Sensory nerve formations in the skin and their classification.
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Amphibians↗
Biomedical subjects
L Malinovský
Publications and source records attributed to L Malinovský.
[Hemothorax in the posterior mediastinum in extramedullary hemopoiesis].
The authors describe a rare case of spontaneous haemothorax in a 19-year-old woman suffering from beta-thalassaemia major which developed as a result of extramedullary haematopoiesis. In intrathoracic disorders of obscure origin they recommend therefore to make first a cytological examination of the punctate to prevent unnecessary surgery.
Adult↗
Venous wall ultrastructure in generalized venomegaly.
The ultrastructure of the v. colica sinistra in a case of generalized vasomegaly in man was examined. Elastic material was found in three forms: as a lightly osmiophil amorphous material bordering on myocytes, as a highly osmiophil elastic membrane, and as highly osmiophil slim elastic fibres of different orientation in the tunica media and adventitia. The slightly osmiophil elastic material is assumed to be newly formed by pinocytotic activity of the myocytes. The highly osmiophil elastic material indicates its impairment. No typical atherosclerotic changes were found in the examined vein. Based on a comparison with previous findings in the case of vasomegaly of the a. mesenterica inferior, the authors conclude that the venomegaly phenomenon is connected with degenerative changes in the elastic material of the vessel wall.
Aged↗
A contribution to the morphology of tortuosity of arteries, aneurysms and arteriomegaly.
Using the electron microscope, the authors examined the structure of the wall in a case of arteriomegaly of the inferior mesenteric artery in man. Structural changes concerned the elastic material showing signs of degeneration. Based on a comparison with literary findings, the authors conclude that tortuosity of the arteries, aneurysms and arteriomegaly are caused by congenital, age-dependent and pathological changes in the elastic material in the vessel wall. There exist basic structural differences in the arterial wall in arteriomegaly and in atherosclerosis.
Aged↗
Variability of the v. cava caudalis and its tributaries in some laboratory animals. II. The laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus v. alba).
Duplication of the v. renalis was found in 11 of the regions examined (18.3%), when it was more frequent on the right side. A v. capsularis was found in 35 regions (58.3%), usually as a single vein. There were 1-3 vv. suprarenales (but mostly two; on the right they usually joined the v. cava caudalis and on the left the v. renalis sinistra). A v. spermatica was present on the right side in every case, but on the left side in 11 cases only; in one case it was duplicated. In the rat, the v. spermatica was rather thin; if absent, it was replaced by the v. deferentialis. In nine cases (60.0%) the v. uterina cranialis dextra opened into the v. cava caudalis, while in 12 cases (80.0%) the left vein opened into the v. renalis sinistra. A v. uterina media, draining blood from the caudal third of the cornu uteri, was found in only five cases (16.7%). The v. uterina caudalis drained blood from the corpus and cervix uteri. The v. ovarica was a constant finding; it was mostly joined by the v. lumbalis--and on the left side by the v. phrenica sinistra. In males, the vv. lumbales occurred mostly as a pair of veins lying just below the vv. renales. In females, they were present on both sides. As a rule, the v. iliolumbalis occurred as a single vein on both sides. The v. cava caudalis originated at the level of the transition between the lumbar and the sacral spine, usually at the confluence of the two vv. iliacae communes, which in 14 cases (46.7%) were joined by the v. sacralis mediana. Duplication of the v. cava caudalis was found in only one case (a female). Comparison of the morphology of the v. cava caudalis and its tributaries in the rat and the guinea pig showed more slight differences between the two species.
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Origin of the v. portae and variability of its tributaries in laboratory animals. VI. The laboratory mouse (Mus musculus var. alba).
The authors studied the origin and variability of the tributaries of the v. portae in 30 adult laboratory mice (Mus musculus var. alba) of both sexes, after first injecting the portal bed with bluedyed latex. In 19 cases (63.3%) the v. portae was formed by the union of three tributaries and in 11 cases (36.7%) by the union of four to eight. The v. mesenterica cranialis was a constant tributary in every case (100%). The v. lieanalis was a tributary in 27 cases (90.0%) and the next most frequent tributary was the v. pancreaticoduodenalis (14 cases--46.7%) A v. gastrica sinistra was found in every case (100.0%), in 24 cases (80.0%) it joined the v. lienalis and in the other six (20.0%) it was a direct tributary of the v. portae. A v. cardiaca was also observed in every case (100%). In 28 cases (93.3%) it was a tributary of the v. gastrica sinistra and in the remaining two (6.7%) it was a direct tributary of the v. portae. A v. pylorica was found in 27 mice (90.0%). Most often it was a tributary of the v. gastroepiploica dextra (11 cases--36.7%) or the v. gastrica sinistra (9 cases--30.0%). In only one case was it a direct tributary of the v. portae. A v. pancreaticoduodenalis cranialis was present in a total of 28 cases (93.3%). In 12 cases (40.0%) of already originated in the region of the cauda pancreatis and in 16 cases (53.3%) it arose only from the corpus and caput pancreatis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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[The role of calcium in the effect of stress hormones].
During administration of stressogenic substances an increased shift of calcium ions into smooth muscles of the aorta and heart muscle takes place. Administration of a high-fat diet supplemented by cholesterol enhances this process. The calcium blood level does not change significantly during this procedure. The amount of calcium in bones declined after administration of stresso-genic hormones although the values were not statistically significant. It may be assumed that calcium ions shifted into the cardiovascular system originate from osseous tissue. Calcium accumulation during repeated or prolonged stress contributes towards the interpretation of the mechanism of action of stressogenic substances on the cardiovascular system. The increased supply of calcium ions into the heart muscle and coronary arteries may influence also the development of ischaemic heart disease and cardiomyopathies. The increased amount of calcium ions in smooth muscles of the aorta after prolonged administration of stressogenic substances indicates a higher content of calcium ions also in smooth muscle cells of arterioles which leads to a higher peripheral vascular tension. Stress alone does not lead to the development of atherosclerosis but creates favourable conditions for its development.
Animals↗
Origin of the v. portae and variability of its tributaries in laboratory animals. V. The golden (Syrian) hamster (Mesocricetus auratus).
The authors studied the origin and variability of the v. portae in 30 adult golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) of both sexes after injecting blue-dyed latex into their portal bed. In 16 cases (53.3%) the v. portae was formed from three tributaries and in 11 cases (36.7%) from four. The v. mesenterica cranialis was the only constant tributary, the v. lienalis was a tributary in 28 cases (93.3%) and the other most frequent tributaries were the v. gastroduodenalis and the v. pancreaticoduodenalis cranialis. In one case there was an anastomosis between the v. portae and the v. cava caudalis. In 25 cases (83.3%) the v. gastrica sinistra joined the v. lienalis, in four (13.3%) it was an independent tributary of the v. portae and in one case (3.3%) it was duplicated. A v. cardiaca was found in 25 cases (83.3%), when it was most frequently a tributary of the v. gastroepiploica sinistra and v. gastrica sinistra. In one case only it was an independent tributary of the v. portae. A v. pylorica was observed in 29 cases (96.7%), usually (in 17 cases--56.7%) as a tributary of the v. gastroepiploica dextra; in three cases it was an independent tributary of the v. portae (10.0%). A v. pancreaticoduodenalis cranialis was formed in 28 cases (93.3%). In 12 cases (40.0%), together with the v. gastroepiploica dextra, it was a tributary of the v. gastroduodenalis and in eight cases (26.7%) it was an independent tributary of the v. portae. In two cases (6.7%) the two vv. pancreaticoduodenales united to form v. pancreaticoduodenalis communis. In three cases (10.0%) this vein was duplicated and in one case it was triplicated. A v. gastroepiploica dextra was found in 26 cases (86.7%) and a v. gastroepiploica sinistra in 22 (73.3%). Both veins occurred simultaneously in 19 cases (63.3%). In no case, however, was there a continuous venous arc along the curvatura major ventriculi. A v. lienalis was present in 28 cases (93.3%). It was absent in two cases (6.7%), in which it was replaced by inter-organ anastomoses with the stomach and pancreas. In 19 cases (63.3%), the v. gastroepiploica sinistra and v. gastrica sinistra were both its main tributaries and in five cases (16.7%) its main tributary was the v. gastrica sinistra. In one case the v. lienalis was duplicated. Inter-organ anastomoses were formed in all 30 cases (100%). They occurred between the spleen and the stomach in 27 cases (90%) and between the spleen and the pancreas in 28 cases (93.3%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Ramification of the a. mesenterica cranialis and its variability in the guinea pig (Cavia aperea f. porcellus).
The authors studied ramification of the a. mesenterica cranialis and its variability in 30 guinea pigs (Cavia aperea f. porcellus) after injecting red-dyed latex into their arterial bed. In every case, this artery arose from the truncus hepato-mesentericus, which in turn was a branch of a thick arterial truncus coeliaco-mesentericus. After leaving its site of origin, the a. mesenterica cranialis formed a long arc whose convexity was directed leftwards and caudally. Its first branch was most frequently (18 cases-60%) the a. colica media. In seven cases (23.3%) this artery arose together with the a. pancreaticoduodenalis caudalis from the same site. The a. pancreaticoduodenalis caudalis was the first branch of the a. mesenterica cranialis in two cases only (6.7%). In 18 cases (69%) the a. pancreaticoduodenalis caudalis was the second branch of the a. mesenterica cranialis and in seven cases (23.3%) it arose from the same site as the a. colica media. It supplied the caudal part of the pancreas and the duodenum as far as the flexura duodenojejunalis, where it formed an anastomosis with the first a. jejunalis. In every case, the ileum, caecum and colon were supplied by a thick a. ileocaecocolica, which after giving off the last a. jejunalis, formed a continuation of the trunk of the a. mesenterica cranialis. Near the ileocaecal junction it divided into a r. ileacus, rr. caecales, a r. prae--and retrocaecalis and a r. colicus. The caecum was further fed by thick r1. caecales which usually branched from the middle segment of the a. mesenterica cranialis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Variability of the v. cava caudalis and its tributaries in some laboratory animals. I. The guinea pig (Cavia aperea f. porcellus).
The authors studied variability of the v. caudalis and its tributaries in 30 guinea pigs (Cavia aperea f. porcellus--15 males and 15 females) after injecting the relevant venous system with blue-dyed latex. Since the largest lobe of the guinea pig's liver (the lobus sinister) is situated on the left, the right kidney lies further cranially than the left one. In males, as a rule, the right v. renalis opens into the v. cava caudalis further cranially than the left one. The number of vv. renales showed no sex-related differences, although in 17 regions (i.e. in 29%) there was more than one. The increase most often concerned the v. renalis dextra (the ratio in relation to the left vein was 15:2). The tributaries of the vv. renales are the v. spermatica or v. uterina cranialis a v. lumbalis and a v. or vv. suprarenales. There are usually two tributaries, (the commonest of which is the v. spermatica or v. uterina cranialis) on both the right and the left side, though somewhat more frequently on the left (23:19). Blood is drained from the surface or capsule of the kidney relatively often (in 75% of the cases) by the capsularis, which is the most frequent tributary of the v. spermatica or v. uterina cranialis of the corresponding side. Vv. suprarenales (1-4) are a constant finding on both sides. In males they open more often into the v. cava caudalis and in both sexes they also open into the v. renalis and v. lumbalis. The v. spermatica dextra opened into the v. renalis dextra in 10 cases and the v. spermatica sinistra into the v. renalis sinistra in 12 cases. The v. uterina cranialis dextra was a tributary of the v. renalis dextra in eight cases and the v. uterina cranialis sinistra joined the v. renalis sinistra in 13 cases. Drainage into the v. renalis can thus be regarded as the norm in both sexes and on both sides. The v. uterina caudalis leads from the corpus and cervix uteri and joins the v. uterina cranialis. It has a regular incidence and caudally it is most often a tributary of the v. iliaca communis. The v. ovarica is a constant tributary of the v. uterina cranialis; it is usually joined by several vv. lumbales or v. v. capsulares.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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[New morphologico-functional concepts of sensory structures].
The author analyzes the terminology of sensory nerve structures serving mechanoreception, nociception, thermoreception, chemoreception and baroreception which is not only very varied but also inaccurate, as it reflected so far only some morphological or functional phenomena. The author considers particularly inapt to use the term "receptor" for so-called nerve endings, as at present the term receptor stands for the specific binding capacity of protein molecules in particular in cell membranes, the transmission of information into the cell and evoking of a biological response. From the aspect of the contemporary concept the so-called nerve endings must be considered systems formed by a different number of sub-systems which participate in a certain way in the activity of the structure as a whole. This system is formed by the dendritic zone with the ability to form a generating potential, by modified Schwann cells, Grandry's on Merkel's modified fibrocytes, in corpuscles by fluid, a system of cellular lamellae and microfibrils and in Pacini's corpuscles also by a network of capillaries. Every sensory structure is associated metabolically with surrounding tissue. The author defines sensitive nervous formations as basic special sensory systems which serve the receipt of information and their transmission to the CNS and complex sensitive nervous formations which are systems of a higher order with an adaptive graded sensitivity. The author submits then his own classification of sensory nervous formations which respects morphological and functional phenomena which can be essentially summarized in two basic and one transient class.
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Origin of the v. portae and variability of its tributaries in laboratory animals. III. The laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus var. alba).
The authors studied the origin of the v. portae and the variability of its tributaries in 30 adult laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus v. alba) after injecting blue-dyed latex into the venous bed. In 21 cases (70.0%) the v. portae was formed from three tributaries. In 18 of these cases (60.0%) they were the v. mesenterica cranialis, v. lienalis and v. pancreaticoduodenalis cranialis. In eight cases the v. portae was formed from four or five tributaries and in only one case was it formed from two--the v. mesenterica cranialis and v. lienalis. In 21 cases (70.0%) the v. gastrica sinistra was a tributary of the v. lienalis. It collected blood from the anterior and posterior surface of the stomach and sometimes originated as far away as the curvatura major ventriculi. A v. cardiaca was present in all 30 cases (100%). As a rule (in 28 cases, i.e. 93.3%), it was a tributary of the v. gastrica sinistra. There was likewise a v. pylorica in every case; most frequently this united with the v. pancreaticoduodenalis cranialis, but was also connected with other veins in the vicinity. A v. pancreaticoduodenalis cranialis was always present. In 22 cases (73.3%) it was an independent tributary of the v. portae. In 11 cases (36.7%), there were no vv. gastroepiploicae or equivalent vessels and blood from the stomach was drained mainly by the v. gastrica sinistra. A v. gastroepiploica dextra was present in 11 cases (36.7%), mostly as a tributary of the v. lienalis; in two cases (6.7%) there was a v. gastroepiploica sinistra and in six cases (20%) the place of these veins was taken by vv. gastricae as tributaries of the v. lienalis. In 21 cases (70.0%) the v. lienalis was joined by the v. gastrica sinistra. In 22 cases (73.3%) inter-organ anastomoses between the spleen, stomach and pancreas were found. A v. pancreaticoduodenalis caudalis was always present and in 20 cases (66.7%) it was an independent tributary of the v. mesenterica cranialis. A comparison of the origin of the v. portae and the organization and variability of its tributaries in the rat, cat and guinea pig shows that, in agreement with their position in the zoological system and their mode of life, there was greater similarity between the rat and the guinea pig as regards practically all the veins examined.
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Origin of the v. portae and variability of its tributaries in laboratory animals. IV. The domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus f. domestica, breed large chinchilla).
The authors studied the origin and variability of the tributaries of the v. portae in 30 domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus f. domestica, breed Large Chinchilla) following the injection of blue-dyed latex into their portal bed. In 16 cases (53.3%), the v. portae was formed from four tributaries and in nine cases (30.0%) from three. The only constant contributory veins were the v. mesenterica cranialis and v. lienalis; the other tributaries (the v. gastroduodenalis. v. pancreaticoduodenalis cranialis and v. gastroepiploica dextra, etc) were variable. In 26 cases (86.7%), the v. gastrica sinistra joined the v. lienalis. In six cases (20.0%) it was an independent tributary of the v. portae and in six cases (20.0%) it was doubled. A v. cardiaca was found in all 30 rabbits (100%). In 23 (76.7%) it was a tributary of the v. gastrica sinistra and in seven (23.3%) it was an independent tributary of the v. portae. A v. pylorica was also present in all 30 cases (100%). In 16 (53.3%) it united with the v. gastroepiploica dextra, in eight (26.7%) it joined the v. gastroduodenalis and in four (13.3%) it was a tributary of the v. pancreaticoduodenalis cranialis. A v. pancreaticoduodenalis cranialis was found in 29 cases (96.7%). In 17 cases (56.7%) it was one of the initial tributaries of the v. gastroduodenalis and in eight (26.7%) it participated in formation of the v. portae as an independent trunk. In two cases (6.7%) it was doubled, the more cranial vein being a tributary of the v. portae.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Variability of branching of the a. coeliaca (truncus coeliacomesentericus) in the guinea pig (Cavia aperea f. porcellus).
The authors studied branching of the a. coeliaca (the truncus coeliacomesentericus) in a group of Peruvian short-haired guinea pigs, with special reference to its variability. After the animals had been anaesthetized, their arterial bed was injected with red-dyed latex, fixed and dissected. In all 30 guinea pigs (100%), blood was supplied to the unpaired organs of the abdominal cavity by a truncus coeliacomesentericus arising from the aorta abdominalis at fundus ventriculi level. In 53.3% of the cases, the truncus coeliacomesentericus divided into a truncus gastrolienalis sending out an a. gastrica sinistra and an a. lienalis, and to a truncus hepatomesentericus which split up into an a. hepatica communis and a. mesenterica cranialis. An a. coeliaca (tripus Halleri) was found in only one guinea pig (3.3%), as a branch of the truncus coeliacomesentericus. In the remaining cases, the truncus branched in the most varied ways. The a. gastrica sinistra was most frequently (60%) a branch of the truncus gastrolienalis. In 21 cases (70%) there was a single a. gastrica sinistra and in nine cases (30%) it was doubled. In 29 cases (96.7%) the a. hepatica communis arose from the truncus hepatomesentericus. The classic type of division of the a. hepatica communis to an a. hepatica propria and an a. gastroduodenalis was observed in every case (100%). In 100% of the cases, the a. hepatica propria terminated in a r. dexter and a r. sinister to the liver. An a. cystica, as a direct branch of the a. hepatica propria, was formed in 28 cases (93.3%). In every case (100%) the a. pancreaticoduodenalis cranialis was a branch of the a. gastroduodenalis. An a. gastrica dextra was recorded in only eight cases in the series (26.7%)--in 23.3% as a branch of the a. hepatica propria and in 3.3% as a branch of the a. cystica. Duplication of this artery was found in one case (3.3%). An a. lienalis was found in 28 cases (93.3%), as a direct branch of the truncus gastrolienalis; in two cases (6.7%) it was doubled. An a. gastroepiploica sinistra and a. gastroepiploica dextra were present in 100% of the cases. Inter-organ arterial anastomoses were found in 22 guinea pigs (73.3%)--between the spleen and the stomach (36.7%), between the pancreas and the stomach (10%), between the stomach, spleen and pancreas (10%) and, in the remaining cases, as various combinations of these connections.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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The capsule structure of Pacinian corpuscles from the cat mesentery.
Using the electronograms of Pacinian corpuscle capsule of the cat mesentery the authors have studied in details the structure of its layers and lamellae. The thickness of the capsule lamellae ranged between 30 nm-320 nm, the mean width being 150 nm. On the surface they are overlaid by means of lamina basalis. The capsule is formed by circular layers composed, most often, by 1-2 lamellae, less frequently, by larger number of lamellae. The width of the space between the layers of lamellae is 150-820 nm. A number of lamellae is provided with longer or shorter processes. They are directed more often to the adjacent lamella with which they can be also connected by means of membrane specialization. However, they are also directed into the space between individual layers of the capsule. The importance of these processes has not been known. Furthermore, the authors have studied the reciprocal link-up of the lamellae within one layer. The lamellae are connected either side-to-side, by inserting the end of one lamella into the infolding of the other, end-to-side or end-to-end. Rich pinocytotic activity (rich occurrence of caveolae) was observed in the lamellae of the capsule. Therefore the authors are of the opinion that the capsule and its lamellae have not only mechanical significance or the function of the transfer system and filter, but they form an important component (subsystem) of the whole metabolic system in the sensory corpuscle.
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The v. portae of the domestic cat and variability of its tributaries.
In the domestic cat the v. portae originates as a thick venous trunk below the liver through confluence of the v. gastrica sinistra, v. lienalis and v. mesenterica cranialis. It was formed in this way in 19 cases, i.e. in 63.3%. Among the aberrations found in the other cases, the most frequent was a common trunk for the v. gastrica sinistra and v. lienalis (6.7%). In 26 cases (86.6%), the v. gastrica sinistra was an independent tributary of the v. portae. A single v. lienalis was found in 27 cases (90.0%). Inter-organ anastomoses were found in the region of the v. lienalis. In 29 cases (96.7%) they connected the cranial part of the spleen with the fundus ventriculi. Inter-organ venous anastomoses between the caudal part of the spleen and the pancreas were found in four cases (13.4%). These anastomoses came from within the spleen and joined the veins of the stomach or the pancreas. In 14 cases (46.6%) the v. mesenterica cranialis originated as the v. colica dextra or v. caecalis. In nine cases (30.0%), in the concavity of the small intestine we found two trunks forming the v. mesenterica cranialis-one from the caecum and the other from the ileum and jejunum. Lastly, in five cases (16.7%) the v. mesenterica cranialis started only from the ileum and jejunum. The most frequent first tributary-in 19 cases (63.3%)-was a venous trunk of varying length formed by union of the v. mesenterica caudalis and the v. colica media, which started in 11 cases (36.7%) as the v. colica dextra.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Veins of the large intestine, stomach and pancreas of the domestic cat and their variability.
Most frequently - in 19 cases (63.3%) - the v. colica media was a tributary of a trunk, formed together with the v. mesenterica caudalis, which emptied into the v. mesenterica cranialis. In two cases (6.7%) it emptied independently into the v. mesenterica cranialis. In 25 cases (83.3%) the v. mesenterica caudalis arose from the rectum and, at colon ascendens level, acquired one or more vv. colicae sinistrae. In six cases (19.8%) the v. colica dextra opened into the v. ileocolica and in eight cases (26.7%) it was the initial tributary of an independent v. ileocolica which joined the v. mesenterica cranialis directly. The drainage of venous blood from the stomach is organized as follows: the fundus region is connected to the v. lienalis by means of inter-organ anastomoses. The curvatura minor is drained by means of the v. gastrica sinistra. Venous blood from the region of the curvatura major ventriculi flows partly into the v. lienalis (by way of the vv. gastroepiploicae or small veins) and partly into the v. gastrica sinistra. Drainage of venous blood from the pancreas: a v. pancreaticoduodenalis cranialis was present in 16 cases (53.3%) and a typical v. pancreaticoduodenalis caudalis was found in 12 cases (40.0%). Simultaneous formation of both vv. pancreaticoduodenalis, with a possible incidence of small venous efferents to the v. lienalis, was observed in only nine cases (30.0%). In 21 cases (70%), blood from the region of the flexura duodenojejunalis was drained by the last v. jejunalis; in other cases it drained into the vv. pancreaticoduodenales.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Variability of ramification of the a. mesenterica cranialis in the domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus f. domestica).
The authors studied the ramification of the a. mesenterica cranialis and its variability in 30 domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus, f. domestica, breed New Zealand White). The animals were anaesthetized and red-dyed latex was injected into their arterial bed via the thoracic aorta. In every case (100%), the a. mesenterica cranialis was an independent trunk arising from the abdominal aorta 1.5-2 cm caudally to the origin of the a. coeliaca. We did not observe a truncus coeliaco-mesentericus in our material. In 17 cases (56.7%), the a. pancreaticoduodenalis caudalis was the first branch of the a. mesenterica cranialis. In 28 cases (93.3%) it formed a thick trunk which divided into two main branches to the aboral part of the duodenum and the caudal part of the pancreas respectively; in two cases (6.7%), the a. pancreaticoduodenalis caudalis was duplicated. In only two cases (6.7%), the first branch of the a. mesenterica cranialis was the a. colica media. The a. mesenterica cranialis then divided into two thick trunks to the intestine - the truncus jejunalis and the truncus ileocaecocolicus. Single aa. jejunales branched off successively from the arching truncus jejunalis. The truncus ileocaecocolicus led in a caudal direction and broke up, as a rule, into three arteries supplying the ileum, the caecum and the colon transversum. In 17 cases (56.7%), 1-6 aa. jejunales arose directly from the trunk of the a. mesenterica cranialis and 13-21 from the convexity of the arch of the truncus jejunalis. In 13 cases (43.3%), all the aa. jejunales found (11-23) were branches of the truncus jejunalis. On the mesenteric side of the jejunum, the aa. jejunales forked and formed an arcade from which small branches led to the intestine. In the rabbit we always observed only one arcade; more complex systems were not formed. A truncus ileocaecocolicus, whose branching was characterized by marked variability, was found in all 30 cases (100%). Division of this trunk to an a. ileocaecalis, a. caecocolica and a. colica dextra was observed in only four cases (13.3%). In every case, extensive anastomoses with branches of the a. colica dextra and a. colica sinistra were formed. In general, it can be claimed that the arterial bed of the a. mesenterica cranialis is highly variable. Since little attention has been paid in the literature to variability of the ramification of this artery in different species of mammals, the authors will concentrate, in their next studies, on a detailed investigation of the arterial bed of the abdominal cavity, and of its variability, in further laboratory animals.
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