as an integral part of the surgical clerkship for 10 years in the belief that it provides an excellent educational environment. To confirm this concept, the quizzes (Q), final examinations (FE), and grades of students assigned to the pediatric surgical service were prospectively studied. All students (N = 139) in the surgical clerkship entered the study. Thirty-two students were randomly selected and assigned to the surgical service of a major pediatric hospital (P-Surg) for 50% of their clerkship. The other students (N = 107) were assigned to a variety of adult surgical services (G-Surg) and served as the control group. All students attended the same seminars, used the same educational materials, were examined with the same test items, and were evaluated by the same oral examiners. Test items were electronically scored and the database was analyzed on an IBM computer. The statistical analysis was performed using a Student's t test and chi 2 analysis. There was no significant difference in the demonstrated cognitive performance and grades awarded to the two groups of students. We conclude that a pediatric surgical service provides an atmosphere that is educationally comparable to the adult general surgical service.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1989

Effect of pyruvate on regional ventricular function in normal and stunned myocardium.

The prolonged ventricular dysfunction following brief periods of coronary artery occlusion that does not produce irreversible damage has been termed the "stunned" myocardium. Although ventricular function returns to preischemic values by 1 to 7 days after reperfusion is established, inotropic therapy may be necessary to enhance contractility in the stunned heart. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of pyruvate on ventricular function in normal and stunned myocardium. Eight chloralose/urethane anesthetized dogs were instrumented with ultrasonic crystals to measure systolic wall thickening in the left anterior descending artery (LAD) and left circumflex artery perfused regions of the left ventricle. Pyruvate (1 ml/min of 150 mM sodium pyruvate, pH 7.4) was infused directly into the LAD prior to and 30 minutes after a 10 minute LAD occlusion. Prior to LAD occlusion, LAD pyruvate infusion increased systolic wall thickening in the LAD-perfused region from 16.2% +/- 4.3% to 23.4% +/- 5.1% (p less than 0.05). Thirty minutes after LAD occlusion, regional wall thickening was depressed (3.3% +/- 2.6%; p less than 0.05), which is indicative of stunned myocardium. Subsequent LAD pyruvate infusion increased wall thickening in the stunned myocardium to 12.7% +/- 2.5%. The improvement of regional ventricular function was maintained only during the pyruvate infusion, as function returned to prepyruvate levels within 20 minutes after cessation of pyruvate infusion. These data indicate that pyruvate exerts a positive inotropic effect in normal and stunned myocardium. If pyruvate, a key intermediate in energy-producing pathways, exerts its inotropic effect through an enhancement of the energy state of the heart, it may have advantages over traditional inotropic agents in the treatment of postischemic contractile dysfunction.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Organ injury scaling: spleen, liver, and kidney.

The Organ Injury Scaling (O.I.S.) Committee of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (A.A.S.T.) was appointed by President Trunkey at the 1987 Annual Meeting. The principal charge was to devise injury severity scores for individual organs to facilitate clinical research. The resultant classification scheme is fundamentally an anatomic description, scaled from 1 to 5, representing the least to the most severe injury. A number of similar scales have been developed in the past, but none has been uniformly adopted. In fact, this concept was introduced at the A.A.S.T. in 1979 as the Abdominal Trauma Index (A.T.I.) and has proved useful in several areas of clinical research. The enclosed O.I.S.'s for spleen, liver, and kidney represent an amalgamation of previous scales applied for these organs, and a consensus of the O.I.S. Committee as well as the A.A.S.T. Board of Managers. The O.I.S. differs from the Abbreviated Injury Score (A.I.S.), which is also based on an anatomic scale but designed to reflect the impact of a specific organ injury on ultimate patient outcome. The individual A.I.S.'s are, of course, the basic elements used to calculate the Injury Severity Score (I.S.S.) as well as T.R.I.S.S. methodology. To ensure that the O.I.S. interdiffuses with the A.I.S. and I.C.D.-9 codes, these are listed alongside the respective O.I.S. Both the currently used A.I.S. 85 and proposed A.I.S. 90 are provided because of the obligatory transition period. Indeed, A.I.S. 90 contains the identical descriptive text as the current O.I.S.'s. The Abdominal Trauma Index and other similar indices using organ injury scoring can be easily modified by replacing older scores with the O.I.S.'s.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Abbreviated Injury Scale↗
PubMed1985

Effective palliation of malignant biliary duct obstruction.

The efficacy of palliative biliary decompression by operative and percutaneous methods was evaluated in 106 patients with unresectable malignancies obstructing the biliary system. Seventy patients had operative and 36 had percutaneous decompression. Primary malignancies of the pancreas and bile ducts were most common. Percutaneous transhepatic decompression was achieved beyond the site of obstruction in 72% of patients. Overall hospital mortality was 25% for patients having percutaneous catheter decompression and 17% for those patients operated upon. Early postoperative death was significantly related to: (1) age greater than 70 years; (2) preadmission weight loss greater than 15 pounds; (3) prothrombin time prolonged more than 2.5 seconds; and (4) hepatic metastases. Major complications were encountered in 56% of survivors of percutaneous drainage and 36% of those surviving operation. Intubation of the bile ducts due to inability to bypass the obstruction at operation was associated with the highest mortality (50%) and morbidity (86%). Mean survival was 14 months after operation, compared to 5 months after percutaneous decompression. The authors concluded that percutaneous decompression of the biliary tree is useful palliative treatment for those patients with proximal biliary obstruction due to malignancy when estimated operative risk is high, but operative decompression offers most patients the opportunity for longer survival with lower ultimate mortality and morbidity.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Effects of concurrent sepsis with clinically significant pulmonary embolic disease.

Forty-one patients with significant pulmonary emboli were reviewed. The presence of heart disease and obesity was found with relatively constant frequency throughout the groups presented. Postoperative infections (wounds or abscess) were frequently associated with fatal or significant pulmonary embolism, particularly after abdominal and pelvic operations. The infection rate (65 per cent) in patients in whom significant pulmonary embolism developed after abdominal and pelvic operations is particularly striking when compared to the overall infection rate of 7 per cent for major operations in our hospital. Recent studies of prophylactic minidose heparinization reveal an increased number of complications due to the heparin [24], and thus the proper selection of cases for prophylactic minidose heparin is mandatory. The data suggest that patients at high risk for the development of postoperative complications of infection are also at high risk for the development of significant pulmonary emboli and should be considered candidates for prophylactic minidose heparinization.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Definitive control of bleeding from severe pelvic fractures.

Forty patients with severe pelvic fracture and extraperitoneal hemorrhage were reviewed. Eighteen patients seen prior to 1975 (group I) were clinically similar to 22 patients seen subsequently (group II). Major pelvic fracture hemorrhage was defined as bleeding in excess of 2,000 ml over and above initial resuscitation volumes. Ten of 22 group II patients met the criteria for continued extraperitioneal bleeding and were immobilized in an inflatable G-suit after surgically remediable lesions had been excluded. Ventilator support and hemodynamic monitoring were instituted and clinical response recorded. Prompt cessation of bleeding was observed in nine of ten patients. One patient required selective catheterization of a bleeding artery with subsequent embolic occlusion. Significant reductions in overall mortality and the frequency of shock related death were observed in group II patients. Sepsis was the leading cause of late death in survivors. Immobilization of pelvic fracture patients in the G-suit is recommended as a means of controlling continuing retroperitoneal hemorrhage when surgically correctable bleeding points have been dealt with. Failure of patients to respond promptly to the G-suit strongly suggests arterial bleeding amenable to selective catheterization and embolic occlusion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Selective hepatic artery ligation: limitations and failures.

The hospital records of 540 consecutive patients with hepatic trauma were reviewed. Persistent arterial bleeding from hepatic wounds was encountered in approximately 10% of severe liver injuries. Compression of the porta hepatis will result in cessation of bleeding in such patients and subsequent ligature of the appropriate lobar artery will provide permanent, safe control of bleeding. Failures of selective hepatic artery ligation commonly result from incomplete diagnosis of the extent of injury to portal veins and hepatic veins.

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗
PubMed1979

Hepatic cellular hypoxia in murine peritonitis.

Reduced oxygen consumption and lactic acidosis were observed frequently in patients with peritonitis. This study was designed to evaluate whether reduced oxygen consumption is secondary to deficient oxygen delivery or is a function of primary injury to mitochondria. Peritonitis was produced in rats by cecal ligation and perforation. Animals were killed at 2, 4, and 6 hours and agonally. Oxygen utilization was studied polarographically in isolated hepatic mitochondria with glutamate, pyruvate, and succinate substrates. State 3, state 4, respiratory control index (RCI), and ADP:O ratios were determined. Whole tissue and isolated mitochondrial ultrastructure were examined by electron microscopy. Systemic blood pressure and oxygenation were monitored. Hepatic tissue oxygenation was examined using a surface oxygen electrode. Peritonitis resulted in acceleration of state 3 respiratory rates and increased respiratory control indices at all time intervals. Maximal respiratory control was observed at 4 hours with all substrates. Whole tissue mitochondria demonstrated mild swelling and thinning of membranes and matrix. Experimental and control isolates showed similar orthodox-to-condensed conformational changes. Hepatic tissue oxygenation declined to less than 10% of control by 6 hours, while arterial Po2 was unchanged. The conclusions of this study are that lethal peritonitis results in (1) no primary injury to the hepatic mitochondria, (2) increased efficiency of hepatic mitochondrial oxygen utilization, and (3) reduced hepatic tissue oxygenation. The exact mechanisms of defective oxygen delivery require further study.

Animals↗