Variables associated with participation and outcome in a worksite smoking control program.
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Adolescent↗
Biomedical subjects
L M Klesges
Publications and source records attributed to L M Klesges.
Knowledge and beliefs regarding the consequences of cigarette smoking and their relationships to smoking status in a biracial sample.
The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate carefully smoking-related knowledge and beliefs and their relationships to smoking status in a large, heterogeneous sample of smokers and nonsmokers in two settings: (a) a large, biracial southern city and (b) a small midwestern community. Participants were 611 (198 male, 413 female) adult respondents to a random-dialing telephone survey in Fargo, North Dakota (n = 200), and Memphis, Tennessee (n = 411). Each participant was given the Smoking Attitudes Survey, which assesses generalized health beliefs as well as health-related problems associated with smoking. Participants' knowledge of smoking-associated diseases (e.g., lung cancer) and of diseases not associated with smoking (e.g., kidney stones) was assessed. Stepwise regression analysis of composite knowledge scores revealed four independent predictors of the health consequences of smoking: education, race, smoking status, and income. Smokers, compared to nonsmokers, reported less knowledge related to the health consequences of smoking, were more likely to be male, were less concerned with the health consequences of smoking, and were more concerned about the health consequences of cholesterol. The best predictor of smokers who had never attempted cessation was their greater concern over weight control when compared to smokers with a history of smoking cessation attempts. The results are discussed in terms of smoking prevention and intervention efforts.
Black or African American↗
Validation of the 24-hour dietary recall in preschool children.
The results of the current study indicate that data obtained by the dietary recall correlate highly with the children's weighed food intake if a parent or the primary caretaker providing the child's food responds to the interview. Meredith et al. found parents to be poor reporters of children's consumption outside the home. It is encouraging to note that parents can be reliable reporters of their children's food intake in the home environment. When errors did occur, they were errors in portion size, as 96% of foods eaten by the children were correctly identified by the parents. Parents under-reported only 4% of the time. This slight tendency to under-report is consistent with other reports of the validity of the 24-hour dietary recall. In younger children, parents appear to be reliable reporters of their children's in-home dietary intake. As children become older, they appear to be able to recall their own intake both within and outside the home. There are several possible explanations for these findings. First, several factors could have influenced the accuracy of parental reports of the child's intake during the day that we weighed foods. Because food was weighed in the homes, the parents undoubtedly attended more closely to their child's diet. Additionally, the dietary recalls were collected at the end of the day of observation. This was closer in time than most 24-hour recalls and may have reflected less memory decay than usual. Also, since our sample was primarily middle-class families who were well educated, the correspondence between actual vs. reported dietary intake may have been artificially enhanced.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
The assessment of children's physical activity: a comparison of methods.
The authors assessed the convergent validity and the sources of error in an electronic single-plane accelerometer (i.e., Caltrac Personal Activity Computer (Hemokinetics, Inc., Vienna, VA). The device was validated against observed all-day physical activity levels of children in their natural environment. Thirty pre-school children were observed in non-structured activity for periods of approximately 9 h while wearing the accelerometer. The results revealed moderately high but variable Spearman rank-order correlations between hourly readings of the accelerometer and the observational system (range of correlations = 0.62 to 0.95). An all-day accelerometer reading significantly correlated with the observational instrument (rho = 0.54). A step-wise regression analysis revealed that the best behavioral predictor of the all-day accelerometer reading was the observed behavior of walking, explaining 32% of the total variance. Older vs younger children (i.e., greater than 32.5 months), females vs males, and overweight (i.e., 75 percentile or greater) vs normal weight children tended to show higher correlations between direct observation and accelerometer readings. Implications of these findings and the utilization of the accelerometer in epidemiologic research are discussed.
Child Behavior↗
A validation of two motion sensors in the prediction of child and adult physical activity levels.
The authors sought to assess the reliability and validity of two motion activity sensors in the prediction of observed physical activity levels in adults and children by means of two studies at North Dakota State University in Fargo, North Dakota. In study 1, 50 adults were observed in fall 1984 for one hour of recreational activity while they simultaneously wore two motion sensors: an activity counter (i.e., LSI Moving Activity Monitor (GMM Electronics Inc., Verona, PA)) and an electronic accelerometer (i.e., Caltrac Personal Activity Computer (Hemokinetics, Inc., Vienna, VA)). The results indicated that both the activity counter (r = 0.65) and the accelerometer (r = 0.69) strongly correlated to observed physical activity levels. The two motion sensors also were highly correlated to each other (r = 0.83). A correlation of self-reports of time spent in various types of physical activity to observed physical activity ranged from 0.21 to 0.88 (mean = 0.60). Study 2 evaluated these same two sensors in winter 1984 in 30 preschool children observed in a freeplay situation. Results of this study indicated very modest relationships between observed physical activity levels and accelerometer readings (r = 0.35) and activity counter readings (r = 0.40). The two motion sensors intercorrelated at very modest levels (r = 0.42). The results indicate that while both motion sensors closely corresponded to observed levels of physical activity in adults, neither sensor correlated substantively to observed levels of physical activity in children. Implications for validating and utilizing these sensors in epidemiologic research are discussed.
Age Factors↗
Symptomatology across the menstrual cycle in smoking and nonsmoking women.
Recent studies suggest that both smoking rates and general menstrual symptomatology increase in women premenstrually; however, no study has investigated the changes in menstrual symptomatology and smoking behavior in both smoking and nonsmoking women over an entire menstrual cycle. Thirty premenopausal women completed daily symptom checklists over an entire menstrual cycle. Smokers also recorded their smoking behavior. Results indicated that symptom severity was greatest during menses for both smoking and nonsmoking women. For cigarette consumption, analyses indicated that women smokers appear to smoke more during menses and the luteal phases than ovulation and that variability in smoking was greatest premenstrually. In summary, results indicated that general menstrual symptomatology increases during menses and the late luteal phase and that smoking-deprivation symptomatology increase in both smokers and nonsmokers. This suggests that smokers may have a difficult time quitting during menses or the luteal phase of their cycle.
Adolescent↗
Measurement reliability and reactivity using repeated measurements of resting energy expenditure with a face mask, mouthpiece, and ventilated canopy.
This investigation evaluated the measurement reliability and reactivity of repeated measurements of resting energy expenditure using different methods of data collection. Thirty subjects were randomly assigned to either face mask, mouthpiece/nose clip, or ventilated canopy collection systems for 45 min a day over 3 days. Results indicated that there were no significant differences among data collection systems nor were there any differences either within or between systems over time. Across all three days of measurement, the first 5 min of data collection on all systems were reactive compared to the subsequent 40 min of assessment. Analyses indicated that acceptable reliability coefficients were obtained after 20 min of continuous data collection in the ventilated canopy and after 40 min with the face mask after a 5-min acclimation period. The results suggest that, following an acclimation period, a single 20-min assessment of resting energy expenditure in both a face mask and ventilated canopy are stable and reliable.
Adult↗