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Biomedical subjects

L Mercer

Publications and source records attributed to L Mercer.

15 recordsLinked to original sources

Parental perspectives on the causes of an autism spectrum disorder in their children.

Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) are complex neurodevelopmental disorders with many biological causes, including genetic, syndromic and environmental. Such etiologic heterogeneity impacts considerably upon parents' needs for understanding their child's diagnosis. A descriptive survey was designed to investigate parental views on the cause(s) of ASD in their child. Among the 41 parents who replied to the questionnaire, genetic influences (90.2%), perinatal factors (68.3%), diet (51.2%), prenatal factors (43.9%) and vaccines (40.0%) were considered to be the most significant contributory factors. Parents reported inaccurately high recurrence risks, misperceptions of the contribution of various putative factors, feelings of guilt and blame regarding their child's diagnosis, as well as a lack of advocacy for genetic counseling by non-geneticist professionals. This study offers clinicians and researchers further insight into what parents believe contributed to their child's diagnosis of ASD and will help facilitate genetic counseling for these families.

Autistic Disorder↗

The registration function as a critical dependency in a lifetime clinical record (LCR).

Over the past two years, we have successfully migrated the Regenstrief Clinical Information System into our hospital. Integral to this process was the need to develop interfaces and processes supporting movements of patient identification data between the existing clinical management system (Unity, SMS) and Carebase (RCIS). Critical to the implementation of Carebase was the development of an interface between Carebase and the registration system based upon a unique medical record number. Even more critical was the development of stable processes that supported the accurate patient identification and assignment of medical record numbers. The medical record number at our institution is assigned or verified at the time of registration. Major problems occurred when patients presented during system down-times and existing medical record numbers could not be accessed, resulting in multiple registrations and medical record numbers for the same patient. This resulted in data fragmentation and required merging at a later date. Other more serious problems resulted from the assignment of the same medical record number to separate patients and with the mixing of data from multiple patients into one patient record. This was largely due to the failure of clerical personnel to appropriately identify patients at the time of registration, or multiple patients sharing identification documents, a common problem in our geographic area. Given that clinical data was to be maintained and added to the repository for several decades, errors such as these in registration would prove catastrophic. The interfaces between the various clinical systems that pass data to Carebase are all HL-standard and largely prevent data passage if registration data is inaccurate. During the early stages of implementation, approximately 300 exceptions per day were generated from clinical systems attempting to pass data to the repository. Following re¿engineering of the registration process, education of clerical personnel, and analysis of exception type, the number of exceptions due to faulty registration data fell to less than one per week. To achieve improvement in exception volume, several innovative measures were undertaken. Firstly, down-time procedures were changed to require query of the LCR for existing registration data. The LCR was maintained on a separate platform that experienced essentially no down-time and was available for this purpose. This largely eliminated the need for the use of "down-time numbers" or medical record numbers that could be temporarily assigned to patients registered when the registration system was unavailable (data would subsequently be merged into existing patient records if the patient was found to be currently in the system). If the patient was not in the LCR, then a permanent number was assigned in sequence. A registration dataset was developed and encoded onto a magnetic card (Carecard, Eltrax) and carried by patients. This enabled the rapid verification of registration data on subsequent visits to the parent institution or affiliated clinical sites. The issue of fraudulent use of the card and encoded registration dataset, however, remained problematic. Currently, a new imaging system is being installed that will soon enable the inclusion of a photograph of the patient as a component of the registration dataset. Perhaps the most significant change in the registration process involved the education of central registration and admitting personnel. An educational program was developed that reinforced the need for accuracy in collecting registration data, identifying patients, and assigning medical record numbers; more importantly, it stressed the linkage of the registration function and patient care. Lastly, an aggressive approach to monitoring exceptions resulting from errors in registration was developed. A near real-time process for identifying errors in registrations allowed for rapid intervention and feedback to involved de

Medical Records Systems, Computerized↗

TestPack Chlamydia for chlamydial detection in physicians' offices.

Chlamydia trachomatis is widely recognized as the most prevalent sexually transmitted disease. It is often asymptomatic and can lead to serious sequelae, including infertility and ectopic pregnancy. For this reason, testing of patients at risk is a necessary health care measure. This study compared TestPack Chlamydia to Chlamydiazyme for the direct detection of chlamydial antigen in endocervical specimens. One thousand three hundred seventy-six patients seen in 47 private practice offices of obstetrician-gynecologists and family practitioners were screened. TestPack Chlamydia, a 25-minute enzyme immunoassay, had a specificity of 98.6% and sensitivity of 90% when compared with Chlamydiazyme, a four-hour laboratory test. The overall prevalence of chlamydial infection in this population was 3.6%. The prevalence among patients less than or equal to 24 years of age was 7.6% higher among subgroups with symptoms and other identified risk factors. The positive predictive value of TestPack Chlamydia (83.7%) makes it an accurate assay for testing women at risk for chlamydial infections.

Adolescent↗

Granular cell tumor of the breast mimicking carcinoma in pregnancy.

A granular cell tumor of the breast in a 20-year-old black pregnant woman is reported. Malignancy had been suspected clinically, radiologically, and on gross pathologic examination. Frozen section provided the correct diagnosis and the lesion was excised, obviating more radical surgery.

Adult↗

Echinococcal disease of the extrahepatic biliary tract.

Cystic hydatid disease of the liver is uncommon in the United States. It is caused by the larval cestode Echinococcus granulosus. One complication of this disorder is rupture of the hepatic hydatid cyst into the biliary ducts. There have been few reported cases of this complication of hydatid disease in the US literature. We describe a case of this disorder and briefly review the literature.

Adult↗

Lymphokine-mediated induction of antigen-presenting ability in thymic stromal cells.

We have established and characterized long term thymic stromal cultures from BALB/c (H-2d) and CBA/J (H-2k) mice. All cultures contained multiple adherent cell types, whereas some also contained thymic macrophages (TM). Culture supernatants from all cultures tested contained macrophage colony-stimulating factor activity, whereas only cultures with TM had soluble or membrane-associated interleukin (IL)-1. However, a thymic epithelial cell line (3D . 1), cloned from one of these cultures, produced IL-1 bioactivity. Further analysis confirmed the production of IL-1 alpha mRNA by the epithelial cell. No IL-2 or IL-4 (formerly called B cell stimulatory factor 1) activity was detected in any of the cultures. Antigen-presenting (AP) ability was determined using the chicken ovalbumin (OVA)-specific, I-Ad-restricted T cell hybridoma 3DO-18.3. Harvested TM exhibited antigen-specific, Ia-restricted AP ability which was enhanced by IL-4 as well as interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). In contrast, AP ability was detected in non-macrophage stromal cell cultures (NMSC) only after preincubation with IFN-gamma. AP by preinduced NMSC was also Ia-restricted and could be blocked by anti-I-Ad antibodies. Since the T cell receptor of 3DO-18.3 is known to recognize a peptide produced by CNBr degradation of OVA, these observations suggest that both TM and NMSC can process OVA to produce this peptide. Glutaraldehyde-fixation experiments confirmed that NMSC must process native OVA into antigenic peptides for successful AP. Assays using several cloned stromal cell lines of different lineages suggested that only epithelial cells could be induced with IFN-gamma to exhibit competent AP. Given the possible role for IFN-gamma in the maintenance of Ia in the thymus, we investigated whether IFN-gamma production could be ascribed to a subpopulation of thymocytes. Culture supernatants from calcium ionophore and phorbol ester-stimulated peanut agglutinin-negative, but not peanut agglutinin-positive, thymocytes induced AP ability in NMSC. Thus, some thymocytes can produce an Ia-inducing lymphokine (most likely IFN-gamma) which may play an important role in T cell ontogeny through its effects on both thymic macrophages and thymic epithelial cells.

Animals↗

Splenic abscess caused by Shigella flexneri and Bacteroides fragilis.

We report a case of splenic abscess from which only Shigella flexneri (serotype 1a) and Bacteroides fragilis were isolated. The patient was a 59-year-old diabetic female who displayed minimal gastrointestinal symptoms. The S. flexneri isolate was resistant to chloramphenicol and tetracycline. The possible synergistic relationship between the two organisms is discussed.

Abscess↗

A herpesvirus antigen in human premalignant and malignant cervical biopsies and explants.

Cervical biopsies and explant cultures from patients with squamous metaplasia, various grades of dysplasia, carcinoma in situ (CIS), and invasive squamous cell carcinoma were screened for VP143, an early nonstructural polypeptide of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), VP143 was identified in 31% of biopsies exhibiting severe dysplasia, 29% with CIS, and 41% with invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Similar results were obtained when explants derived from these biopsies were examined for VP143. The expression of the protein persisted in passaged subcultures in four of five invasive carcinomas which originally contained VP143. Staining for VP157, the major capsid protein of HSV-2, was absent. Furthermore, virus structures were not seen by electron microscopy and infectious virus was not isolated from cell cultures inoculated with biopsy extracts. These results suggest that VP143 was expressed in the premalignant and malignant cervical cells in the absence of productive viral infection. Thus, a fragment of the HSV-2 genome was retained within the cells, the expression of which resulted in the production of VP143.

Antigens, Viral↗

Residual sensorimotor deficits in the adult head-injured patient. A treatment approach.

Deficits in sensorimotor integration, cognition, and psychosocial behavior may lead to a characteristic set of problems in the head-injured adult. An inpatient Sensorimotor Integration Class for ambulatory head-injured patients was developed to introduce challenging sensorimotor activities before these patients established avoidance patterns. The class includes perceptual motor, sensory integration, and sports activities. Clinical observations suggest that the class leads to improved quality of movement for participants. Objective research is needed to document clinical observations.

Adult↗

Expression of herpes simplex virus type 2 antigens in premalignant and malignant human vulvar cells.

Vulvar biopsies and explants from patients with vulvitis, hyperkeratosis, condyloma acuminatum, severe dysplasia, and squamous cell carcinoma were screened for herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) antigens. Immunoperoxidase staining for VP143, an early nonstructural polypeptide of HSV-2, was identified within three biopsies exhibiting severe dysplasia, three of seven with carcinoma in situ, and one of three with invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Similar staining for VP143 was observed in derived explants. Staining for VP119, the major envelope glycoproteins of HSV-2, was identified within tissues which were positive for VP143. Both proteins were expressed in the absence of staining for virus capsid proteins, detection of virus structures by electron microscopy, and isolation of infectious virus by co-cultivation, indicating that only a fragment of the virus genome was expressed. Neither VP143 nor VP119 was identified in biopsies exhibiting vulvitis, hyperkeratosis, or condyloma acuminatum. These data indicate a close relationship between HSV-2 and vulvar neoplasia.

Adult↗

Prevention of vaginal trichomoniasis by compliant use of the female condom.

BACKGROUND: Several case-control studies suggest that the male condom protects women against some sexually transmitted diseases. The female condom is the first barrier device under the woman's control that may be effective in the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases. GOAL OF THIS STUDY: To determine if appropriate use of the female condom decreased the rate of recurrent vaginal trichomoniasis in previously diagnosed and treated women. STUDY DESIGN: One hundred and four sexually active women with vaginal trichomoniasis were treated with metronidazole and assigned to a group using the female condom or a control group during a 45-day period of continued sexual activity. Fifty women served as controls, and 54 women were assigned to use the female condom. RESULTS: Only 20 women used the female condom each time they had sexual intercourse. Reinfection with trichomonas occurred in 7/50 (14%) controls, in 5/34 (14.7%) noncompliant users, and in 0/20 compliant users of the female condom. CONCLUSION: The compliant use of the female condom is effective in preventing recurrent vaginal trichomoniasis.

Adult↗