Biomedical subjects

L Miao

Publications and source records attributed to L Miao.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2006

Haploinsufficiency of the mSds3 chromatin regulator promotes chromosomal instability and cancer only upon complete neutralization of p53.

The mSin3 corepressor complex has been linked to diverse cancer signaling pathways through its capacity to regulate target gene expression via chromatin modification. mSds3, a cell essential gene, is a key component of the mSin3 complex serving to maintain its inherent histone deacetylase activity. mSds3 also serves an essential role in the establishment of pericentric heterochromatin, and genetic ablation of mSds3 results in chromosome missegregation. In contrast, mSin3A nullizygous cells show normal chromosome dynamics and cytogenetic profiles. The integral role of mSds3 in controlling chromosome segregation and mSin3-regulated transcriptional networks prompted efforts to determine the neoplastic impact of loss of one copy of mSds3 or mSin3A. In particular, we assessed whether loss of one copy of mSds3, alone or in combination with p53 mutation, results in aneuploidy and promotes a cancer-prone condition in the mouse. We observe that, in a p53 null background, loss of one mSds3 allele results in accelerated tumor onset and increased tumor burden. Notably, these mSds3(+/-) p53(-/-) tumors exhibit a more complex cytogenetic profile characterized by marked aneuploidy and centromeric associations. The presence of even one copy of p53 is sufficient to suppress the accelerated tumorigenesis in mSds3(+/-) mice, consistent with a key role for p53 in monitoring mitotic fidelity. These observations with Sds3 mutant mice contrast with mSin3A(+/-) p53(-/-) mice, which do not show an accelerated or increased tumor incidence relative to mSin3A(+/+)p53(-/-) controls, correlating with the absence of aneuploidy detected upon mSin3A genetic inactivation. This genetic study establishes that the capacity of mSds3 to cooperate with p53 deficiency in cancer predisposition relates to its specific role in chromosome segregation, rather than its central role in maintaining a functional mSin3A complex.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Upregulation of small GTPase RhoA in the basilar artery from diabetic (mellitus) rats.

The goal of this study was to determine whether RhoA, a small GTPase, might be involved in the development of cerebral pathogenesis in diabetes. Male SD rats (n = 120) were divided into six groups: diabetic for 2, 4, 8 weeks, and an age-matched control group. Diabetes was induced by intravenous injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg). RhoA mRNA expression in basilar artery was measured by competitive RT-PCR. RhoA mRNA level was significantly increased in 4 weeks (184.1 +/- 28.5%, n = 7) and 8 weeks (218.7 +/- 24.5%, n = 7) after STZ injection compared to the age matched control basilar arteries (P < 0.05). Western blot was used to measure the membrane binding RhoA level to represent the activity of RhoA. We found that RhoA activity was strikingly increased in the diabetic basilar artery (n = 10 in each groups) compared to control basilar artery after STZ injection. Our data demonstrated that there was an upregulation of RhoA in the basilar artery of STZ induced diabetic rats, suggesting that RhoA might be involved in the cerebral vascular pathogenesis during diabetes mellitus.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Dynamics of shape fluctuations of quasi-spherical vesicles revisited.

In this paper, the dynamics of spontaneous shape fluctuations of a single, giant quasi-spherical vesicle formed from a single lipid species is revisited theoretically. A coherent physical theory for the dynamics is developed based on a number of fundamental principles and considerations, and a systematic formulation of the theory is also established. From the systematic theoretical formulation, an analytical description of the dynamics of shape fluctuations of quasi-spherical vesicles is derived. In particular, in developing the theory we have made a new interpretation of some of the phenomenological constants in a canonical continuum description of fluid lipid-bilayer membranes and shown the consequences of this new interpretation in terms of the characteristics of the dynamics of vesicle shape fluctuations. Moreover, we have used the systematic formulation of our theory as a framework against which we have discussed the previously existing theories and their discrepancies. Finally, we have made a systematic prediction about the system-dependent characteristics of the relaxation dynamics of shape fluctuations of quasi-spherical vesicles with a view of experimental studies of the phenomenon and also discussed, based on our theory, a recently published experimental work on the topic.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2001

Effect of pH and soybean cultivars on the quantitative analyses of soybean rhizobia populations.

Quantitative analyses of fast- and slow-growing soybean rhizobia populations in soils of four different provinces of China (Hubei, Shan Dong, Henan, and Xinjiang) have been carried out using the most probable number technique (MPN). All soils contained fast- (FSR) and slow-growing (SSR) soybean rhizobia. Asiatic and American soybean cultivars grown at acid, neutral and alkaline pH were used as trapping hosts for FSR and SSR strains. The estimated total indigenous soybean-rhizobia populations of the Xinjiang and Shan Dong soil samples greatly varied with the different soybean cultivars used. The soybean cultivar and the pH at which plants were grown also showed clear effects on the FSR/SSR rations isolated from nodules. Results of competition experiments between FSR and SSR strains supported the importance of the soybean cultivar and the pH on the outcome of competition for nodulation between FSR and SSR strains. In general, nodule occupancy by FSRs significantly increased at alkaline pH. Bacterial isolates from soybean cultivar Jing Dou 19 inoculated with Xinjiang soil nodulate cultivars Heinong 33 and Williams very poorly. Plasmid and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) profiles and PCR-RAPD analyses showed that cultivar Jing Dou 19 had trapped a diversity of FSR strains. Most of the isolates from soybean cultivar Heinong 33 inoculated with Xinjiang soil were able to nodulate Heinong 33 and Williams showed very similar, or identical, plasmid, LPS and PCR-RAPD profiles. All the strains isolated from Xinjiang province, regardless of the soybean cultivar used for trapping, showed similar nodulation factor (LCO) profiles as judged by thin layer chromatographic analyses. These results indicate that the existence of soybean rhizobia sub-populations showing marked cultivar specificity, can affect the estimation of total soybean rhizobia populations indigenous to the soil, and can also affect the diversity of soybean rhizobial strains isolated from soybean nodules.

China↗

PubMed2001

MHC class I-related neonatal Fc receptor for IgG is functionally expressed in monocytes, intestinal macrophages, and dendritic cells.

The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) for IgG, an MHC class I-related molecule, functions to transport IgG across polarized epithelial cells and protect IgG from degradation. However, little is known about whether FcRn is functionally expressed in immune cells. We show here that FcRn mRNA was identifiable in human monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. FcRn heavy chain was detectable as a 45-kDa protein in monocytic U937 and THP-1 cells and in purified human intestinal macrophages, peripheral blood monocytes, and dendritic cells by Western blot analysis. FcRn colocalized in vivo with macrosialin (CD68) and Ncl-Macro, two macrophage markers, in the lamina propria of human small intestine. The heavy chain of FcRn was associated with the beta(2)-microglobulin (beta(2)m) light chain in U937 and THP-1 cells. FcRn bound human IgG at pH 6.0, but not at pH 7.5. This binding could be inhibited by human IgG Fc, but not Fab. FcRn could be detected on the cell surface of activated, but not resting, THP-1 cells. Furthermore, FcRn was uniformly present intracellularly in all blood monocytes and intestinal macrophages. FcRn was detectable on the cell surface of a significant fraction of monocytes at lower levels and on a small subset of tissue macrophages that expressed high levels of FcRn on the cell surface. These data show that FcRn is functionally expressed and its cellular distribution is regulated in monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, suggesting that it may confer novel IgG binding functions upon these cell types relative to typical Fc gamma Rs: Fc gamma RI, Fc gamma RII, and Fc gamma RIII.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Age-related RhoA expression in blood vessels of rats.

Aging is a major risk factor for the development of vascular diseases that lead to stroke and heart failure. Several cellular factors such as cell adhesion, motility, contractile response, and cytokinesis are involved in the aging process. RhoA, a member of the Rho family, plays a primary role in the regulation of these cellular factors. This study aims to investigate whether RhoA is involved in these age-related responses to vascular change. We found that in older rats (19 months ole), RhoA mRNA increased 1.9-fold in the aortic arteries and 2.4-fold in the basilar arteries compared to the younger rats (2 months old). Membrane binding, but not cytosol RhoA, levels were found to significantly increase in the aortic and basilar arteries with age, which suggests that RhoA activity increases in older rats. Staining of RhoA increased markedly with age in both the medial and endothelial layers of the collected aortic and basilar arteries. These results show that RhoA expression and activity in the aortic and basilar arteries increased as a function of age, thereby suggesting that RhoA might be altered in the vascular response change of aged rats.

Aging↗

PubMed2001

Sucrose export defective1 encodes a novel protein implicated in chloroplast-to-nucleus signaling.

The Sucrose export defective1 (Sxd1) gene of maize was cloned and shown to encode a novel protein conserved between plants and cyanobacteria. The structure of the Sxd1 locus was determined in wild-type plants and two independent sxd1 alleles. Expression analysis demonstrated that the gene was transcribed in all green tissues, with highest levels in maturing leaf blades. In situ hybridization studies revealed high levels of Sxd1 mRNA in bundle sheath cells, with lower levels within the mesophyll. The SXD1 protein was localized to chloroplasts, in both bundle sheath and mesophyll cells. Levels of sucrose, glucose, and fructose were compared between wild-type and sxd1 plants. Mutant plants were fully capable of producing sucrose and accumulated all three sugars at concentrations above those measured in wild-type plants. Despite these increased sugar concentrations, photosynthetic gene expression was not significantly downregulated in affected areas of sxd1 leaf blades. These results are consistent with photosynthate being trapped within anthocyanin-accumulating regions of sxd1 leaves due to plasmodesmal occlusion at the bundle sheath-vascular parenchyma boundary of the minor veins. A model for SXD1 function is proposed in which the protein is involved in a chloroplast-to-nucleus signaling pathway necessary for proper late-stage differentiation of maize bundle sheath cells, including the developmentally regulated modification of plasmodesmata.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2001

Altered expression of P(2) receptor mRNAs in the basilar artery in a rat double hemorrhage model.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Extracellular ATP might induce cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage through P(2) receptor. To investigate the roles of P(2) receptor subtypes in vasospasm, we examined the changes in mRNA expression of P(2) receptor subtypes in basilar arteries from double cisternal blood injection rat models. METHODS: One hundred male Sprague-Dawley rats, each weighing 350 to 400 g, were divided into 2 groups of 50. In the first group (n=50), the autologous arterial blood (0.2 to 0.3 mL) was injected into the cisterna magna on days 0 and 2. The rats were killed on day 3, 5, or 7 (n=10 in each group). In the sham group (n=10), the rats were injected with saline (0.3 mL) instead of blood. Ten rats were killed without blood or saline injection and served as control. The basilar arteries from rats in each group were used for reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction. In another group of 50 rats, the same experiment was conducted, and the basilar arteries were collected for transmission electron microscopic study. RESULTS: In the subarachnoid hemorrhage groups, transmission electron microscopy showed the reduction in vessel perimeter on days 5 and 7 to be approximately 30% to 40%. The P(2X1) mRNA level was significantly decreased on day 3 and recovered on days 5 and 7. The P(2Y1) mRNA level was transiently increased on day 5, and the P(2Y2) mRNA level was elevated from day 5 to day 7 (P:<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The differential expression of the P(2) receptors indicates that P(2X1) subtype might not play an important role in vasospasm. The upregulation of P(2Y1) and P(2Y2) receptors might enable ATP to produce contraction at low levels of concentration.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

[Incompatibility among indigenous plasmids of Sinorhizobium fredii strains and its application for plasmid curing].

The indigenous plasmids of S. frediii HN01 and WWG18 were labeled with Tn5-MobsacB. Those plasmids were cured on TY medium containing 10% sucrose to identify its function. The pSymHN01b of HN01 was transferred into WWG18SR and C361SR. The results of plasmid detection, curing and pot plant experiment revealed that the incompatibility was existed between pSym-HN01b and symbiotic plasmid of WWG18SR or the third plasmid of C361SR. But it was compatible with the nonsymbiotic plasmid of WWG18SR and symbiotic plasmid of C361SR. Using plasmid incompatibility, The symbiotic plasmid of WWG18SR and one nonsymbiotic plasmid of C361SR were eliminated successfully.

Conjugation, Genetic↗

PubMed2001

[Analysis on the sex ratios at birth for deliveries in hospitals in China from 1987 to 1992].

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the sex ratios at birth (SRB) for livebirths in hospitals in China. METHODS: Data were collected by the birth defects monitoring network. The livebirths with gestation of 28 weeks or over delivered in hospitals of 30 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions all over the country from 1987 to 1992 were analyzed and used for calculating the SRB. RESULTS: The high male bias in SRB was observed in the data from most areas, and there was an upward trend of SRB, especially in rural areas. The SRB for livebirths in the hospitals of urban areas was normal from 1987 to 1989, and rose to 108.9 in 1992. The SRB for rural areas was high and was 109.9 in 1987, and rose to 111.8 in 1992. The SRB for livebirths given by the mothers under 20 years of age and coming from lower educational background was higher than that for others. The SRB for higher parities was even higher. CONCLUSION: The SRB in China is high; this is possibly related to sex-preference. Under-reporting of female neonates and "missing females" are not the main causes of the rising SRB.

China↗

PubMed2001

[Observation of plasma levels of beta-endorphin in patients with trigeminal neuralgia].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the relationship between plasma levels of beta-endorphin and trigeminal neuralgia. METHODS: During the attacks of trigeminal neuralgia, beta-endorphin levels of plasma from external jugular, cubital fossa vein blood ipsilateral to the pain and contralateral external jugular vein blood were assessed by sensitive radioimmunoassay in 12 cases, after operations the venous blood from the ipsilateral external jugular vein was sampled again, the external jugular vein blood of 12 normal volunteers was collected as control. RESULTS: The plasma levels of beta-endorphin in patients with trigeminal neuralgia were significantly lower than that in normal volunteers (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The lowered plasma beta-endorphin levels may be an important factor for the development of pain in patients with trigeminal neuralgia, which may result in pain and neurogenic inflammation that can not be controlled in central nervous system and peripheral nerve terminals.

English Abstract↗

PubMed2000

Three-dimensional confinement in the conduction band structure of InP

Strong quantum confinement in InP is observed to significantly reduce the separation between the direct and indirect conduction band states. The effects of three-dimensional confinement are investigated by tailoring the initial separation between conduction band states using quantum dots (QDs) of different sizes and hydrostatic pressure. Analyses of the QD emission spectra show that the X(1c) states are lowest in energy at pressures of approximately 6 GPa, much lower than in the bulk. The transition to the X(1c) states can be explained by either a sequence of gamma-L and L-X crossings, or by the crossover between strongly coupled gamma and X states.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2000

Phenotypic correction of feline lipoprotein lipase deficiency by adenoviral gene transfer.

Previous studies have revealed that adenovirus-mediated ectopic liver expression of human LPL (huLPL) can efficiently mediate plasma triacylglycerol (TG) catabolism in mice despite its native expression in adipose and muscle tissue. We aimed to explore the feasibility of liver-directed gene transfer and enzyme replacement for human LPL deficiency in a larger, naturally occurring feline animal model of complete LPL deficiency that is remarkably similar in phenotype to the human disorder. A cohort of LPL-deficient (LPL -/-) cats was given an intravenous injection of 8 x 10(9) PFU/kg of a CMV promoter/enhancer-driven, E1/E3-deleted adenoviral (Ad) vector containing a 1.36-kb huLPL cDNA (Ad-LPL) or reporter alkaline phosphatase gene (Ad-AP). After Ad-LPL administration, active, heparin-releasable huLPL was readily detected along with a 10-fold reduction in plasma TGs, disappearance of plasma TG-rich lipoproteins up to day 14, and enhanced clearance of an excess intravenous fat load on day 9. However, antibody against the huLPL protein was detected on day 14 in cats receiving Ad-LPL and adenovirus-specific neutralizing antibody was present 7 days after gene transfer in both cat cohorts. Tissue-specific expression of the huLPL transgene relative to controls was confirmed by RT-PCR. While huLPL expression was evident in the liver, other tissues including spleen and lung expressed huLPL message, in direct correlation with histological evidence of increased Oil red O (ORO)-positive neutral lipid influx. In contrast, intravenous LPL enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) led to rapid disappearance of 9000 mU/kg of active bovine LPL enzyme from the circulation, with t1/2 occurring at <10 min in two LPL-/- cats. Heparin injection 1 hr later released <10% of the original bovine LPL, further indicating its rapid systemic clearance, inactivation, or degradation as well as its ineffectiveness as a viable therapeutic alternative for complete LPL deficiency. Although LPL gene transfer and expression via this first-generation Ad vector was limited by the immune response against both the human LPL protein and adenovirus our results clearly provide a key advance supporting further development of LPL gene therapy as a viable therapeutic option for clinical LPL deficiency.

Adenoviridae↗

PubMed2000

Plasma and vessel wall lipoprotein lipase have different roles in atherosclerosis.

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a key enzyme in lipoprotein metabolism, and has been hypothesized to exert either pro- or anti-atherogenic effects, depending on its localization. Decreased plasma LPL activity is associated with the high triglyceride (TG);-low HDL phenotype that is often observed in patients with premature vascular disease. In contrast, in the vessel wall, decreased LPL may be associated with less lipoprotein retention due to many potential mechanisms and, therefore, decreased foam cell formation. To directly assess this hypothesis, we have distinguished between the effects of variations in plasma and/or vessel wall LPL on atherosclerosis susceptibility in apoE-deficient mice. Reduced LPL in both plasma and vessel wall (LPL(+/-)E(-/-)) was associated with increased TG and increased total cholesterol (TC) compared with LPL(+/+)E(-/-) sibs. However despite their dyslipidemia, LPL(+/-)E(-/-) mice had significantly reduced lesion areas compared to the LPL(+/+)E(-/-) mice. Thus, decreased vessel wall LPL was associated with decreased lesion formation even in the presence of reduced plasma LPL activity. In contrast, transgenic mice with increased plasma LPL but with no increase in LPL expression in macrophages, and thus the vessel wall, had decreased TG and TC and significantly decreased lesion areas compared with LPL(+/+)E(-/-) mice. This demonstrates that increased plasma LPL activity alone, in the absence of an increase in vessel wall LPL, is associated with reduced susceptibility to atherosclerosis. Taken together, these results provide in vivo evidence that the contribution of LPL to atherogenesis is significantly influenced by the balance between vessel wall protein (pro-atherogenic) and plasma activity (anti-atherogenic).

Animals↗

PubMed2000

[Analysis on 2158 neural tube defects diagnosed prenatally by ultrasound examination].

A retrospective survey was made to study the prenatal diagnosis on neural tube defects(NTD) by ultrasound examination from 1990 to 1993 in China. A total of 2158 livebirths and stillbirths affected by NTD with 28 weeks or more of gestation were investigated in 233 hospitals of 28 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions all over the country. The results showed that 61.8% of the NTD were diagnosed prenatally, and 56.5% of the NTD were diagnosed by ultrasound examination. The ratios of anencephaly, myelocele and meningocele diagnosed prenatally by ultrasound examination were 66.7%, 62.5% and 52.5% respectively. Thoracic(46.4%) and lumbar (43.4%) spina bifida were diagnosed more frequently than cervical(35.5%) and sacral(31.7%) spina bifida. The ratios of prenatal diagnosis on NTD by ultrasound examination in provincial, municipal, county, and factory hospital units were 55.7%, 59.4%, 49.0% and 57.2% respectively. The ratios of prenatal diagnosis of NTD by ultrasound examination from 1990 to 1993 were 53.5%, 55.8%, 60.7% and 54.7% respectively. There was an increase in the prenatal diagnosis of NTD by ultrasound examination from 1990 to 1993. The ratios of prenatal diagnosis of NTD in county hospitals by ultrasound examination were relatively low. Anencephaly, myelocele and meningocele were more frequently diagnosed by prenatal ultrasound examination.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

[Survey of the patients with oblique facial clefts in China].

OBJECTIVE: A descriptive study was conducted to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of oblique facial clefts in China. METHODS: From 1987 to 1992, data were collected from more than 500 hospital-based units involved in a monitoring program and were analyzed by the National Center for Birth Defects Monitoring. The monitored subjects were the hospitalized births from 28 weeks gestation to a period within 7 days after delivery. RESULTS: There were 71 cases of oblique facial clefts in 4,489,692 births with an incidence of 0.16/10(4) in China. The incidence of oblique facial clefts in the rural and urban areas were 0.19/10(4) and 0.14/10(4) respectively, 0.18/10(4) in males and 0.12/10(4) in females. No significant differences were found. The unilateral oblique facial clefts were counted for 80%, and bilateral cases 20%. The incidence of unilateral oblique facial clefts in males is higher than that in females. The perinatal mortality was as high as 51%. There are 76% cases with associated abnormalities, most of which involved the maxillofacial region. The most common associated abnormality is cleft lip with cleft palate. CONCLUSION: The incidence of oblique facial clefts in China is the same as those in other countries. There is an unilateral predominance in this defect, especially in males. The perinatal mortality of this defect is high.

China↗

PubMed2000

[Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate in Chinese population: analysis of 3766 cases].

A retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the variation trend in the incidence and epidemiological characteristics of nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate in Chinese population. From 1988 to 1992, data were collected from more than 500 hospital-based units involved in a monitoring program and were analyzed by the National Center for Birth Defects Monitoring. The monitored subjects were the hospitalized births from 28 weeks gestation to a period within 7 days after delivery, which included 3246 408 perinatals and 3766 cases. The total incidence of nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate was 11.6/10,000; the total incidence of celft lip alone was 3.8/10,000 and that of cleft lip with cleft palate was 7.8/10,000; no significant variation was noted in the annual incidence from 1988 to 1992. The incidence in males was 13.3/10,000, and 9.5/10,000 in females; there was a significant difference (P < 0.01). Of all the 3766 cases, cleft lip with cleft palate accounted for 67%, unilateral cleft lip 28% and unilateral cleft lip with cleft palate 43%. Left cleft lip and left cleft lip with cleft palate constituted 21% and 29% respectively. The sex-ratio was 1.6:1 for nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate. It could be concluded that the incidence of nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate showed no variation trend in China. Although no difference was found between urban and rural areas, the susceptibility to the defect was higher in males than in females. Cleft lip with cleft palate was more common than other types. There was a predominance of unilateral defects, of which most were on the left side.

China↗

PubMed1999

Activation of nuclear factor kappa B and cytokine imbalance in experimental alcoholic liver disease in the rat.

Inflammatory stimuli and lipid peroxidation activate nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) and upregulate proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The present study evaluated the relationship between pathological liver injury, endotoxemia, lipid peroxidation, and NF-kappaB activation and imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Rats (5 per group) were fed ethanol and a diet containing saturated fat, palm oil, corn oil, or fish oil by intragastric infusion. Dextrose isocalorically replaced ethanol in control rats. Pathological analysis was performed and measurements of endotoxin were taken, lipid peroxidation, NF-kappaB, and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNFalpha], interleukin-1 beta [IL-1beta], interferon-gamma, [IFN-gamma], and IL-12), C-C chemokines (regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted [RANTES], monocyte chemotactic protein [MCP]-1, macrophage inflammatory protein [MIP]-1alpha), C-X-C chemokines (cytokine induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC), MIP-2, IP-10, and epithelial neutrophil activating protein [ENA]-78), and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, IL-4, and IL-13). Activation of NF-kappaB and increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines C-C and C-X-C chemokines was seen in the rats exhibiting necroinflammatory injury (fish oil-ethanol [FE] and corn oil-ethanol[CE]). These groups also had the highest levels of endotoxin and lipid peroxidation. Levels of IL-10 and IL-4 mRNA were lower in the group exhibiting inflammatory liver injury. Thus, activation of NF-kappaB occurs in the presence of proinflammatory stimuli and results in increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The Kupffer cell is probably the major cell type showing activation of NF-kappaB although the contribution of endothelial cells and hepatocytes cannot be excluded. Downregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines may additionally exacerbate liver injury.

Alanine Transaminase↗